Analisi della morfologia radicolare e canalare di molari superiori ed inferiori in una popolazione Caucasica: studio in vivo alla CBCT

AimTo investigate the root and canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular permanent molar teeth in a Caucasian population by using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).MethodsA total of 596 permanent molars were included. The number of roots, the number of canals per root and the root canal configurations according to the method of Vertucci were recorded.ResultsAlmost all of maxillary first molars (95.7%) had three separate roots; however, 40.3% of mesiobuccal roots had two canals (MB2). Of 157 maxillary second molars, 88.5% had three roots. Among the mesiobuccal roots, 15.1% had two canals. The majority of mandibular molars (100% of first molars, 89.4% of second molars) had two separate roots. Most distal roots had a simple type I configuration, whereas mesial roots had more complex canal systems, with more than one canal.ConclusionsCBCT is an efficient method of studying root canal systems.     

Apical anatomy in mesial and mesiobuccal roots of permanent first molars

The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the canal configuration types, and the prevalence and location of anatomical variations in the mesiobuccal (MB) and mesial roots of permanent maxillary and mandibular first molars after instrumentation. The number and the type of canals were determined before instrumentation using conventional methods. All root canals from the 47 MB roots and 42 mesial roots were then instrumented to size #30 with ProFile .04 taper rotary instruments in a crown-down method and then filled with a single gutta-percha cone and sealer. Transverse 1 mm-thick cross-sections at 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm from the apex were obtained, stained and examined using a stereomicroscope. The canal configuration types and the prevalence and location of isthmi and accessory canals in roots with two canals were evaluated. The prevalence of two canals was 80.8% in the maxillary MB roots and 95.2% in the mandibular mesial roots. There were six types of canal configurations in the instrumented root apices. The prevalence of anatomical variations was highest at the apical 4 mm level, and was more frequent in mandibular first molars, and in roots with Weine type III canal. chi test showed that the prevalence of the anatomical variations was statistically higher in the maxillary MB roots with Weine type III canals than in those with Weine type II canals (p < 0.05). Different canal configurations were often found at different levels in the same root. The results indicate that anatomical variations persist following instrumentation of roots with two canals in first molars. These anatomical variations should be considered during surgical or nonsurgical endodontic procedures of the permanent first molars.     

上颌第一、第二恒磨牙牙根和根管系统的锥形束CT研究

目的：运用锥形束CT（CBCT）观察中国人群双侧上颌第一、第二磨牙的牙根和根管系统的解剖形态,为临床根管治疗提供依据。方法：选择200名患者的双侧上颌第一、第二恒磨牙（上颌第一恒磨牙354颗、上颌第二恒磨牙360颗）的CBCT扫描数据,使用NNT软件分析上颌第一、第二恒磨牙的牙根数、根管数、根管分型以及双侧对称情况。结果：上颌第一、第二磨牙主要为三根（99.44%和84.44%）。上颌第二磨牙的单根和双根较多见（15.28%）,其根管系统形态复杂,在根尖区有融合趋势。上颌第一磨牙的根管系统主要为3根四根管（78.97%）。上颌第二磨牙的三根管和四根管发现率接近（分别为47.37%和51.64%）。上颌第一磨牙的近颊根管系统主要根管分型为：Ⅳ型（57.79%）、Ⅱ型（19.83%）和Ⅰ型（15.58%）。上颌第二磨牙的近颊根管系统主要根管分型为：Ⅰ型（48.14%）、Ⅳ型（30.43%）和Ⅱ型（17.39%）。上颌第一、第二磨牙的远颊根和腭根主要为单根单根管,存在少量和罕见的变异。上颌第一、第二磨牙近颊根的根管数目和根管分型左右对称。结论：上颌第一磨牙近颊根管系统变异普遍存在,MB2根管为其主要的变异形式。上颌第二磨牙牙根数目和根管形态变异类型多,单根牙和双根牙的根管走向复杂多变。CBCT可以为识别根管形态提供准确依据。     

上颌第一磨牙根管系统的研究

目的 观察上颌第一磨牙的根管系统。方法 制备50个上颌第一磨牙透明牙标本,显露根管系统的空间构型,在体视显微镜下观察并记录根管系统的形态,结合应用加以统计。结果 ①上颌第一磨牙近中颊根单根管率为66%,其中Ⅰ型占38%,双根管率为34%,远中颊根Ⅰ型占74%,腭根Ⅰ型占94%。②根管侧支、根尖分歧、根尖分叉多见于近颊根,在近颊根的发生率为40%, 远颊根的发生率为24%,腭根的发生率为6%,发生部位多见于根尖1/3。结论 上颌第一磨牙近颊根的根管系统最为复杂,根管变异较远颊根多,腭根变异最少。     

A Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Study of Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary First and Second Permanent Molars in a Thai Population

Introduction

Understanding tooth anatomy is crucial for effective endodontic treatment. This study investigated the roots and root canal morphology of maxillary first and second permanent molars in a Thai population using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging.

Root and root canal morphology of permanent mandibular first and second molars in a Kuwaiti population: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study

AimEndodontic diseases typically affect the mandibular molars. Understanding the complex morphology of the root canal system and its variations is necessary for successful endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology of roots and root canals of mandibular first and second permanent molar teeth in a Kuwaiti population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsCBCT images of 651 mandibular first and second molar teeth were obtained from specialist government dental centers. The age, sex, root canal configuration, and number and type of roots were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed.ResultsThe most common canal configuration in the mandibular first and second molars was type II (65.6% and 54.4%, respectively), with no significant difference seen between the sexes (p = 0.234). The canal configuration was significantly different between the mandibular first and second molars (p < 0.001). Most teeth had two roots (94.5%); split roots were common (92.6%) and the number thereof varied significantly. Radicular grooves were most common on the lingual side (4.9%). C-shaped canals were present in 43 (6.60%) teeth. Additionally, one tooth had a confluent middle mesial canal and nine (1.4%) had radix entomolaris.ConclusionMandibular molars in our Kuwaiti population typically had two split roots with type II and IV canal configurations. The prevalence rates of C-shaped canals, middle mesial canals, and radix entomolaris were remarkably low.     

CBCT法研究上颌第一磨牙根管形态

目的：探讨应用锥形束CT研究上颌第一磨牙牙根及根管形态的价值。方法选取70例患者83颗上颌第一磨牙的锥形束CT（cone beam computed tomogaphy,CBCT）影像,分析其牙根数目、根管数目及根管系统的解剖结构。参照Vertucci分类法对根管形态进行分类,统计近中颊根第二根管（the seconal mesiobuual canal, MB2）率。结果83颗上颌第一磨牙均为3个独立牙根,其中MB2的发生率为38.6%,近中颊根根管VertucciⅠ型（1?1）、Ⅳ型（2?2型）、Ⅱ型（2?1）、Ⅲ型（1?2?1）所占百分比分别为61.4%、18.1%、15.7%和4.8%。结论上颌第一磨牙根管系统复杂,CBCT影像可反映真实根管形态,为根管治疗提供参考。     

锥体束CT对上颌第一磨牙近中颊根管形态的研究

目的：通过锥体束CT（cone--beam computed tomography,CBCT）成像系统分析上颌第一磨牙近中颊根根管形态及第二（second mesiobuccal,MB2）根管的发生率。方法：选择95名进行CBCT扫描的患者,共计180颗上颌第一磨牙,观察近颊根根管形态、MB2根管的发生率、左右侧发生比率及男女发生比率差异。结果：上颌第一磨牙近颊根管形态以Ⅲ型为主,MB2根管发生率为79．4％,左右侧发生比率无统计学差异（P=0．846）,男性发生率明显高于女性（P=0．043）。结论：上颌第一磨牙近颊根MB2根管的发生率较高,可通过CBCT有效的发现MB2根管,为临床诊疗提供依据。     

上颌第二磨牙根管数目的临床研究

目的观察临床治疗中上颌第二磨牙根管数目。方法临床需要根管治疗的上颌第二磨牙166颗,拍X线片,术中配合使用根管显微镜、超声根管锉、小号K锉及17％EDTA溶液,探查并扩通根管,确定根管数目。用镍钛锉进行根管预备,侧方加压技术充填根管。结果166颗上颌第二磨牙中：单根管牙为2颗（1．2％）;双根管牙（颊根根管、腭根根管）5颗（3．0％）;3根管牙（近中颊根根管、远中颊根根管、腭根根管）为117颗（70．5％）;四根管牙为42颗（25．3％）,其中近中颊根第2根管（MB2）发生率23．5％。结论上颌第二磨牙根管变异较大,临床治疗中应多加注意。     

上颌第二乳磨牙根管数目的临床研究

目的 观察临床治疗中上颌第二乳磨牙根管数目.方法 选取需行上颌第二乳磨牙根管治疗的3~8岁患儿204例,共216颗患牙.常规方法开髓、制备开髓洞型,使髓室底完全暴露,用小号锉结合17%乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)溶液探查各根管口的位置,确定并记录根管数目,根管预备完成后采用碘仿氧化锌糊剂进行根管充填.结果 216颗上颌第二乳磨牙中,122颗为3根管(占56.5%);94颗为4根管(占43.5%),根管数目变异以近中颊根第二根管(second mesiobuccal canal,MB2)出现频率较高,占比41.2%.上颌第二乳磨牙MB2的发现率在性别(X2=1.004,P=0.316)及牙位方面的差异(X2=0.072,P=0.788)没有统计学意义.结论 上颌第二乳磨牙根管数目存在较多变异,MB2发现率较高.     

山东地区人离体上颌第二恒磨牙牙根及根管形态观察

目的:观察山东地区人上颌第二恒磨牙牙根及根管形态的解剖特点。方法:于山东地区收集离体上颌第二恒磨牙118个,观察牙根形态及类型;应用透明牙标本法观察根管形态并按Vertucci八分类法对其进行分类。结果:118个上颌第二恒磨牙中以3根分离者为主,占91.52%,牙根融合者共10例,占8.47%,其中融合成2根者为5.08%,主要为近中颊根与远中颊根融合;融合成单根者为3.39%。透明牙标本法下观察根管系统,上颌第二恒磨牙远中颊根及腭根根管以Ⅰ型为主;近颊根根管仅44.95%为Ⅰ型,近颊根第二根管(the second mesiobuccal canal,MB2)的发生率达51.38%。结论:山东地区上颌第二恒磨牙的牙根具有多样性,以3根分离根形态为主,同时可发生各种融合根;其根管形态复杂,MB2的发现率较高。     

Root and canal morphology of Burmese mandibular molars

AIM: To study the root canal morphology of Burmese mandibular molars using a canal staining and tooth clearing technique. METHODOLOGY: Mandibular molars (331) were collected from indigenous Burmese patients and designated; first (139), second (134), third (58) molars. Following pulp tissue removal and staining of the canal systems with Indian ink, the teeth were decalcified and rendered clear with methyl salicylate. Under magnification (x3), the following features were evaluated: (i) root number and morphology, (ii) number of canals per root, (iii) root canal configuration (Vertucci's classification), (iv) number of apical foramina per root, (v) number and location of lateral canals and (vi) the presence of intercanal communications. RESULTS: Most of the mandibular molars had two separate roots (90% in first molars, 58% in second molars, 53% in third molars) and three-rooted teeth were (10%) confined to first molars. C-shaped roots occurred in 22.4% of mandibular second molars and a further 14.9% had two fused roots. The majority (81-100%) of conical distal roots possessed a simple type I (single canal) configuration. Whilst the canal system of mesial roots was more complex: 52-85% contained two canals, of which type II (two orifices, one foramen) and type IV (two separate canals) were the most prevalent. A broad range of 6.5-70% had intercanal communications. Fused/single-rooted molars had a wide variety of canal system types but intercanal communications were rare except in C-shaped roots (33%) of second molars. The majority of roots of all molars contained one or two apical foramina (91-96%) and the apical third had the highest prevalence of lateral canals. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars and C-shaped roots/canals in mandibular second molars from a Burmese population. Conical roots tend to have simple canal systems, whilst flatter/broader roots have more complex canal systems.     

Evaluation of Root Canal Configuration of Maxillary Molars in a Brazilian Population Using Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Imaging: An In Vivo Study

Introduction

The aim of this study was to analyze and characterize root canal morphology of maxillary molars of the Brazilian population using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging.

Methods

Patients referred for a CBCT radiographic examination for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning were enrolled in the study. A total of 620 healthy, untreated, fully developed maxillary first and second molars were included (314 first molars and 306 second molars). The following observations were recorded: (1) number of roots and their morphology, (2) number of canals per root, (3) fused roots, and (4) primary variations in the morphology of the root canal systems.

Results

First and second molars showed a higher prevalence of 3 separate roots, mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatal, with 1 canal in each root (52.87% and 45.09%, respectively). Two canals in the mesiobuccal roots represented 42.63% of teeth, whereas mesiobuccal roots of second molars presented 2 canals in 34.32%. The most common anatomic variation in the maxillary first molar was related to the root canal configuration of the mesiobuccal root, whereas the root canal system of the maxillary second molar teeth showed more anatomic variables.

Conclusions

Mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molar teeth had more variation in their canal system than the distobuccal or palatal roots. The root canal configuration of the maxillary second molars was more variable than the first molars in a Brazilian population. CBCT imaging is a clinically useful tool for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.     

上颌第二恒磨牙近中颊根第二根管的离体牙研究

目的研究上颌第二恒磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的发生情况,为提高上颌第二恒磨牙根管治疗的成功率提供解剖学基础。方法于山东地区收集离体上颌第二恒磨牙118颗,采用斜方型开髓洞型开髓,利用小号C型锉探查并疏通根管,记录MB2的发现率及扩通率;拍摄X线牙片,记录近中颊根的根管数目、形态和类型;在根管显微镜下观察并应用数显卡尺测量近中颊根主根管和MB2根管口之间的距离,确定根管口的位置;记录近中颊根的根尖孔数目,并测量解剖根尖孔至解剖根尖的距离。结果118颗上颌第二恒磨牙中,有58颗发现MB2,发现率为49.15%;其中48颗牙齿的MB2被扩通,扩通率为82.76%。108颗3根牙中,近中颊根的根管形态为Ⅰ型者有50颗,占46.30%;Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型者分别为14和34颗,占12.96%和31.48%。近中颊根主根管口与MB2根管口的平均距离为1.26 mm;近中颊根解剖根尖孔至解剖根尖的距离平均值为1.13 mm。结论山东地区上颌第二恒磨牙MB2的发现率较高,临床治疗中采用改良的斜方型开髓孔有利于发现MB2,用X线片确定工作长度时需要结合临床综合判断根尖孔的位置。     

Evaluating the potential key factors in assessing the morphology of mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first and second molars

The purpose of this study was to provide further information on the morphology of the root canals and pulp chambers of 100 maxillary first and 100 maxillary second molars, with particular reference to the anatomical relationship of the root canal patterns and the distance between mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) orifices. Each transverse section was digitally imaged to measure the interorificial distance using a stereomicroscope. The angles of primary curvatures were determined in both buccolingual (clinic view, CV) and mesiodistal (proximal view, PV) directions and the canal configuration of the MB root was classified according to the Weine classification. The rhomboidal pulp chamber floor morphology predominated in each tooth type. The mean interorificial distance in both maxillary first and second molars was significantly shorter in type II compared with type III (P < 0.05). The interorificial distance was correlated with the primary curvature of MB canal in PV in maxillary first molars (P < 0.05), whereas the primary curvature of ML canal in CV was correlated with the primary curvature of ML canal in PV in maxillary second molars (P < 0.01). The evaluation of interorificial distance in both types of maxillary molars and the curvature of ML canal in CV in maxillary second molar can give valuable information to the clinician.     

下颌第二恒磨牙牙根及根管形态的锥形束CT研究

目的 使用锥形束CT扫描评估下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态.方法 收集354例患者双侧下颌第二恒磨牙的锥形束CT图像,统计下颌第二恒磨牙牙根数目、根管数目和构型,以及C形根管的发生率.结果 下颌第二恒磨牙以双根最多,发生率为57.34%,C形根的发生率为38.28%;双根者近中根多为2-2型(80.54%),远中根多为1-1型(96.06%);C形根管的发生率为25.99%,左、右下颌的发生率没有统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态复杂多样,锥形束CT能为根管治疗提供参考.     

The root and root canal anatomy of maxillary molars in a Chinese population

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the prevalence of fused roots, C-shaped roots, C-shaped root canal orifices and C-shaped root canals in the maxillary molars of a Chinese population. A total of 305 first molars and 309 second molars were collected in Taiwan. The teeth were demineralized and placed in methyl salicylate to make them transparent. Root fusion was examined and the pulp chamber floor was checked for C-shaped orifices. Chinese ink was then injected into the root canal system to demonstrate possible C-shaped canals. The maxillary first molars had the palatal root fused with the mesiobuccal root in 0.3% of the cases, and with the distobuccal root in 2.0%. Teeth with C-shaped roots existed in only 0.3% of maxillary first molars, while 6.2% of the maxillary first molars and 40.1% of the maxillary second molars had fused roots. The maxillary second molars had the palatal root fused with the mesiobuccal root in 18.1% and with the distobuccal root in 2.6%; the palatal root was fused with the mesiobuccal and distobuccal root in 8.1% of the material. The maxillary second molars had a C-shaped root in 4.5% and C-shaped root canal orifices with C-shaped root canals in 4.9% of the cases. Fused roots or incompletely separated roots are common in the maxillary second molars amongst Chinese people, while C-shaped roots and root canals in maxillary molars are not frequently seen.     

A micro-computed tomography study of canal configuration of multiple-canalled mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molar

Objectives

Detailed information of complex anatomical configuration of mesiobuccal (MB) root is essential for successful endodontic treatment in maxillary first molars. The aims of this study were to investigate the configuration types present in multiple-canalled MB roots of maxillary first molars using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and to evaluate whether further modification to current configuration classifications are needed for in-depth morphology study of MB root canal system.

Materials and methods

One hundred and fifty-four extracted human maxillary first molar MB roots were scanned by μCT (Skyscan) and their canals were reconstructed by 3D modeling software. Root canal configurations were categorized according to the classifications proposed by Weine and Vertucci. Canal configurations that did not fit into both classifications were categorized as non-classifiable.

Results

One hundred and thirteen (73.4 %) MB roots had multiple canals. The most predominant canal configuration was Weine type III (two orifices and two foramens). Thirty-three (29.2 %) and 20 (17.7 %) MB roots had non-classifiable configuration types that could not be classified by the Weine and Vertucci classification, respectively. Three configurations (types 1–3, 2–3–2–3–2, and 2–3–4–3–2) were first reported in maxillary first molar MB roots.

Conclusions

The present μCT study provided an in-depth analysis of canal configurations of the MB roots of maxillary first molar and suggests that additional modification of current configuration classifications may be needed to more accurately reflect the morphology configurations of MB roots.

Clinical relevance

Clinicians should consider the complex canal configurations of the maxillary first molar MB roots during surgical or nonsurgical endodontic procedures.     

Root and canal morphology of Thai maxillary molars

AIM: To investigate the root and canal morphology of 268 maxillary permanent molars collected from an indigenous Thai population. METHODOLOGY: The cleaned teeth were accessed, the pulp dissolved by sodium hypochlorite under ultrasonication, and the pulp system injected with Indian ink. The teeth were rendered clear by demineralization and immersion in methyl salicylate. The following observations were made: (i) number of roots and their morphology; (ii) number of root canals per root; (iii) root-canal configuration in each root using Vertucci's classification with additional modifications; and (iv) presence and location of lateral canals and intercanal communications. RESULTS: All the maxillary first and second molars had three separate roots. Only, half (51%) of the maxillary third molars had three separate roots; the other half had fused or conical roots. The majority of the distobuccal (98.1-100%) and palatal (100%) roots had type I canals. Over half of the mesiobuccal roots of first (65%) and second (55%) molars had two canals. The most common (44.2%) canal configuration in mesiobuccal roots of first molars was type IV (two canals, two foramina). A variety of canal types were found in the mesiobuccal roots of second molars. Maxillary third molars showed the greatest diversity of canal morphology. There was an increase in the prevalence of lateral canals towards the apical part of the roots and intercanal communications were present in 16% of each of first, second and third Thai maxillary molars. CONCLUSIONS: The mesiobuccal roots of Thai maxillary molars possessed a variety of canal system types. Over 50% of the first molars had a second mesiobuccal canal. The palatal and distobuccal canals mainly had type I canals. Only, a small proportion (7.3-13.3%) of the roots exhibited lateral canals which were the most common in the apical third     

Root and root canal variations of the human maxillary and mandibular third molars in a Chinese population: A micro–computed tomographic study

ObjectivesTo investigate the anatomical variations of the root and root canal configuration of the human third molars.DesignsA total of 130 maxillary and 130 mandibular third molars were collected from a native Chinese population. All teeth were scanned by micro–computed tomography. After 3D reconstruction, the root and canal morphology of each tooth was examined both qualitatively and quantitatively.ResultsFor maxillary molars, a single fused root (67 cases, 51.5%) and a single root canal system (64 cases, 49.2%) was most common root/canal form; the typical three-rooted molars were detected only in 33 cases (25.4%), and the secondary MB canals were detected only in 9 molars (6.9%). For mandibular molars, 62 teeth were single-rooted (47.7%) and 42 had a single root canal system (32.3%); 20 singled-rooted and 60 double-rooted molars exhibited independent mesial and distal root canal systems (61.5%), and the type 1-1 canal was the most common configuration for mesial (57 cases) and distal (81 cases) root canal systems. C-shaped canals were detected in 11 maxillary and 36 mandibular single-rooted molars. The mean root surface area, root and crown volume of mandibular third molars were significantly higher than the maxillary third molars (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe root canal system of the third molars may exhibit several anatomic variations. Whereas in most of cases, the degree of the canal differentiation was at a low level, and the canal form was not complicate.