对古城区吸毒人群进行艾滋病预防干预的效果评价

[目的]评价吸毒人群针具交换干预预防艾滋病传播的效果。[方法]对古城区社区内活动的静脉吸毒者和古城区戒毒所进行强制戒毒人员进行艾滋病健康教育活动;比较干预前后艾滋病知识知晓率、艾滋病传播危险行为学指标和HIV抗体阳性率,以评价干预效果。[结果]干预后吸毒人群的艾滋病知识知晓率由85.3%提高至97.9%;吸毒人群最近6个月注射吸毒共用针具的比例由40.8%下降到12.5%;HIV抗体阳性率由9%下降到3.7%。[结论]在吸毒人群中开展针具交换干预可有效控制艾滋病在吸毒人群中的传播。     

洪江区吸毒人群清洁针具交换预防艾滋病的研究

目的了解洪江区吸毒人群分布状况,探索在吸毒人群中开展针具交换对预防艾滋病传播的可行性。方法采用艾滋病自愿咨询、公安机关配合登记询问、健康教育及关爱支持等措施,在社区和戒毒所内开展清洁针具销售和针具回收等干预措施,应用共用针具率、男性安全套使用率、艾滋病防治知识知晓率、针具交换覆盖率等指标评价干预效果。结果洪江区吸毒人群以城区人口、青壮年、低文化程度男性及未婚者为主,干预后吸毒人群的艾滋病传播危险性行为降低,针具销售大幅度上升,艾滋病防治知识知晓率有较大幅度上升。结论在吸毒人群中开展清洁针具交换有助于提高吸毒者预防艾滋病知识水平,改变HIV感染各种危险行为,控制艾滋病蔓延传播。     

洪江区吸毒人群清洁针具交换预防交滋病的研究

目的 了解洪江区吸毒人群分布状况，探索在吸毒人群中开展针具交换对预防艾滋病传播的可行性。方法 采用艾滋病自愿咨询、公安机关配合登记询问、健康教育及关爱支持等措施，在社区和戒毒所内开展清洁针具销售和针具回收等干预措施，应用共用针具率、男性安全套使用率、艾滋病防治知识知晓率、针具交换覆盖率等指标评价干预效果。结果 洪江区吸毒人群以城区人1：3、青壮年、低文化程度男性及未婚者为主，干预后吸毒人群的艾滋病传播危险性行为降低，针具销售大幅度上升，艾滋病防治知识知晓率有较大幅度上升。结论 在吸毒人群中开展清洁针具交换有助于提高吸毒者预防艾滋病知识水平，改变HIV感染各种危险行为，控制艾滋病蔓延传播。     

吸毒人群接受艾滋病预防干预服务现状分析

目的 了解不同场所的吸毒人群注射吸毒与共用针具情况,分析吸毒者接受的艾滋病预防干预服务,为在吸毒者中开展进一步的预防干预服务与资源分配提供依据.方法 采用分类滚雪球非概率抽样方法 ,从武汉市16家社区美沙酮药物维持治疗门诊选取新入组且符合筛选条件的吸毒者,由同伴招募社区和当地自愿戒毒所内的吸毒人群,进行问卷调查.结果 来自社区和美沙酮门诊的吸毒人群80%以上的人群曾注射过毒品.30～40岁之间的吸毒人群毒品注射率达83.33%,其针具共用率达21.85%.吸毒人群接受较多的预防干预服务是美沙酮,其次是艾滋病、性病宣传材料,最少的为针具交换或清洁针具发放.结论 吸毒人群中毒品注射率较高,接受到的针具交换或清洁针具发放较少.要结合吸毒人群的行为特点,开展切实有效的预防干预活动.     

云南省2013年吸毒人群艾滋病行为调查分析

目的 了解云南省吸毒人群的艾滋病知晓率、相关危险行为及其影响因素,为制定干预策略和评估干预效果提供依据.方法 强戒所采用固定场所连续抽样,社区采用“滚雪球”抽样对吸毒人员进行统一问卷调查,获得调查对象的人口学特征、艾滋病知晓率和行为学等信息.结果 共调查吸毒人群13 969人,艾滋病知识知晓率为93.2％,男性、外省/外籍、文化程度偏低的吸毒者更倾向于共用针具.干预覆盖率为67.4％,社区干预覆盖率(86.4％)明显高于戒毒所(61.4％),吸毒人群接受检测并知晓结果的比例较低(27.8％).与2002年云南省首轮行为调查相比,该人群不共用注射器的比例和安全套使用率明显提高.结论 云南省吸毒人群对艾滋病基本知识的知晓率较高,但仍存在共用针具和不使用安全套的情况,血液传播和性传播的风险高.建议进一步提高美沙酮维持治疗、清洁针具交换和HIV检测的覆盖面,对检测结果及时准确告知.加强监管场所吸毒人群综合干预和吸毒人群安全性行为干预工作.     

在吸毒人群中开展减低危害预防艾滋病效果分析

目的了解柳州市吸毒人群状况,探讨在吸毒人群中开展针具交换和美沙酮维持治疗对预防艾滋病传播的可行性。方法通过艾滋病自愿咨询检测、在社区内开展美沙酮维持治疗、清洁针具交换和针具回收及公安机关配合戒毒所开展健康教育关爱支持等措施。结果柳州市吸毒人群干预后艾滋病传播危险性降低,共用针具大幅度下降,艾滋病感染率从2000年的24.88%下降到2008年的13.10%。结论在吸毒人群中开展美沙酮维持治疗、清洁针具交换有利于提高吸毒者预防艾滋病的能力,改变HIV感染各种危险行为,控制艾滋病蔓延和传播。     

静脉吸毒人员艾滋病知识知晓率影响因素的非条件Logistic回归分析

[目的]探讨静脉吸毒人员艾滋病知识知晓率的影响因素,以便制定该人群预防艾滋病病毒(HIV)传播的措施.[方法]2002～2003年,在广东省选取2个社区,1个为干预区,采用针具交换干预措施;另1个为对照区,不采取任何干预措施,进行10个月的干预,于干预前后采用方便抽样,利用结构问卷对抽取的注射吸毒者分别进行面对面的断面调查,进行艾滋病防治知识知晓率及其影响因素的非条件Logistic回归分析.[结果]干预前后分别调查静脉吸毒人员428、429名,干预组艾滋病知识知晓率分别为29.36%和58.67%(P＜0.01).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果,进入回归模型的因素按照贡献率依次为干预地区(OR=0.337),看过宣传资料(OR=2.815)、初中文化(OR=2.207)、高中及以上文化(OR=2.799)、40岁以上年龄(OR=0.510).[结论]静脉吸毒人员初中以上文化程度、接受过针具交换项目宣传者艾滋病知识知晓率高,40岁以上及干预地区的吸毒人员艾滋病知识知晓率较低.     

建水县静脉吸毒者高危行为及艾滋病认知状况调查

[目的]了解建水县吸毒人群HIY相关危险行为状况及对艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为进一步对吸毒人群行为干预提供依据.[方法]2007年9月在建水县社区、村委会、戒毒所内,采用全国统一的行为调查问卷对360名静脉吸毒者进行调查.[结果]360例静脉吸毒者中,吸毒年限>10年占61.4%,共用过针具占81.1%,固定性伴吸毒者占18.4%;最近一个月注射毒品时共用过针具占11.0%,最近一次性行为未使用安全套占76.4%;不同文化程度的静脉吸毒者对HIV经血液传播、母婴垂直传播及蚊虫叮咬是否传播的知晓率上存在着统计学差异(P<0.05).[结论]当地吸毒人群HIV相关危险行为发生率较高,应加强吸毒者安全行为的健康教育,扩大针对吸毒和高危性行为干预的覆盖面;针对不同文化程度的静咏吸毒者应开展与之相对应的宣传教育及干预措施.     

在吸毒人群中开展减低危害预防艾滋病效果分析

目的了解柳州市吸毒人群状况,探讨在吸毒人群中开展针具交换和美沙酮维持治疗对预防艾滋病传播的可行性。方法通过艾滋病自愿咨询检测、在社区内开展美沙酮维持治疗、清洁针具交换和针具回收及公安机关配合戒毒所开展健康教育关爱支持等措施。结果柳州市吸毒人群干预后艾滋病传播危险性降低,共用针具大幅度下降,艾滋病感染率从2000年的24．88％下降到2008年的13．10％。结论在吸毒人群中开展美沙酮维持治疗、清洁针具交换有利于提高吸毒者预防艾滋病的能力,改变HIV感染各种危险行为,控制艾滋病蔓延和传播。     

新旧注射吸毒人群HIV传播因素研究

目的探讨和分析新旧注射吸毒者的人口学特征及HIV传播因素,为预防控制艾滋病流行提供科学依据。方法选取针具交换点和戒毒所新旧人群为研究对象,采用面对面问卷调查,问卷内容包括新旧人群的人口学特征、艾滋病相关知识、干预服务参号隋况、高危行为学特征及HIV传播影响因素。应用SPSS16．0软件进行统计分析。结果共调查474例注射吸毒者,其中新人群（注射吸毒≤5年）及旧人群（注射吸毒〉5年）分别为157例（33．1％）和317例（66．9％）。调查对象的HIV感染率为20．5％,HIV感染率与吸毒年限呈正相关趋势（_=0．83,P=0．004）,且在5年内的变化速率最快。多因素Logistic回归模型结果显示,在〈30岁的新人群中,男性、重复使用及共用针具是HIV传播的影响因素;在30～40岁的旧人群中,男性、知晓共用注射辅助材料的危害及共用针具是HIV传播的影响因素;在〉40岁的旧人群中,男性、文化程度初中及以上、参加过针具交换及共用针具是HIV传播的影响因素。结论加强对新旧人群的宣传教育力度,倡导针具交换、有套性交、扩大干预服务覆盖面,知而信、信而行,是预防控制HIV传播与流行的有效措施。     

The Washington Needle Depot: fitting healthcare to injection drug users rather than injection drug users to healthcare: moving from a syringe exchange to syringe distribution model

Needle exchange programs chase political as well as epidemiological dragons, carrying within them both implicit moral and political goals. In the exchange model of syringe distribution, injection drug users (IDUs) must provide used needles in order to receive new needles. Distribution and retrieval are co-existent in the exchange model. Likewise, limitations on how many needles can be received at a time compel addicts to have multiple points of contact with professionals where the virtues of treatment and detox are impressed upon them. The centre of gravity for syringe distribution programs needs to shift from needle exchange to needle distribution, which provides unlimited access to syringes. This paper provides a case study of the Washington Needle Depot, a program operating under the syringe distribution model, showing that the distribution and retrieval of syringes can be separated with effective results. Further, the experience of IDUs is utilized, through paid employment, to provide a vulnerable population of people with clean syringes to prevent HIV and HCV.     

Analysis of a Targeted Intervention Programme on the Risk Behaviours of Injecting Drug Users in India: Evidence From the National Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance Survey

ObjectivesThis study provides insights on the impact of a targeted intervention (TI) programme on behaviour change among injecting drug users (IDUs) in India.MethodsThis paper examined the data from the Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance 2014–2015 for IDUs in India. Logistic regression was performed to understand the factors (TI programme services) that affected injecting risk behaviours by adjusting for covariates. Propensity score matching was conducted to understand the impact of the TI programme on using new needles/syringes and sharing needles/syringes in the most recent injecting episode by accounting for the covariates that predicted receiving the intervention.ResultsParticipants who received new needles and syringes from peer educators or outreach workers were 1.3 times (adjusted odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 1.53) more likely to use new needles/syringes during most recent injecting episode than participants who did not receive needles/syringes. The matched-samples estimate (i.e., average treatment effect on treated) of using new needles in the most recent injecting episode showed a 2.8% (95% CI, 0.0 to 5.6) increase in the use of new needles and a 6.5% (95% CI, −9.7 to −3.3) decrease in needle sharing in the most recent injecting episode in participants who received new needles/syringes. There was a 2.2% (95% CI, −3.8 to −0.6) decrease in needle sharing in the most recent injecting episode among participants who were referred to other services (integrated counselling and testing centre, detox centres, etc.).ConclusionsThe TI programme proved to be effective for behaviour change among IDUs, as substantiated by the use of new needles/syringes and sharing of needles/syringes.     

市场营销在社区吸毒人群艾滋病行为干预中的应用

目的：目前国内艾滋病高危人群的行为干预均在探索阶段。该研究旨在探索社区吸毒人群预防艾滋病的行为干预模式。方法：干预方法主要是以同伴为基础的社区健康教育、建立医学咨询服务点、避孕套及注射器市场营销。结果：1998－1999年四川省性病艾滋病防治协会在冰山州西昌市3个术开展了社区吸毒人群艾滋病干预项目。社区人群及吸毒人员干预后艾滋病知识均有明显提高（P＜0．01）。吸毒人员均放弃了共用注射器行为,但避孕套的推广使用不理想。结论：以同伴为基础的社区健康教育和避孕套及注射器营销在预防控制艾滋病方面是有效的手段,但避孕套的推广工作有待进一步改进。     

Hitting up in the top end: characteristics of needle exchange clients in Darwin

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about injecting drug use (IDU) and blood-borne viral (BBV) infection in rural Australia. METHOD: These repeat cross-sectional studies were conducted during a two-week period in July and October-November 1998 at the Darwin needle exchange, with 129 and 121 respondents respectively. RESULTS: The commonest drug of choice was heroin, but the commonest drug injected was morphine. Self-reported sharing of needles and syringes was uncommon. Self-reported serostatus for HIV was high (8% and 11.4% respectively), but seemingly mostly associated with sexual rather than IDU risk; for hepatitis C (HCV) status, these were 54% and 37%. Among IDUs of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) background, who made up 14% of the first round respondents, patterns of IDU and of BBV infection were the same as among non-ATSI respondents. CONCLUSIONS: These surveys reveal patterns of IDU in Darwin that have both similarities and differences with those in the major urban centres in Australia. In the absence of a comprehensive methadone maintenance program, many participate in a more or less informal morphine substitution program. HIV is present among these IDUs, and the risks of further sexual transmission may be high. IMPLICATIONS: These surveys confirm the presence among injecting drug users in Darwin of HIV, HBV and HCV, and of the risk for further spread of these viruses. Control of blood-borne virus transmission among IDUs requires an even greater commitment to abolishing sharing of needles and syringes, and therefore continued support and enhancement of needle and syringe availability.     

Situational factors influencing drug injecting,risk reduction and syringe exchange in Togliatti City,Russian Federation: a qualitative study of micro risk environment

We undertook a qualitative study to explore the micro-environment of drug injecting, risk reduction and syringe exchange practices among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Togliatti City, Russia. Semi-structured qualitative interviews (n=57) were undertaken with current IDUs in May 2001. Findings highlight a recent transition away from hanka (a home-produced liquid opiate derived from opium poppy) towards the injection of heroin powder, and a drug use culture in which injecting predominates. Findings emphasise that risk reduction practices may be influenced less by availability of injecting equipment than by an interplay of situational and micro-environmental factors. Principal among these is a reported fear of police detainment or arrest among IDUs which encourages a reluctance to carry needles and syringes, and which in turn, is associated with needle and syringe sharing at the point of drug sale. We note the role of policing practices in influencing risk reduction and the potential role of policing agencies in supporting HIV prevention initiatives among IDUs.     

Needle and syringe sharing practices of injecting drug users participating in an outreach HIV prevention program in Tehran,Iran: A cross-sectional study

HIV infection rates have reached epidemic proportions amongst injecting drug users (IDUs) in Iran. Although a number of community-based interventions have being implemented in the country, there is little information on the risk behaviors of IDU participants in these programs. This cross-sectional report aimed to compare the risk behaviors of injecting drug users with differential exposure rates to an HIV outreach program in Tehran, Iran. Results indicated that shared use of needle/syringe in the past month was significantly lower among IDUs who received estimated ≥ 7 syringes per week than those who did not [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 14.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.30–89.56]. While the effectiveness of this outreach program needs further evaluation through a longitudinal investigation, our preliminary findings suggest that the outreach program in Tehran may have been beneficial in reducing direct sharing among those who received more than several needles/syringes from the program.     

不同时间注射吸毒者艾滋病知识影响因素分析

目的了解不同注射吸毒时间的吸毒者艾滋病知识的影响因素。方法于2003．2005年对四川省注射吸毒者进行3次横断面调查,调查内容包括人口学、注射吸毒行为、性行为及艾滋病相关知识等。应用K—means聚类法对调查对象的艾滋病知识水平进行聚类,然后对所有被调查者和不同注射吸毒时间（〈1年,1～3年和〉3年）的吸毒者进行累积Logistie回归分析。结果4310例被调查者中,注射吸毒〈1年者占14．1％,1～3年占4｜D．3％,〉3年占45．6％。调查对象按艾滋病知识掌握的程度,被聚类为3类,Ⅰ类2547人（好）,Ⅱ类共1447人（中）,Ⅲ类共313人（差）。注射吸毒〈1年者艾滋病知识的独立影响因素包括少数民族、注射频率低、未戒过毒、未曾得到发放的安全套、未得到过性病艾滋病预防知识讲解及未曾得到宣传材料。注射吸毒1～3年者艾滋病知识的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、未曾得到宣传材料、未参与针具交换、未曾接受性病检查或治疗、2004年及2005年招募者、招募于达州、凉山、自贡。注射吸毒大于3年者艾滋病知识的独立影响因素包括文化程度低、少数民族、未戒过毒、未参与针具交换、2004年及2005年招募者。结论调查显示半数以上注射吸毒者吸毒时间小于3年。文化程度低、少数民族、未曾得到HIV干预服务者艾滋病知识水平较低。,提示针对不同吸毒时间吸毒者的干预宣传侧重有所不同。     

共用针具的男性吸毒人群的高危行为调查

目的了解共用针具的男性吸毒人群的高危行为。方法2006年6月,采用匿名自填问卷的方式对广东省珠海市某强制戒毒所全部男性吸毒人员进行调查,内容包括共用针具的高危行为和性行为。结果在397名吸毒者中,125名进入戒毒所前1个月发生过共用针具行为。其中93人(74.4%)曾与他人直接共针,108人(86.4%)曾与他人共用同一瓶水洗针或用同一棉球、容器溶解过滤毒品,76人(60.8%)上述两种情况都有发生;共用注射器的主要原因是夜间注射买不到针(50.0%)和着急注射时身边没有针(43.5%);共用注射器前往往不进行任何处理(12.5%)或只用冷水冲洗(67.0%);该类人群多性伴占68.0%(85/125),最近1个月与固定性伴和临时性伴每次都使用安全套的比例分别为5.2%(5/96)和12.0%(9/75);不愿意进行针具交换的比例达86.9%(106/122);认为自己有感染HIV可能性的只占24.8%(31/125)。结论该人群直接和间接共用针具的行为频繁、安全套使用率低以及对共用针具的危害缺乏认识,因此应在该类人群中尽快开展宣传教育、美沙酮治疗、针具交换和安全套推广。