用反求工程和快速原型技术进行下颌骨缺损整复与种植修复的设计

目的：探讨应用反求工程和快速原型技术进行下颌骨缺损整复与种植修复的设计和植入假体制作的可行性。方法：应用反求工程和快速成型技术,包括获得基于螺旋CT的点云数据、数据的镜像对称和曲面设计等系列步骤为8例患者完成了下颌骨缺损的修复体设计以及进行种植体数量及空间位置的设计,制作出预留种植钉道的纯钛修复体并进行修复体植入手术。结果：修复体就位顺利,各部件达到设计位置,术后患者面部外形满意,种植修复完成后咬合关系良好,下颌偏斜纠正。结论：反求工程结合快速成型能够完成下颌骨缺损的修复体的设计和制造,同时完成种植修复设计,提高了手术精度,节省了手术时间,在颌骨缺损的个体化和功能性修复中有独特的优势.     

用反求工程和快速原型技术进行下颌骨缺损整复与种植修复的设计

目的:探讨应用反求工程和快速原型技术进行下颌骨缺损整复与种植修复的设计和植入假体的制作的可行性.方法:应用反求工程和快速成型技术,包括获得基于螺旋CT的点云数据、数据的镜像对称和曲面设计等系列步骤为4名患者完成了下颌骨缺损的修复体设计以及进行种植体数量以及空间位置的设计,制作出预留种植钉道的纯钛修复体并进行了修复体植入手术.结果:修复体就位顺利,各部件达到设计位置,术后患者面部外形满意,种植修复完成后咬合关系良好,下颌偏斜纠正.结论:反求结合快速成型能够完成下颌骨缺损的修复体的设计和制造,同时完成种植修复设计,提高了手术精度,节省了手术时间,在颌骨缺损的个体化和功能性修复中有独特的优势.     

应用反求与快速原型技术修复下颌骨缺损

目的:探索应用反求与快速原型技术对下颌骨节段缺损进行功能性修复的方法.方法:6 例下颌骨缺损畸形的患者,先行CT扫描获得颌面部影像数据,在计算机内进行三维重建;应用反求技术行缺损修复、设计修复体;应用快速原型技术制作修复体模型,然后通过铸造获得钛修复体并植入体内.同时在修复体上设计义齿固位装置,其中1 例6 个月后行二期手术,义齿修复.结果:手术过程快捷,伤口一期愈合,治疗过程顺利.术后患者的面形双侧对称,余留牙咬合关系良好、稳定.平均随访4年以上,外形满意.结论:应用反求与快速原型技术对下颌骨缺损进行修复是恢复面部对称性、重建功能的有效方法.     

计算机辅助设计和制作单侧眼眶部缺损的修复

目的　了解反求工程和快速成型技术对单侧眼眶部缺损进行计算机辅助设计和制作的效果。方法　通过激光扫描仪对一例单侧眼眶部缺损石膏面部模型进行数据采集。经反求工程软件处理,依据健侧眼眶部组织数据设计出缺损处修复体表面数据,并利用模具软件设计出修复体模型的三维数据。最后通过快速成型方法制作出修复体的树脂模型。结果　激光扫描采得的模型点云数据清晰精确。利用健侧眼眶部组织数据修复患侧缺损获得满意效果之后设计制作出的树脂修复体与缺损处贴和紧密并达到逼真的对称修复效果。结论　利用反求工程和快速成型方法可以满意地完成单侧眼眶部缺损修复的计算机辅助设计和制作。     

基于快速成型技术制作个体化下颌人工骨的临床应用

目的 探讨应用反求工程(RE)和快速成型(RP)技术制作的个体化钛下颌人工骨修复下颌骨缺损的临床效果.方法 选择2007～2009年中山市人民医院收治的下颌骨肿瘤病例6例,通过CT扫描加三维重建采集病变下颌骨的测量数据,按照手术设计在数字模型上切除病变骨段,形成下颌骨缺损模型,通过数字镜像得到植入体的数字模型.利用RP技术获得树脂实体模型并进行包埋铸造获得个体化人工骨.结果 术前利用RE和RP技术制作个体化下颌人工骨快速精确,术中就位顺利,手术创口均为Ⅰ类愈合,术后随访7～30个月,缺损区面部外形恢复满意,开口度3.2～3.6 cm.咬合关系正常,张口无偏斜.结论 应用RE和RP技术制作个体化人工骨修复下颌骨缺损,方法简便精确,能达到外形与功能兼备的临床效果.     

三维模拟技术在游离腓骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损中的应用

目的:探讨术前三维模拟技术在游离腓骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损中的临床应用价值。方法:对12例因下颌骨肿瘤需行下颌骨切除术的患者,利用腓骨瓣或腓骨肌皮瓣修复,术前应用三维重建软件对患者进行模拟手术。同时进行三维原型实体模型制作,临床手术中根据模型塑形腓骨。结果:术前三维模拟腓骨重建下颌骨缺损手术与临床术中所见及操作一致。术后患者面部外形满意。结论:术前应用三维模拟技术可充分评估患者下颌骨肿瘤的切除范围,详细了解腓骨及腓血管的情况,再结合快速原型技术,不仅为临床手术节省了时间,也提高了手术精确性。     

犬下颌骨节段性缺损的个体化再生修复实验研究

目的:通过实验观察犬下颌骨节段性缺损个体化再生修复的效果,为计算机辅助个体化再生修复下颌骨缺损的技术和方法向临床过渡提供依据。方法:利用计算机辅助设计/制作、快速原型技术等设计制作实验动物下颌骨个体化三维中空钛网修复体,再将其与β-磷酸三钙和松质骨髓植入联合应用于犬下颌骨节段性缺损的修复,通过X线片、大体标本和组织学切片对下颌骨节段性缺损的个体化再生修复效果进行观察。结果:犬下颌骨解剖形态恢复十分理想,组织学和X线摄影观察显示钛网内具有新骨形成,新生骨在3个月时已十分明显和成熟。结论:将计算机辅助技术与骨再生材料联合应用,可望通过骨再生途径实现下颌骨节段性缺损的个体化修复重建。     

CAD/CAM技术在游离腓骨瓣移植重建下颌骨中的应用

目的:探讨在游离腓骨瓣移植重建下颌骨中应用CAD/CAM技术的方法,并尝试将计算机中的辅助设计准确的转化为手术中的实际操作.方法:为8 位下颌骨缺损患者进行了CAD/CAM血管化游离腓骨瓣移植修复,通过螺旋CT扫描获取缺损区及腓骨的数据,在软件中进行缺损区修复的模拟设计,在此基础上完成手术辅助导板的设计,利用快速成型机加工制作出导板实物,利用导板顺利的完成手术.结果:术中移植腓骨截取长度合适,截骨、塑形、定位速度明显加快,术后患者面部外形两侧对称,影像学检查显示下颌骨缺损区域的重建形态及固位良好.结论:游离腓骨瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损中应用CAD/CAM技术,能够降低手术难度,缩短手术时间,提高手术质量,保证手术效果.     

3D打印技术在下颌骨缺损修复中应用的初步临床研

目的:探讨应用3D打印技术制作个性化植入体在修复下颌骨缺损中应用的临床效果。方法:选择下颌骨节段性缺损患者3例,术前均行下颌骨CT扫描后三维重建获得数字化下颌骨模型,其中2例应用3D打印技术制作下颌骨树脂模型,术前根据实体模型完成重建板的个体化塑形;1例将设计完善的下颌骨植入体数据输入钛合金3D打印设备,直接获得带髁状突的个性化植入体。按术前设计对病变下颌骨行节段性切除,植入个性化下颌骨植入体,或同期行髂骨移植。结果:将3D打印技术应用于下颌骨缺损修复,个性化植入体术中就位顺利,操作简便,髂骨塑形快而准确。随访3~11个月,患者对面形满意,咬牙合关系正常稳定,植入体无松动、移位及脱落。结论:将3D打印技术应用于修复下颌骨缺损,不仅缩短了手术时间,减少了手术创伤,同时也提高了下颌骨重建的精确性,达到了美观与功能兼备的效果。为下颌骨仿真修复提供了一条快速有效的途径。     

预成钛网联合自体髂骨及松质骨游离移植二期修复单侧下颌骨缺损

目的 探讨已形成下颌偏斜、咬合错乱的单侧下颌骨缺损二期修复的有效方法.方法 对单侧下颌骨部分切除造成下颌偏斜和咬合错乱的9例患者行术前CT扫描,计算机辅助设计与制作(CAD/CAM)快速原型技术重建颅颌面骨三维数字模型,并以健侧下颌骨为模板,镜像形成缺损侧下颌骨.激光树脂成型机打印下颌骨实体模型,在实体模型上按缺损范围设计钛网,使预成钛网与缺损下颌骨外形一致.数控成型机制备钛网,切取髂骨及其松质骨,联合预成钛网植入完成下颌骨缺损二期修复.结果 预成钛网联合9例髂骨松质骨移植均获成功,创口愈合良好,下颌骨外形恢复满意,颜面偏斜得到有效矫正,咬合关系恢复正常.结论 术前应用CAD/CAM快速原型技术制备预成钛网、联合自体松质骨游离移植二期修复单侧下颌骨缺损,不仅可以缩短手术时间,还能最大限度地重建下颌骨解剖外形、恢复患者颜面外观和咬合功能.     

CAD/CAM技术辅助下使用Medpor~精确修复下颌轮廓凹陷

目的报导一种通过个体化Medpor来重塑下颌骨轮廓的方法,评价其治疗效果并讨论适应证。方法选取四川大学华西口腔医院下颌骨轮廓凹陷病例17例,采集其CT数据,运用CAD/CAM、镜像反求、快速成型及3D打印技术设计并精确制作出手术模板,雕刻塑形出个性化Medpor,并指导准确植入体内,修复下颌凹陷畸形。结果除1例植入体因迟发性感染取出外,其余患者恢复良好,复查定位照相对比示:患者下颌轮廓凹陷均得到较好修复,对称性得到明显改善,医患均对手术效果感到满意。结论在CAD/CAM技术辅助下,运用Medpor可以精确修复下颌骨轮廓凹陷,是一种值得推广的方法。     

Prototyped grafting plate for reconstruction of mandibular defects

To esthetically and functionally restore a 40-mm canine mandibular discontinuity defect using a custom-made titanium bone-grafting plate in combination with autologous iliac bone grafts. Individualized titanium bone-grafting plates were manufactured using a series of techniques, including reverse engineering, computer aided design, rapid prototyping and titanium casting. A 40-mm discontinuous defect in the right mandibular body was created in 9 hybrid dogs. The defect was restored immediately using the customized plate in combination with autologous cancellous iliac blocks. Sequential radionuclide bone imaging was performed to evaluate the bone metabolism and reconstitution of the grafts. The specimens were evaluated by biomechanical testing, 3-dimensional microcomputed tomographic scanning, and histological examination. The results revealed that the symmetry of the mandibles was reconstructed using the customized grafting plate, and the bony continuity of the mandibles was restored. By 12 weeks after the operation, the cancellous iliac grafts became a hard bone block, which was of comparable strength to native mandibles. A fibrous tissue intermediate was found between the remodelled bone graft and the titanium plate. The results indicate that the prototyped grafting plate can be used to restore mandibular discontinuous defects, and satisfactory aesthetical and functional reconstruction can be achieved.     

CAD/CAM and rapid prototyped titanium for reconstruction of ramus defect and condylar fracture caused by mandibular reduction

Fracture or defect of the mandible is a serious complication of mandibular angleplasty, and precise reconstruction for such defect is still a huge challenge. This case report provides a new method based on CAD/CAM and rapid prototyped titanium for individual design, fabrication, and implantation of a mandibular ramus and angle. A 25-year-old woman with a square-shaped face, who had undergone mandibular outer cortex split ostectomy (MOCSO) 3 months earlier, was afflicted by a series of symptoms: asymmetric face, collapse of the right face, masticatory problems, deviation during mouth opening, malocclusion, and TMJ clicks. These symptoms were caused by unintentional removal of the fractured ramus during MOCSO. By means of CT scan data, rapid prototyping, reverse engineering, 3D display, and CAD/CAM, the individualized titanium implant was designed and fabricated. The 3D demo system of operative scheme demonstrated the operative procedure, and determined the position of the implant so as to obtain a perfect fit. Postoperatively, the patient regained satisfactory morphologic symmetry, facial appearance, occlusion, and TMJ functions.     

组织工程骨与Bio-Oss修复大鼠下颌骨缺损的比较研究

目的:利用组织工程骨(tissue engineering bone)修复大鼠下颌骨缺损,观察血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在组织工程骨修复骨缺损中的作用,为解决临床种植术中的骨量不足提供一定的实验依据。方法:实验中植入不同类型的骨替代材料用于修复大鼠下颌骨缺损,植入物分别为:①牛无机松质骨骨粉(Bio-Oss);②Bio-Oss+骨髓基质细胞(bone marrow stromal cells,BMSC);③Bio-Oss+VEGF基因转染后的BMSC。大鼠分别于植入后第4、12周处死,取下颌骨进行大体观察、X线观察、HE染色以及免疫组织化学染色观察,并分析实验结果。结果:相对于第一组,第二、三组的骨粉吸收速度更快,血管新生和成骨作用更好。其中第三组的血管新生、骨再生以及支架材料的吸收均要优于其他两组。结论:VEGF对组织工程骨的血管化起了重要的作用,尤其是通过外源基因导入BMSC构建的组织工程骨明显加快了骨组织的再生过程。     

Image-based extracorporeal tissue engineering of individualized bone constructs

PURPOSE: Computer-aided technologies have been recently employed for use in extracorporeal bone tissue engineering strategies. In this pilot animal experimental study, the intention was to test whether autologous osteoblast-like cells cultured in vitro on individualized scaffolds can be used to support bone regeneration in a clinical environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose, mandibular bone defects were surgically introduced into the mandibles of minipigs and the scaffold of the defect site was modeled by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technique. Autologous bone cells from porcine calvaria were harvested from minipigs and grown in culture. Cells were seeded on scaffolds generated by rapid prototyping of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymers. The defects were then reconstructed by implanting the tissue constructs. RESULTS: The intraoperative sites as well as the postoperative computerized tomographic scans demonstrated an accurate fit in the defect sites. The implanted scaffold constructs enriched with osteoblast-like cells were well tolerated and appeared to support bone formation, as revealed by histologic and immunohistochemical analyses. DISCUSSION: These results indicated that in vitro expanded osteoblast-like cells spread on a resorbable individualized scaffold can be capable of promoting the repair of bony defects in vivo. CONCLUSION: These results warrant further attempts to combine computer modeling and tissue engineering for use in bone reconstructive surgery.     

CAD/CAM制作个性化钛网联合髂骨移植重建单侧下颌骨大型轮廓缺损

目的 探讨CAD/CAM技术联合个性化预成型钛网及游离髂骨移植修复单侧下颌骨大型轮廓缺损的可行性及有效性.方法 选取四川大学华西口腔医院正颌及关节外科2015年11月—2019年12月的15例单侧下颌骨大型轮廓缺损的患者.采用基于逆向工程的计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制作(CAD/CAM)技术,镜像重建患侧下颌骨轮廓并制...     

基于快速成型技术即刻精确修复下颌骨缺损的临床研究

目的：探索应用快速成型技术对下颌骨部分缺损进行即刻、精确与功能性修复的方法。方法：5例下颌骨缺损需即刻行外形和功能修复的患者,先行三维CT扫描获得颌面部影像数据,在计算机内进行三维重建;应用快速成型技术制作颌面部实体模型,在模型上进行模拟外科,确定手术部位、截骨点、重建钛板的方向和角度;同时,制作出缺损区骨质的树脂模型,指导修整移植骨块。术中,切除部分下颌骨后,根据术前模拟的方案,进行血管化的髂骨移植加重建钛板固定,或者单纯重建钛板固定。结果：5例下颌骨病变切除后均即刻行修复重建治疗。手术过程明显快捷、顺利,移植骨和重建钛板均简单修整即就位植入,术后患者的双侧面形对称,余留牙咬合关系良好、稳定,医患满意度均较高。结论：应用快速成型技术,对精确、快速地修复下颌骨缺损、恢复面部对称性、重建咬合功能等,是一种简便、有效、可推广的方法。     

Review of biomechanical models used in studying the biomechanics of reconstructed mandibles

This study looked at computer and physical biomodels used to study the biomechanical performance of mandibular reconstruction, reviews the literature and explains the strengths and limitations of the models. Electronic databases (Pubmed, Medline) were searched. 17 articles were selected. Computer biomodels can be divided into virtual biomodels (mainly used for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning) and computational models (e.g. finite element analysis), they can predict areas most likely to fail based on internal stress distribution and areas of maximum stress concentration. Physical biomodels include: rapid prototyping, animal bone, human cadaveric bone, and bone substitute models. Physical models allow testing on a gross level to give fatigue performance and fracture strength. The use of bone substitutes allows a more consistent specimen size and a reduction in sample size. Some commercially available products can replicate the material properties of bone. The use of any biomodel depends on the question being asked: the bending strength of a reconstruction plate would necessitate a three point bending test; the biomechanical performance of a new method of reconstruction (e.g. the mandibular modular endoprosthesis) would necessitate finite element analysis to predict areas of likely failure and also a physical biomodel to look at fatigue failure.     

基于三维CT重建的快速成型技术在下颌骨重建的临床应用

目的 评价基于三维CT重建的快速成型技术在下颌骨重建中的作用。 方法 本组选取7例下颌骨病变病例,术前均采用基于三维CT重建的快速成型技术,制作下颌骨实体模型,并在实体模型上设计下颌骨切骨范围和拟用髂骨瓣或腓骨瓣的骨量和形态。术中按拟定方案切除下颌骨病变,并同期以钛板、血管化游离腓骨瓣或髂骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损,术后定期观察随访。 结果 采用游离髂骨瓣移植修复者3例,游离腓骨瓣移植者3例,单纯以重建钛板固定者1例。移植骨块均顺利成活。已随访6个月~2年。下颌骨形态和面型基本对称,无下颌偏颌。余留牙咬合关系同术前,张口度正常,咀嚼和语音功能恢复良好。 结论 基于三维CT重建的快速成型技术为下颌骨缺损的个体化和功能性修复提供良好桥梁。