双侧岩下窦静脉采血诊断ACTH依赖性库欣综合征的价值

目的 评估双侧岩下窦静脉采血(BIPSS)测定ACTH、垂体MRI动态增强和大剂量地塞米松抑制试验在ACTH依赖性库欣综合征鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 纳入BIPSS并经病理明确诊断的ACTH 依赖性库欣综合征患者87例,行BIPSS、大剂量地塞米松抑制试验和垂体影像学评估.结果 78例病理明确诊断为垂体ACTH瘤,9例为胸腺类癌所致异位ACTH综合征.大剂量地塞米松抑制试验、垂体MRI动态增强和BIPSS诊断敏感性分别为82.1％、79.5％和92.3％,特异性分别为100％、44.4％和100％,诊断准确率分别为83.9％、77.0％和93.1％.库欣病患者BIPSS分侧定位符合率为83.9％,而垂体MRI分侧定位符合率为64.5％.结论 ACTH依赖性库欣综合征中,BIPSS比大剂量地塞米松抑制试验、垂体MRI 动态增强诊断符合率更高.与垂体MRI检查相比,BIPSS分侧定位更为可信.     

表现为周期性库欣综合征的异位ACTH综合征一例

周期性库欣综合征(cyclic Cushing syndrome,CCS)是库欣综合征(Cushing syndrome)一种特殊表现形式,皮质醇呈规律周期性或不规律波动性分泌增多,可伴或不伴有临床表现的变化;需注意因皮质醇分泌的周期性特点对各项功能试验的干扰,内分泌检查易出现阴性结果,动态监测十分必要。本文详细分析1例由异位ACTH综合征(ectopic ACTH syndrome,EAS)导致的CCS的诊疗过程,并进行相关文献复习并总结CCS发生率及临床特点、定性诊断、病因分类及鉴别诊断以及EAS的病因及特点,EAS原发病灶的寻找及治疗。     

肾上腺占位合并垂体病变的库欣综合征九例临床分析并文献复习

目的探讨垂体及。肾上腺均有病变的库欣综合征患者的病因诊断方法。方法回顾性分析9例垂体及肾上腺均病变的患者,行大小剂量地塞米松抑制试验,查血促。肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）水平,并行鞍区MRI及肾上腺CT。结果（1）血ACTH值在4例库欣病患者中3例高于正常上限,1例正常。5例非ACTH依赖性库欣综合征患者ACTH均〈20ng／L。（2）大剂量地塞米松抑制试验服药第2日24小时尿游离皮质醇在ACTH依赖组均可被抑制到对照值的20％以下,ACTH非依赖组5例患者均未被抑制到对照的50％以下。（3）术后病理支持临床诊断。结论对于兼有肾上腺及垂体两处病变的库欣综合征患者需采用多种方法进行鉴别,最后的判定是术后病理及疗效。     

库欣综合征高血压临床特点的研究

目的：研究库欣综合征高血压的临床特点。方法：回顾性研究我院1983年至1999年术后明确病理诊断和库欣综合征184例，其中垂体小腺瘤90例，垂体大腺瘤19例，垂体增生10例；肾上腺腺瘤59例；ACTH非依赖性大结节样肾上腺增生3例；异位ACTH综合征3例。结果库欣综合征高血压患病率为89．7％（按旧标准为82．6％）。在库欣综合征中高血压并发症病率为44．8％。logistic回归分析显示高血压并发症与库欣综合征手术时年龄及最高收缩压独立相关。诊断年龄≤25岁和＞25岁的两组病人，高血压特点差异有显著性。术前使用降压药的129例患者中，术后继续用降压药者仅43例，术后降压药的使用率较术前显著下降（P＜0．001）。结论：在库欣综合征中高血压患病率极高。手术时年龄大及最高收缩压较高者有高血压并发症的可能性大。成人库欣综合征患者高血压患病率更高，血压水平更高，病程更长，更难以控制，更多的合并高血压并发症。大部分库欣综合征患者术后可停用降压药，部分患者术后存在持续性高血压，对术后病人仍要注意高血压的治疗。     

肺部肿瘤致异位ACTH综合征7例报告并文献复习

目的探讨肺部肿瘤致异位促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）综合征的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2000年11月～2009年12月解放军总医院内分泌科收治并确诊的7例肺部肿瘤致异位ACTH综合征患者的临床资料。结果高血压、糖尿病、低血钾、水肿为最常见的临床表现,多缺乏典型库欣综合征的体征;血ACTH和皮质醇、24 h尿游离皮质醇水平升高,皮质醇分泌均不被小剂量及大剂量地塞米松抑制试验所抑制;胸部薄层CT扫描能发现多数肺部病变;手术切除肺部病变、小细胞肺癌化疗效果较好;肾上腺切除为控制高皮质醇血症的有效手段。结论肺部肿瘤是导致异位ACTH综合征的常见病因,对于ACTH依赖性库欣综合征的患者应常规行胸部薄层CT来筛查肺部病变。     

非ACTH依赖性库欣综合征合并心功能不全患者的临床特点分析

目的:总结非促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)依赖性库欣综合征(CS)合并心功能不全患者的临床特点,为在非ACTH依赖性CS患者中更好地识别出心功能不全的高危人群提供理论依据。方法:收集以"非ACTH依赖性CS"为检索词,在北京大学第一医院住院电子病例系统中检索2014年1月至2019年3月出院诊断为非ACTH依赖性CS的病...     

支气管类癌导致青少年异位促肾上腺皮质激素综合征一例

报道1例青少年异位促肾上腺皮质激素综合征(EAS)患者,其临床表现及生化改变支持促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)依赖性库欣综合征。大剂量地塞米松抑制试验可被抑制,鞍区磁共振成像示垂体右翼可疑微腺瘤(5 mm×7 mm),但岩下窦静脉取血+去氨加压素(DDAVP)兴奋试验阴性。胸部CT示右肺中叶小结节(11.3 mm),氟代脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层成像术/计算机断层成像术(18FDG-PET/CT)及68Ga标记生长抑素受体的正电子发射断层成像术/计算机断层成像术(68Ga-DOTA-PET/CT)均显示该结节摄取仅轻度增加(SUVmax分别为1.1、1.6),虽SUV不高,仍考虑异位ACTH病灶不除外。胸腔镜下右肺中叶切除术后病理证实为类癌,术后ACTH、血皮质醇显著下降,患者恢复良好。EAS是儿童青少年库欣综合征的罕见病因,正确诊断和合理治疗对改善预后十分重要。诊断常需综合多种定性定位检查手段进行综合判断。当其他检查未发现明确病灶时,68Ga-DOTA-PET/CT和18FDG-PET/CT摄取仅轻度增高的病灶也需警惕类癌可能。     

皮质醇症

皮质醇症即皮质醇增多症、库欣综合征，是由于肾上腺皮质长期、过量分泌皮质醇引起的临床综合征。根据是否受促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）影响，皮质醇症主要分为ACTH依赖性和非依赖性两大类。     

岩下窦取血在诊断ACTH依赖性库欣综合征中的应用

库欣病和异位促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）依赖性库欣综合征的临床表现及生化特征相似,临床鉴别有时十分困难,促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）兴奋试验常作为无创性检查手段对二者进行鉴别,但岩下窦取血仍是区分二者的有效办法之一。取血时联合应用CRH刺激可以提高诊断的敏感性和特异性,插管成功与否对于诊断的准确性有很大影响。近年来,新的插管方法,如海绵窦或颈内静脉取血也开始在临床上应用,为鉴别ACTH依赖性库欣综合征提供了新的手段。     

论著外周DDAVP兴奋试验在促肾上腺皮质激素依赖性库欣综合征鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 评价外周1-脱氨-8-精氨酸血管加压素(DDAVP)兴奋试验,在促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)依赖性库欣综合征鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年6月在北京协和医院诊断明确的ACTH依赖性库欣综合征患者的临床资料,包括外周DDAVP兴奋试验、岩下窦静脉取血、鞍区MRI和手术病理的结果,评价外周DDAVP兴奋试验对诊断垂体ACTH腺瘤的敏感度和特异度。另收集10例文献报告的异位ACTH肿瘤患者资料,纳入统计分析。通过比较岩下窦静脉取血和外周DDAVP兴奋试验结果的差异,分析外周DDAVP兴奋试验中ACTH不升高的原因和此项检查的局限性。结果 (1)共纳入41例ACTH依赖性库欣综合征患者,其中28例为垂体ACTH腺瘤(简称库欣病),13例为异位分泌ACTH肿瘤。(2)如以ACTH升高到基础值1.5倍作为阳性反应标准,82%(23/28)库欣病和38%(5/13)的异位ACTH肿瘤患者可达到此反应。如以ACTH升高到基础值3倍为反应标准,50%(14/28)的库欣病患者达此标准,而异位ACTH肿瘤为0(0/13)。(3)有12例库欣病患者同时进行岩下窦静脉取血。其中7例外周DDAVP试验中ACTH水平未达到基础值的3倍,但岩下窦ACTH水平在DDAVP刺激后明显升高。结论 外周DDAVP兴奋试验有助于ACTH依赖性库欣综合征的鉴别诊断。ACTH升高幅度越大,越支持库欣病的诊断。如ACTH升高到基础值3倍以上,可确诊为库欣病。     

ACTH-producing pheochromocytoma: Clinical considerations and concise review of the literature

We present a patient with a rare cause of ectopic ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome, caused by a pheochromocytoma. The case provides clues for a detailed discussion on the pitfalls and diagnostic difficulties in establishing the correct underlying cause of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. It clearly demonstrates that the relative contributions of clinical, biochemical, and radiological clues in establishing the correct underlying cause of Cushing's syndrome may differ considerably between Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic overproduction of ACTH. In addition, the literature concerning ACTH-producing pheochromocytomas is reviewed.     

联合法与经典法地塞米松抑制试验诊断Cushing综合征价值的比较

目的评价联合法及经典法小及大剂量地塞米松抑制试验(DST)诊断Cushing综合征的价值。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院1997—2006年152例经手术病理证实的Cushing综合征病例,将经典法与联合法小及大剂量DST结果与病理诊断结果相比较。结果过夜小剂量DST、经典小剂量DST和联合法之小剂量DST对Cushing综合征定性诊断的符合率分别为97.5%、96.1%和97.6%。3组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.86)。经典大剂量、联合法之大剂量DST对Cushing病诊断的符合率分别为80.6%、76.4%,2组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.73)。经典大剂量、联合法之大剂量DST对肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)非依赖性Cushing综合征诊断的符合率分别为94.2%和95.5%,2组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.83)。经典法分别行小及大剂量和联合法小及大剂量DST诊断Cushing病的敏感性分别为81.5%和77.8%,特异性分别为92.5%和95.5%。结论联合法小及大剂量DST比经典法分别行小及大剂量DST操作简便,节省时间,对照值更加准确,2种方法对诊断的符合率差异没有统计学意义,联合法小及大剂量DST可用于Cushing综合征的定性、定位诊断。     

Cost-effectiveness and accuracy of the tests used in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.

Aim: Establish the minimal biochemical and radiological examinations necessary and their cost-effectiveness to accurately diagnose the etiology of Cushing's syndrome (CS).Material and Methods: In 71 patients with CS followed between 1982 and 1997 biochemical studies (basal ACTH, 8mg dexamethasone suppression test -HDST-, metyrapone stimulation test -MST-, or inferior petrosal sinus catheterization sinus catheterization -IPSC-) and radiological investigations (abdominal CT scan, pituitary CT scan or MRI) were performed. Once pathology confirmed the diagnosis (48 pituitary Cushing's disease-CD, 17 adrenal neoplasms, 2 bilateral macronodular hyperplasia -BMH-, and 4 ectopic ACTH syndrome -ES-), the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the different studies was calculated to establish the most accurate and cost-effective diagnostic protocol.Results: In ACTH-independent CS (ACTH 9 pg/ml; normal 9 to 54) a unilateral tumor was identified on abdominal CT scanning in 17, and BMH in 1; the other BMH had detectable ACTH (43.2 pg/ml). In ACTH-dependent CS, ACTH was > 9 pg/ml and IPSC (performed in 22) correctly identified 20 patients with CD and differentiated them from 2 with an ES (100 % specificity and sensitivity). Pituitary MRI or CT did not disclose an adenoma in 41.7% of patients with CD, and was reported to exhibit a microadenoma in 2 of the 4 patients with ES. HDST and MST were of no additional use in the differentiation between CD and ES.Conclusions: Once CS is diagnosed low ACTH and an abdominal CT scan correctly identified all patients of adrenal origin. In ACTH-dependent CS IPSC was the best predictive test to differentiate CD from ES. BMH may behave as ACTH-dependent or independent. The other biochemical and radiological studies performed are not cost-effective and may even be misleading, and should not be routinely performed.     

Corticotropin-releasing hormone testing in pituitary disease.

The availability of CRH for clinical use and the data so far generated by clinical investigators interested in its application to the problem of Cushing's syndrome have resulted in a new approach to the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome (Fig. 2). Once the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is made with certainty, an initial separation into ACTH-dependent versus ACTH-independent categories is made on the basis of the plasma ACTH response to CRH. Plasma ACTH levels in excess of 10 pg/mL imply an ACTH-dependent process. Patients with an ACTH-dependent process are then divided into eutopic versus ectopic sources on the basis of the central to peripheral gradient of ACTH measured in the inferior petrosal sinuses simultaneously 3 to 5 minutes after the administration of CRH, 1 microgram/kg. The average post-CRH gradient in patients with eutopic ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome is 50. The lower bound is 3.3. Ectopic sources have a gradient of less than 2. Patients with ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome can be confidently evaluated with imaging techniques, such as CT or MRI, looking for adrenal neoplasm or the "normal to small" glands characteristic of micronodular adrenal dysplasia.     

Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the published literature and reach a consensus on the treatment of patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome, because there is no recent consensus on the management of this rare disorder. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two leading endocrinologists, clinicians, and neurosurgeons with specific expertise in the management of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome representing nine countries were chosen to address 1) criteria for cure and remission of this disorder, 2) surgical treatment of Cushing's disease, 3) therapeutic options in the event of persistent disease after transsphenoidal surgery, 4) medical therapy of Cushing's disease, and 5) management of ectopic ACTH syndrome, Nelson's syndrome, and special patient populations. EVIDENCE: Participants presented published scientific data, which formed the basis of the recommendations. Opinion shared by a majority of experts was used where strong evidence was lacking. CONSENSUS PROCESS: Participants met for 2 d, during which there were four chaired sessions of presentations, followed by general discussion where a consensus was reached. The consensus statement was prepared by a steering committee and was then reviewed by all authors, with suggestions incorporated if agreed upon by the majority. CONCLUSIONS: ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder requiring a multidisciplinary and individualized approach to patient management. Generally, the treatment of choice for ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome is curative surgery with selective pituitary or ectopic corticotroph tumor resection. Second-line treatments include more radical surgery, radiation therapy (for Cushing's disease), medical therapy, and bilateral adrenalectomy. Because of the significant morbidity of Cushing's syndrome, early diagnosis and prompt therapy are warranted.     

Cyclic Cushing's Syndrome: An Overview

Cyclic Cushing's syndrome (CS) involves rhythmic fluctuations in ACTH secretion resulting in a cyclic variation of adrenal steroid production. In the majority of cases, cyclic CS is caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, but it can also be due to ectopic ACTH production or an adrenal adenoma. This condition should be strongly suspected in patients with symptoms or signs of hypercortisolism but normal cortisol levels and paradoxical responses to the dexamethasone test, that may reflect an increasing or decreasing endogenous hormone activity. Dynamic tests are best interpreted if they are performed during a sustained period of hypercortisolism. Sometimes, it is necessary to confirm the diagnosis over lengthy periods of observation. Responses to treatment must be closely monitored, interpreted and evaluated with caution because of the potential variations in steroidogenesis. An original case report of a cyclic Cushing's syndrome is presented in this review.     

Cushing's Syndrome: important issues in diagnosis and management

CONTEXT: The diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of Cushing's syndrome are challenging problems in clinical endocrinology. We focus on critical questions addressing screening for Cushing's syndrome, differentiation of Cushing's subtypes, and treatment options. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Ovid's MEDLINE (1996 through April 2006) was used to search the general literature. We also relied on previously published reviews and a recent monograph and cite a mix of primary articles and recent reviews. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Although this article represents our opinion, it draws heavily on a recent consensus statement from experts in the field and a recent monograph on Cushing's syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that: 1) measurement of late-night or bedtime salivary cortisol is a useful approach to screen for Cushing's syndrome; 2) measurement of suppressed plasma ACTH by immunometric assay is useful to differentiate ACTH-dependent and -independent Cushing's syndrome; 3) inferior petrosal sinus sampling for ACTH should be performed in patients with ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism in whom a pituitary magnetic resonance imaging is normal or equivocal (in the absence of a pituitary ACTH gradient, prolactin levels should be measured to confirm the integrity of venous sampling); 4) computed tomography of the chest and abdomen and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy should be performed in patients with the occult ectopic ACTH syndrome; and 5) patients with Cushing's disease should be referred to a neurosurgeon with extensive experience operating on corticotroph microadenomas. Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy should be considered in patients with Cushing's disease who fail therapies directed at the pituitary.     

Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome

Clinically inapparent adrenal masses, or adrenal incidentalomas, are discovered inadvertently in the course of workup or treatment of unrelated disorders. Cortical adenoma is the most frequent type of adrenal incidentaloma accounting for approximately 50% of cases in surgical series and even greater shares in medical series. Incidentally discovered adrenal adenomas may secrete cortisol in an autonomous manner, that is not fully restrained by pituitary feed-back, in 5 to 20% of cases depending on study protocols and diagnostic criteria. A number of different alterations in the endocrine tests aimed to assess the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been demonstrated in such patients. This heterogeneous condition has been termed as subclinical Cushing's syndrome, a definition that is more accurate than preclinical Cushing's syndrome since the evolution towards clinically overt hypercortisolism does occur rarely, if ever. The criteria for qualifying subclinical cortisol excess are controversial and we presently do not have sufficient evidence to define a gold standard for the diagnosis of subclinical Cushing's syndrome. An increased frequency of hypertension, central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes and hyperlipoproteinemia has been described in patients with subclinical Cushing's syndrome; however, there is not evidence-based demonstration of its long-term complications and, consequently, the management of this condition is largely empirical. Either adrenalectomy or careful observation associated with treatment of metabolic syndrome has been suggested as treatment options because data are insufficient to indicate the superiority of a surgical or nonsurgical approach to manage patients with subclinical hyperfunctioning adrenal cortical adenomas. This work was partially supported by grants of the University of Turin (ex-60% funds).     

Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy

Two cases of Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy are reported, both due to an adrenal adenoma. The association of pregnancy and Cushing's syndrome has up to now been described in 48 patients (including our two cases); Cushing's syndrome was ACTH-independent in 59%, ACTH-dependent in 33%, and of unknown cause in 8%. The obvious preponderance of ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy--in contrast to the higher prevalence of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome in the nonpregnant state--is unexplained, but might be related to less severe hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal adenoma. Active treatment of Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy is associated with a slightly but not significantly better outcome of pregnancy.     

The role of desmopressin in bilateral and simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling for differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) with corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation is currently the gold standard test for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Reports on the use of desmopressin in this approach are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of desmopressin during BIPSS in a cohort of patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. DESIGN: A retrospective case-record study. PATIENTS: Fifty-six patients with confirmed ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome underwent BIPSS with desmopressin stimulation when presenting negative pituitary tumour imaging. MEASUREMENTS: Central to peripheral (CEN:PER) ACTH gradient, lateralization of the ACTH source and surgical tumour confirmation were evaluated. RESULTS: A CEN:PER ACTH gradient was found in 40 patients under basal conditions (CEN:PER >or= 2) and in 47 patients after desmopressin stimulation (CEN:PER >or= 3). Ectopic ACTH-producing tumours (three lung carcinoid tumour, one thymus carcinoid tumour and one thymus hyperplasia) were confirmed in five out of nine patients without the CEN:PER ACTH gradient, and four cases were false negative for Cushing's disease. Lateralization (IPS:IPS >or= 1.4) was observed in 80.8% of patients under basal conditions (38/47) and in 97.8% after desmopressin (46/47), and it was surgically confirmed in 78.7%. There were no false-positive cases. Sensitivity and specificity were 92.1% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Desmopressin improves the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome by amplifying the CEN:PER and IPS:IPS ACTH gradients, and is therefore a useful ACTH secretagogue in BIPSS.