散发性结直肠癌22q13区域杂合缺失的精细定位分析

目的在染色体高频杂合缺失区22q13精细定位，以筛查可能与结直肠癌相关的肿瘤抑制基因。方法荧光标记的微卫星引物与83例结直肠癌的肿瘤和正常组织进行PCR反应。产物在ABI Prism 377自动荧光测序仪进行电泳、扫描以及杂合缺失分析。其结果与临床病理因素进行相关性检验。结果8个位点平均杂合缺失率为35．6％。发现两个高频缺失区域：一个在D22S1171和D22S274之间，约2．7厘摩（cM）；另一个在D22S1160和D22S1149位点之间，约1．8cM。D22S1171位点与肿瘤发生部位显著相关（P=0．020）；D22S114位点与肝转移显著相关（P=0．008）；D22S1160位点与淋巴结转移显著相关（P=0．016）；其余位点与临床病理因素无显著相关性（P〉0．05）。筛选发现ARHGAP8基因和PPARA基因可能是肿瘤抑制基因。结论散发性结直肠癌22q13区域存在两个高频杂合缺失区，分别约2．7cM及1．8cM。ARHGAP8基因和PPARA基因可能是22q13区域与散发性结直肠癌相关的肿瘤抑制基因。     

散发性结直肠癌4号染色体等位基因杂合缺失的研究

目的 通过在4号染色体寻找杂合缺失区域，为定位、筛选高频杂合缺失区存在的散发性结直肠癌相关肿瘤抑制基因提供依据。方法 20个荧光标记的微卫星引物与83例结、直肠癌的肿瘤和正常组织进行聚合酶链反应。微卫星的平均遗传距离是10．4里摩（cm01）。产物进行电泳、扫描及杂合缺失分析，并与临床、病理因素进行相关性检验。结果 短臂（4p）、长臂（4q）的平均杂合缺失率为24．25％、28．56％，可见3个最小的高频缺失区域（Region）：R1：在D4S405和D4s3013（4p14—15．2）之间；R2：在D4s3000和D4s2915位点之间（4q12—21．1）；R3：在D4S407和IMS2939位点之间（4q25—31．1）。D4S1534位点与肝脏转移有关（P〈0．05），其余位点与临床病理因素均无显著相关（P〉0．05）。结论 4号染色体的3个高频杂合缺失区域4p14—15．2、4q12—21．1、4q25—31．1存在散发性结直肠癌发生、发展相关的肿瘤抑制基因。     

散发性结直肠癌患者18号染色体高频杂合缺失的研究

目的：探讨散发性结直肠癌患者18号染色体上抑癌基因相关的杂合缺失（LOH）情况，并探索新的抑癌基因位点。方法：对83例散发性结直肠癌患者基因组DNA用14个不同荧光标记的高度多态性微卫生引物，扩增相应的微卫星位点，平均距离为10厘摩（centi-morgan,cM）。用ABI PRISM377测序仪进行基因扫描，统计各位点杂合缺失率。结果：在12个获得有效数据的微卫星位点中，平均杂合缺失率为36．78％,18p中最高为D18S53（38．09％），18q中最高为D18S474（55．74％）。4位患者的18号染色体所有杂合位点都存在缺失，30位患者的杂合缺失位点不少于50％（平均6个／人）；缺失位点少于50％的有53人（平均1个／人）。结论：结直肠癌患者18号染色体存在高频的LOH，并以整体缺失为特点。存在高频LOH的区域定位有转化生长因子（TGF）信号传导相关基因、结直肠癌缺失基因（DCC）、Rb结合蛋白8(RbBP8），特别是TGF信号传导相关基因MADH2、4、转化生长因子－β1反应元件（TGF－β1）等的缺失可能对结直肠癌的发生有重要影响。18p也有存在未知抑癌基因的可能。     

散发性结直肠癌1号染色体等位基因杂合缺失精细定位研究

目的抑癌基因的杂合缺失（LOH）被认为是结直肠癌形成的通路之一。本实验通过对1号染色体1p36．33～36．31、1q31．1～32、1区域进行杂合缺失精细定位分析，以发现更精确的高频杂合缺失区域。方法在1p36．33～36．31、1q31．1～32．1区域分别选择7个、6个荧光标记微卫星引物与83例结直肠癌的肿瘤和正常组织进行聚合酶链反应（PCR）反应。产物在电泳后进行LOH分析。LOH结果与临床病理参数之间的关系比较采用X^2检验。结果1p36．33～36．31区域平均杂合缺失率是31．47％，以D1S243位点最高，为47．22％（34／72），最低是D1S1347，为7．35％（5／68）。存在两个高频杂合缺失区域：D1S243位点（1p36．33）以及D1S468-D1S2660区域（1p36．32～36．31）。1q31．1～32．1区域平均杂合缺失率是22．98％，以D1S2622位点最高，为36．73％（18／49），最低是D1S412，为16．42％（11／67）。更精确的缺失范围定位在D1S413和D1S2622之间（1q31．3—32．1），大约2cm的遗传距离范围内。1p36．33～36．31、1q31．1～32．1区域各位点的杂合缺失率与性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、生长方式以及Dukes分期无显著相关。提示该区域上的杂合缺失现象普遍存在于各种类型的散发性结直肠癌中。结论1号染色体上存在3个高频杂合缺失区域，D1S243位点（1cm）、D1S468和D1S2660位点之间（3cm）以及D1S413和D1S2622之间（2cm），提示在这些区域存在与结直肠癌相关的抑癌基因。     

散发性结肠直肠癌肿瘤分化及转移相关基因杂合缺失分析

目的：探讨散发性结肠直肠癌患者2号染色体上可能的肿瘤转移相关基因位点。方法：以2号染色体上30个不同荧光标记的高度多态性微卫星引物对83例散发性结肠直肠癌患者基因组DNA扩增相应的微卫星位点,用ABI PRISM 377测序仪进行基因扫描,检测各位点杂合缺失率,比较与肿瘤分期、分化的关系。结果：24个位点获得有效数据,平均遗传距离为11厘摩（cM),杂合缺失率平均为15．16％,较高的有2个们点：D2S206（2q33-37)的32．08％和D2S364（2q24.2)、31．03％,其余位点的杂合缺失率均小于20．00％;D2S142（2q24.1)、D2S126（2q35)、D2S2211（2q24.2)、D2S305（2q23.3)的杂合缺失率随着肿瘤恶性程度的增加而增高,后2个位点间的缺失有相关性。结论：已知几个错配修复基因位点附近的微卫星位点并无高频杂合缺失发生,D2S2305（2q23.3)到D2S2211（2q24.2)之间区域为整体性缺失,此区域和D2S142（2q24.1)、D2S126（2q35)2个位点与肿瘤的恶性程度相关,提示存在未知的肿瘤分化和转换相关基因的可能。     

散发性结直肠癌染色体7q21-22区杂合性缺失精细定位

目的 研究散发性结直肠癌7号染色体杂合性缺失,对7q21-22区精细定位,寻找新的结直肠癌抑癌基因.方法 采用15对微卫星DNA标记7号染色体,在高频杂合缺失区另取5对微卫星标记对83例结直肠癌病例的肿瘤和正常组织进行PCR反应.PCR产物在ABI Prism 377自动荧光测序仪进行电泳3 h,以GeneScan3.1和Genotyper 2.1软件进行基因分型.结果 在7号染色体上发现1个高频杂合缺失区即7q21-22区.对该区再用5对微卫星标记引物行精细定位,界定了1个跨越D7S657、D7S646位点精细的高频杂合缺失区域.结论 通过精细杂合缺失作图的研究,在7号染色体发现了1个跨越D7S657、D7S646位点的精细杂合缺失区,该区很可能存在1个或多个与结直肠癌相关的新的抑癌基因.     

散发性胆管癌患者染色体3p21.3区段微卫星位点不稳定性分析

目的研究散发性胆管癌患者染色体3p21．3区段的微卫星不稳定性（MSI）及杂合性缺失（LOH），探讨染色体3p21．3区段遗传不稳定性与散发性胆管癌发生发展的关系，定位该区段上散发性胆管癌相关肿瘤基因。方法用聚合酶链反应一单链构象多态性分析（PCR—SSCP）方法检测24例散发性胆管癌患者染色体3p21．3区段上D3S1568、D3S1621、D3S1578和D3S1289四个微卫星位点的MSI和LOH发生率，分析其与临床病理因素之间的关系。结果24例散发性胆管癌组织中，4个微卫星位点的MSI和LOH平均发生率分别为7．23％和15．63％。其中D3S1621位点的LOH最高（45．83％，11／24），并与TNM分期、是否伴有局部／淋巴结转移相关（P〈0．05）。结论染色体3p21．3区段133S1621位点高频率杂合性缺失，提示3p21．3区段定位有散发性胆管癌的候选抑癌基因，并在散发性胆管癌的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。     

散发性结直肠癌微卫星不稳定性与Mt-p53及bcl-2蛋白表达的研究

目的 探讨散发性结直肠癌微卫星不稳定性民Mt-p53及bcl-2蛋白表达的关系。方法 应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术检测了48例散发性结白肠癌中四个位点的微卫星不稳定性,同时应用免疫组织化学技术对癌基因bcl-2、抑癌基因Mt-p53蛋白的表达。结果 ①48例散发性结直肠癌中四个微卫星位点D2S123、BAT-26、D17S261、D16S799的微卫垦不稳定性检出率分别为12.5％、18.8％、10.4％、8.3％;②Mt-p53蛋白和bcl-2蛋白阳性个分别为66.7％和77.1％;③微卫星不稳定性与mt-p53和bcl-2蛋白的表达均相差个显著（P>0.05）。结论 微卫星不稳定性引起散发性结直肠癌的RER途径是不同于由抑癌基因p53失活及癌基因bcl-2的激活引起的LOH途径的新致癌机制。     

散发性结直肠癌1号染色体1q31.1-32.1区域等位基因杂合缺失精细定位研究

目的 对染色体1q31.1-32.1区域进行杂合缺失(LOH)精细定位分析,探讨更为精确的高频LOH区域并筛选可能与结直肠癌相关的抑癌基因.方法 在1q31.1-32.1区域选择6对微卫星引物与83例结直肠癌的肿瘤和正常组织进行聚合酶链反应(PCR).产物在ABI Prism 377自动荧光测序仪进行电泳,以GeneScan 3.1和Genotyper 2.1软件进行扫描以及LOH分析.LOH结果与临床病理参数之间的关系比较采用χ2检验.结果 1q 31.1-32.1区域平均LOH率是22.98%.以D1S2622位点最高,为36.73%(18/49),最低是D1S412,为16.42%(11/67).结果 显示,更精确的缺失范围定位应该在D1S413和D1S2622之间(1q 31.3-32.1),约2 cM的遗传距离范围内.该区域各位点的LOH率与性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、生长方式以及肿瘤Dukes分期无明显相关.结论 将1q31.1-32.1区域高频等位基因缺失精细定位于D1S413和D1S2622位点之间,遗传学距离约2cM的区域内,提示在该区域存在与结直肠癌发生发展相关的抑癌基因.     

散发性结直肠癌相关半胱氨酸甘氨酸富集蛋白1抑癌基因的筛选

目的 本课题组前期研究对染色体1q31.1-32.1区域进行杂合缺失精细定位,发现D1S413-D1S2622区域存在高频杂合缺失现象,提示可能有抑癌基因的存在.本研究在此基础上,对该区域与散发性结直肠癌发生相关的抑癌基因开展筛选研究.方法 构建包含上述区域基因的基因芯片,对19例散发性结直肠癌标本进行基因芯片扫描,并与其临床病理特征进行统计学分析,筛选该区域与结直肠癌相关的未知抑癌基因,然后对筛选出的候选基因采用Real-time PCR进行初步验证.结果 根据前期实验结果,通过检索,挑选了25个基因进行散发性结直肠癌相关基因的筛选.结果发现半胱氨酸甘氨酸富集蛋白1 (cysteine and glycine-rich protein 1,CSRP1)、LMOD1 、PPP1R12B和CFHL3 4个基因表达显著下调.这4个基因表达情况与结直肠癌患者的临床病理特征无关.通过生物信息学分析,推测CSRP1基因可能是该区域中与结直肠癌相关的抑癌基因.通过Real-time PCR验证结果也发现CSRP1基因在结直肠癌组织中表达显著下调,与芯片结果相符.结论 CSRP1基因可能是一个与结直肠癌发生相关的新的抑癌基因.     

Chromosome 22q a frequent site of allele loss in head and neck carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) correlates with inactivated tumor suppressor genes. LOH at chromosome arm 22q has been found in a variety of human neoplasms, suggesting that this region contains a tumor suppressor gene(s) other than NF2 important to tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of LOH on chromosome 22q11.2-13 and determine whether there was a relationship between loss in this genomic region and tumor histologic parameters, anatomic site, and survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). METHODS: Fifty matched blood and HNSCC tumor samples taken at the time of surgical treatment were evaluated for LOH by use of four microsatellite markers mapping to 22q11.2-q13. Clinical information was available for all patients. The frequency and distribution of LOH was correlated with clinical (age, sex, use of tobacco and alcohol, site of primary tumor, clinical stage, adjuvant therapy and overall survival) and histologic parameters (histopathologic stage, tumor differentiation). RESULTS: LOH at 22q was found in 19 of 50 (38%) informative tumors. The respective incidence of allelic loss for the patients was as follows: 28% at D22S421, 10% at D22S277, 8% at D22S446, and 4% at D22S280. No statistical differences were apparent with a mean follow-up of 30 months. Laryngeal tumors showed a higher incidence of LOH compared with oral tumors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the D22S277 locus may be closely linked to a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) and involved in upper aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis. In particular, laryngeal tumors may harbor another putative TSG on 22q11.2-q12.3 that may play a role in aggressive stage III/IV disease.     

胃癌染色体1q43区域等位基因杂合缺失精细定位研究

目的 对胃癌1号染色体1q43区域的微卫星位点进行杂合缺失(LOH)研究,为筛选此区域内可能存在的胃癌相关抑癌基因提供依据.方法 4对荧光标记的微卫星引物(D1S1594、D1S2785、D1S304、D1S321)覆盖1q43区域与96例胃癌患者的肿瘤组织及正常组织进行多重聚合酶链反应(PCR).产物经毛细管电泳后进行LOH分析.结果 该区域所测位点平均杂合缺失率17.9%,其中D1S1594位点最高,杂合缺失率为26.5%;D1S2785位点杂合缺失率最低为7.7%.1q43区域各位点的杂合缺失率与性别、年龄、肿瘤大小及TNM分期无明显相关.结论 在1q43区域内发现一个高频LOH区域,即D1S1594及D1S2785位点之间约1 cm区域,提示该区域内存在与胃癌相关的抑癌基因.     

Loss of heterozygosity on the short arm of chromosome 1 in pheochromocytoma and abdominal paraganglioma

Pheochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas are catecholamine-producing tumors that arise from sympathetic paraganglia within and outside the adrenal medulla, respectively. Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 1 have been implicated as important genetic events in their tumorigenesis and suggest a common genetic etiology. The aim of this study was to define further the chromosomal regions on 1p that are involved in the development of these tumor types. We analyzed 46 pheochromocytomas (1 benign, 6 malignant, 9 hereditary) and 7 paragangliomas (3 benign, 4 malignant) from 50 patients for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 1p by genotyping 15 microsatellite markers spread over the chromosome arm. Overall, LOH was detected in 33 of 46 pheochromocytomas (72%) and in 6 of 7 (86%) paragangliomas. Three minimal regions of overlapping deletions were identified: one telomeric of D1S1612(1p36.2-pter), one centromeric of D1S429 (1cen-p13), and one in the 18 cM interval defined by D1S2134 andD1S1669 (1p32). The latter region harbors the leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) gene, which shows altered expression in sporadic rat pheochromocytomas. In conclusion, chromosome 1p may be the site of at least three putative tumor-suppressor gene loci involved in the tumorigenesis of pheochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas. Further studies of these regions and of LARas a candidate gene would be valuable.     

染色体1pter-p36.21杂合性缺失与瘢痕疙瘩的关系

目的寻找瘢痕疙瘩1pter-36.21中可能存在的肿瘤抑制基因的杂合性丢失(LOH)区域,为发现和定位瘢痕抑制基因提供线索和依据。方法采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)-变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对25例瘢痕疙瘩组织和外周静脉血标本进行微卫星分析。结果瘢痕疙瘩组织在所选的位点上的LOH发生率为60%(15/25),明显高于正常对照组织的4%(1/25,P<0.05),在所选的位点上均未发现微卫星不稳定性(MSI)。D1S243位点、D1S468位点、D1S507位点、D1S199位点的LOH发生率分别为28%(7/25)、40%(10/25)、52%(13/25)、12%(3/25),其中D1S243、D1S468、D1S507的LOH发生率比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论发生在D1S243-D1S468-D1S507位点的LOH存在与瘢痕疙瘩有关的潜在瘢痕抑制基因(SSG),而1pter-36.21上LOH微卫星不稳定性与瘢痕疙瘩发生的关系不大。     

Identification of a novel microsatellite marker tightly linked to the KAI-1 gene for predicting prostate cancer progression

BACKGROUND: We have mapped the human prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) gene to the chromosome 11p11.2 region at 62.5 cM, a region which also contains the prostatic cancer metastasis suppressor gene KAI-1. The genetic marker D11S1344 has been utilised for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies on the KAI-1 gene in a large series of prostate cancer specimens. The results were negative and it was concluded that deletions of the KAI-1 gene were not involved in the development of the metastatic phenotype in these tumours. One possible explanation for this result could be that D11S1344 is not sufficiently tightly linked to the KAI-1 gene to detect small deletions. OBJECTIVE: To attempt to identify a genetic marker more tightly linked to the KAI-1 gene than D11S1344. METHODS: Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones containing the KAI-1 gene and the neighbouring marker D11S1344 were analysed by the fluorescent in situ hybridisation technique. The human genomic inserts in these novel clones were sized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. For more accurate mapping of the KAI-1 gene, YACs containing it were screened for polymorphic markers (including D11S1344) from the 11p11.2 region. RESULTS: The novel YAC clones localised exclusively to the 11p11.2 region, with single hybridisation signals compared to the dual signals consistently obtained with nearby PSM-containing YACs. All the KAI-1 clones found had small inserts (<300 kb). The only known microsatellite which gave amplification products with these YACs was D11S986 which has been mapped at 61.3 cM on human chromosome 11. CONCLUSIONS: We have precisely localised KAI-1 at 61.3 cM on human chromosome 11. This is some 1.2 cM away from the previously utilised LOH microsatellite marker, D11S1344. We suggest that the very tightly linked microsatellite D11S986 may be a more accurate marker to assess LOH of the KAI-1 gene and thus predict progression of prostate cancer. The region of genetic duplication around the PSM gene does not extend as far distally on 11p as KAI-1.     

乳腺癌及癌前病变3号染色体短臂杂合性缺失的研究

目的研究乳腺癌及癌前病变中3号染色体短臂（3p）杂合性缺失（loss of heterozygosity,LOH）的发生情况。方法采用聚合酶链式反应及硝酸银染色等方法检测41例原发性乳腺癌及12例癌前病变中3p的11个微卫星位点LOH发生情况;用免疫组化方法检测40例乳腺癌中雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、脆性组氨酸三联体（fragile histidine triad,FHIT）及人类MutL基因的同源基因（human MutL homologue,hMLH1）的表达情况。结果97％乳腺癌患者发生3p的LOH,检出率较高的位点是D3S1295（53．1％）、D3S1029（43．6％）和D3S1038（52．5％）,分别位于3p14、3021-p22和3p25。D3S1038位点LOH及hMLH1蛋白表达与部分临床病理学参数相关（P〈0．05）。D3S1295的LOH与FHIT蛋白表达负相关（P〈0．05）。癌前病变患者3pLOH发生率为41．7％,检出率较高的位点是D3S1295（27．3％）和D3S1029（16．7％）。最小共同丢失区位于3p14-p25。结论3p14-p25区段可能有与乳腺癌发生发展相关并影响乳腺癌生物学行为的候选抑癌基因,基因的部分缺失可影响其蛋白的表达。     

Refined mapping of allele loss at chromosome 10q23-26 in prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Allele loss of at least two segments in 10q, one mapping to the PTEN gene and one more distal were described in prostate cancer, with loss more frequent in advanced prostate cancer. METHODS: A 63 cM region from 10q23 to q26 was studied for allele loss (LOH) in 59 prostate cancer samples using a dense map of microsatellite markers. RESULTS: LOH of at least one marker in 10q was observed in 13/59 tumors. LOH increased with grade and stage. Detailed deletion mapping identified three regions of allele loss. The first region mapped to the site of the PTEN gene, the second is defined by loss of one marker, D10S1692, in one tumor, and the third is defined between markers D10S1757 and D10S587, including DMBT, with a subregion of approximately 1.2 Mb mapping between markers D10S209 and D10S1679, lost in one tumor. CONCLUSIONS: LOH at the PTEN gene is frequent but mutations in the remaining allele were not detected by SSCP-screening. There may be more than two tumor suppressor (TS) genes mapping more distal of PTEN. The site for these putative TS genes can now be mapped with a dense set of precisely localized markers in a larger series of advanced tumors.