经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后并发肝内胆管损伤

目的 探讨肝脏恶性肿瘤经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后并发肝内胆管损伤的影像学表现及临床诊治方法.方法 收集2007年9月至2009年3月因肝脏恶性肿瘤行经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术1302例的临床资料,术前影像学检查均无明显胆道异常,观察术后肝内胆管影像学征象及临床表现.结果 6例经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后随访1至3个月出现肝内胆管损伤,其中2例出现黄疸、高热等胆道梗阻、感染症状,采用经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流术后症状缓解;其余4例仅有影像学改变,无明显临床症状.结论 肝内胆管损伤是经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后少见的并发症,诊断依赖于临床表现及影像学检查,经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流术是有症状的肝内胆管损伤的有效治疗方式.     

经导管肝动脉α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯胶栓塞治疗肝内出血

目的探讨以α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯胶(NBCA)作为栓塞剂经导管肝动脉栓塞治疗肝内出血的价值。方法收集接受经导管肝动脉栓塞治疗的肝动脉出血患者7例,均使用NBCA作为栓塞剂,评价技术成功率、临床有效率及相关并发症。结果造影显示假性动脉瘤6例,对比剂外溢1例。对7例患者均成功施行经导管肝动脉栓塞术,术后即刻造影假性动脉瘤和对比剂外溢征象消失,技术成功率100%;NBCA及超液化碘油混合剂用量为(0.76±0.24)ml;术后患者腹痛症状缓解,血红蛋白浓度升高,临床有效率100%。未发生手术相关并发症,随访1个月无再出血病例。结论采用NBCA胶行经导管肝动脉栓塞治疗肝内出血安全有效,具有重要临床应用价值。     

经导管栓塞治疗胆道出血

10例胆道出血(Hemobilia)患者均经血管造影证实,其中5例为肝动脉瘤,3例肝血管瘤,1例肝动脉外伤性假性动脉瘤和1例医源性(肝穿刺活检)肝动脉损伤致胆道出血。10例中除1例未作栓塞治疗,行肝动脉结扎术,术后仍出血死亡外,其余9例均采用经导管肝动脉栓塞术取得满意的止血效果。证明TAE是治疗胆道出血的一种及时、有效的方法。对胆道出血的血管造影表现、栓塞治疗的适应证、栓塞剂的选择和栓塞治疗的并发症进行了讨论。     

医源性肝动脉损伤及假性肝动脉瘤的诊断与急救方法探讨

目的　探讨因胆囊切除或胆道探查所致肝动脉损伤及假性肝动脉瘤的诊断与急救方法。方法　总结了近年来收治的肝动脉损伤６ 例,其中４ 例已形成假性动脉瘤,手术行肝动脉结扎治疗,其余２ 例为单纯肝动脉损伤,行经皮肝动脉栓塞治愈。结果　６ 例中５ 例痊愈,１ 例死于再出血。结论　血管造影是目前本病诊断较为准确可靠的方法之一,肝动脉结扎是本病治疗的传统术式,经皮肝动脉栓塞具有创伤小、疗效可靠等优点。     

急诊经导管动脉栓塞治疗医源性肝动脉出血

目的探讨医源性肝动脉出血的急诊肝动脉造影表现及经导管动脉栓塞(TAE)治疗的疗效。方法对38例医源性肝动脉出血患者行急诊肝动脉造影,确定出血动脉后,以明胶海绵、PVA颗粒和弹簧圈进行急诊栓塞治疗;对其急诊肝动脉造影表现及TAE疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 38例中,21例肝动脉造影可见对比剂外溢,5例肝动静脉瘘,9例肝动脉假性动脉瘤,3例肝动脉假性动脉瘤合并肝动静脉瘘。急诊TAE后38例出血均停止,总有效率为100%(38/38)。1例术后10天复发出血,再次栓塞治疗后出血停止。随访12个月,所有患者均无肝脏坏死及异位栓塞等严重并发症发生。结论急诊TAE治疗医源性肝动脉出血安全、有效。     

肝动脉栓塞化疗后肝内胆道并发症（附108例分析）

目的 探讨肝动脉栓塞化疗引起肝脏胆道并发症的临床表现,病理改变,发病机理及预防治疗的方法。方法 观察１９９０年６月至１９９９年６月收治１０８例经过１～６次肝动态栓塞化疗患者治疗结果。结果 肝动脉栓塞化疗４次以上得３５例,发现胆道病变６例,发生率为１７．１４％;化疗３次以下者７３例,发生２例,为２．４７％,显著低于前者。结论 发生机理可能主要是因为胆管的营养血管多次被栓塞而没有及时建立起有效的侧支循     

肝癌治疗术中肝动脉插管途径的选择

目的探讨肝癌治疗术中肝动脉插管途径的选择。方法回顾性分析我们近5年来在手术中经肝动脉插管对100例肝癌病人进行栓塞化疗的临床资料。结果经导管注入美蓝证实,有95例肝脏全部染色,另5例仅见约3/4的肝脏被染色。成功率高达95%。术后发生剧烈腹痛14例,胰头出血、坏死1例,异位栓塞6例。发生导管移位9例。死亡2例。经胃网膜右动脉插管者,其术后导管移位率高达37%。经胃十二指肠动脉插管病人的术后死亡率高达20%。结论为预防肝癌肝内广泛转移,肝动脉插管应以肝动脉能覆盖全肝为原则。经胃右动脉插管最为方便、可靠,并发症少;经胃网膜右动脉插管者并发症最多见;经胃十二指肠动脉插管者并发症最为严重。     

选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗胆道出血

临床上,继发于胆道感染,肝外伤、肝动脉瘤及医源性胆道损伤等原因的胆道出血病例并非少见.由于一般病情重笃,术前未能做到精确定位,术后出血率和病死率都较高.近年来随着介入性放射学的迅速发展,应用选择性动脉造影术确定出血部位,继而肝动脉进行经导管注射栓塞物质以控制胆道出血已在国内外获得采用与推广。     

胆道大出血的导管治疗

目的 探讨运用选择性动脉造影和栓塞术对胆道大出血的诊断和治疗价值。方法 运用Seldinger技术对11例胆道大出血患者进行急诊选择性肝动脉及其分支造影和栓塞术,栓塞材料运用明胶海绵粒或明胶海绵粒加方纱线段。结果 7例胆道术后、1例腹腔镜胆囊摘除术后,1例肝脏外伤后及2例巨块型肝癌破裂后大出血的患者,行选择性肝动脉及其分支造影有9例发现异常,表现为造影剂外溢征（9例）,肿瘤血管和肿瘤染色征（2例）和假性动脉瘤形成（4例）。经导管栓塞术后,11例患者出血均停止,2例导管治疗48小时后复发大出血。结论 胆道大出血的急诊导管治疗是一种快速、安全、有效的方法;导管治疗后保持胆道引流的通畅也很重要。     

^32磷—玻璃微球肝动脉灌注治疗晚期肝癌的初步应用

作者评价了＾３２磷－玻璃微球作为新的内放射栓塞剂治疗晚期肝癌的疗效及毒副作用。自１９９４年３月至１９９５年４月，作者采用术中肝动脉插管或经Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ＇ｓ导管栓塞治疗不能切除的晚期肝癌患者２４例，肿瘤直径３．６￣１８．５ｃｍ（平均１１．３ｃｍ），主瘤位于右叶９例，左叶１例，弥散于全肝１４例。栓塞部位：右肝８例，全肝１６例。治疗用放射剂量１２００￣８０００ｒａｄ（平均３２５０ｒａｄ）。治疗结果     

Variation in the course of vessels in the vicinity of the hepatic port in biliary atresia

Among 114 patients with biliary atresia, the type of obstruction of the extrahepatic bile duct and the course of the hepatic artery, cystic artery, and portal vein were determined and analyzed from the view point of their mutual relationships and in comparison with postoperative bile excretion. As a result, the following findings characteristic of biliary atresia were obtained: (1) The course and location of the extrahepatic bile duct did not deviate greatly from normal conditions, excluding some exceptional cases, but the site of the origin of the cystic artery differed from that in normal cases. (2) The pattern of the course of the vessels varied among different types of obstruction of the extrahepatic bile duct. (3) There was a difference in postoperative bile excretion in relation to the type of obstruction of the extrahepatic bile duct, the course of the vessels, and their combinations.     

Involvement of the biliary duct in patient with acute icteric hepatitis

The biliary duct system was studied in 850 patients with acute icteric hepatitis. Acute inflammation of the biliary duct was found in 50.94% of all cases, and in most patients, the damage of the hepatic cells and the inflammatory process in the biliary duct system recovered synchronously. In the remaining 7% of the cases, the biliary duct inflammation underwent chronic process. At acute stage, extrahepatic bile duct obstruction was caused by edema, mucus emboli, and bile sludge in 9.18 of all cases, and surgical drainage of the common bile duct was performed in 1.4% of the cases. Using Victoria Blue method, HBsAg was detected in tissues of both extra-and intrahepatic bile duct system, and the bile was also found to contain HBsAg by means of ELISA method. The authors came to the conclusion that hepatitis virus causes damage to the biliary duct system as well as the liver cells.     

Surgical anatomy of the bile ducts at the hepatic hilum as applied to living donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anatomic variations of the biliary tree as applied to living donor liver transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anatomic variability is the rule rather than the exception in liver surgery. However, few studies have focused on the anatomic variations of the biliary tree in living donor liver transplantation in relation to biliary reconstruction. METHODS: From November 1992 to June 2002, 165 patients underwent major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection; right-sided hepatectomy in 110 patients and left-sided hepatectomy in 55. Confluence patterns of the intrahepatic bile ducts at the hepatic hilum in the surgical specimens were studied. RESULTS: Confluence patterns of the right intrahepatic bile ducts were classified into 7 types. The right hepatic duct was absent in 4 of the 7 types and in 29 (26%) of the 110 livers. Confluence patterns of the left intrahepatic bile ducts were classified into 4 types. The left hepatic duct was absent in 1 of the 4 types and in 1 (2%) of the 55 livers. CONCLUSIONS: In harvesting the right liver from a donor without a right hepatic duct, 2 or more bile duct stumps will be present in the plane of transection in the graft in 3 patterns based on their relation to the portal vein. Accurate knowledge of the variations in the hepatic confluence is essential for successful living donor liver transplantation.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者临床分析

目的探讨肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析南京军区福州总医院肝胆外科2005年1月至2015年12月肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者的临床资料。24例受者胆管结石确诊主要依据T管造影、MRCP或ERCP。确诊胆管结石受者均采用ERCP下行球囊扩张联合胆道塑料支架置入治疗,术中采用地西泮镇静,同时密切监测生命体征。观察肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者结石类型、狭窄情况、ERCP治疗情况及其治疗前后肝功能指标变化。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验比较ERCP治疗前后受者血清总胆红素(TBil)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、ALT和AST水平变化。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果24例受者中胆总管结石20例(包括单纯胆总管结石11例、胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄9例),肝内、外胆管结石4例。肝移植至并发胆管结石平均间隔时间(604±215)d。19例发生在术后12～66个月,余5例发生在术后3个月内。11例胆总管结石受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架引流治疗,治疗有效。9例胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,其中8例治疗有效;1例因重度胆管狭窄,反复内镜取石不能取尽,继发感染再次行肝移植。4例肝内、外胆管结石受者均采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋左、右肝管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,治疗有效。受者内镜治疗后血清TBil、ALP和GGT分别为31、179和247 mmol/L,均低于内镜治疗前水平(43、273和385 mmol/L),差异均有统计学意义(z＝0.042、0.001、0.004,P均<0.05)。截至2017年12月,24例受者随访时间为1～2年,4例因原发性肝癌复发分别于肝移植术后9、5、34、25个月死亡,1例因上消化道出血于肝移植术后34个月死亡,1例因重度胆管狭窄行二次肝移植并于2014年4月因肝脓肿继发感染性休克死亡,1例因感染性休克于肝移植术后33个月死亡,其余17例随访期间未见结石再发。 结论内镜下行球囊扩张联合塑料支架置入治疗原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石安全、有效,可作为目前原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石的首选治疗方案。     

医源性胆道损伤52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。方法:对过去33年间5 2例医源性胆道损伤进行回顾性分析。结果:肝外胆道手术所致4 8例,胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例,肝总管6例,胆总管6例,左右肝管汇合部4例,左、右肝管各1例。胆管完全性损伤30例,部分性损伤2 2例。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生,及早诊断并修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键     

肝破裂并胆管损伤20例手术治疗

目的：探讨肝破裂并胆管损伤的手术治疗。方法对我院2009年1月至2013年8月治疗的20例肝破裂并胆管损伤的病例资料进行回顾性总结分析。19例行肝毁损切除术,1例行肝脏清创修补术。胆管损伤均同时修复后T管引流。结果无围手术期死亡,术后胆瘘1例;胆道出血1例,是右肝动脉右后支的假性动脉瘤破裂引起,予肝动脉栓塞止血。结论非手术治疗期间高度怀疑肝破裂并胆管损伤时,尽早手术是抢救的最好方法。可行肝脏破裂修补术,或肝脏切除术,同时修复胆管损伤并放置T管,一旦发生胆道出血首先采用肝动脉栓塞止血。     

胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗肝内外胆道难治性结石

目的 探讨经胆道镜用钬激光联合液电碎石治疗肝内外胆道结石的安全性及疗效.方法 对67例胆道术后肝内外胆管结石患者接受胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 经1～7次胆道镜下钬激光联合液电碎石治疗,65例患者残石全部取尽,碎石取石成功率达97.1%,未出现并发症.结论 通过钬激光联合液电碎石后再行胆道镜取石,可大大提高肝内外胆管残留结石的清除效果,是一种安全而有效的治疗方法 .     

Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗（附35例分析）

目的总结Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的手术经验。方法回顾性分析我院1999年1月至2006年12月，行手术切除的35例Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。Ⅲa型16例，行肝门部胆管切除8例，行联合右半肝＋右侧尾状叶切除7例，行联合右半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干左支吻合1例。Ⅲb型19例，行肝门部胆管切除8例，行联合左半肝＋左侧尾状叶切除9例，行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例．行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合、肝固有动脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例。结果本组32例获得随访，随访时间18～113个月。肝门部胆管切除病例术后病理根治性切除率为37．5％，联合肝叶切除病例术后病理根治性切除率73．7％，3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例均获术后病理根治性切除。肝门部胆管切除术后并发症发生率为31．3％，联合肝叶切除组术后并发症发生率为31．6％。3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例术后均无胆肠吻合口漏、肝断面坏死、胆漏等严重并发症。结论联合肝叶切除，必要时行受累分叉部血管切除重建，有益于提高Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率，且不增加术后并发症的发生率。     

Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after combined bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of two cases

BACKGROUND: Bile duct injuries in combination with major vascular injuries may cause serious morbidity and may even require liver resection in some cases. We present two case studies of patients requiring right hepatic lobectomy after bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS: Two patients sustained combined major bile duct and hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgical management consisted of immediate hepaticojejunostomy with reconstruction of the artery in one patient and hepaticojejunostomy alone in the other patient. In both cases the initial postoperative course was uncomplicated. RESULTS: After 4 and 6 months both patients suffered recurrent cholangitis due to anastomotic stricture. Both developed secondary biliary cirrhosis and required right hepatic lobectomy with left hepaticojejunostomy. The patients remain well 31 months and 4.5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of bile duct reconstruction may be worse in the presence of combined biliary and vascular injuries than in patients with an intact blood supply of the bile ducts. We recommend arterial reconstruction when possible in early recognized injuries to prevent late strictures. Short-term follow-up is most important for early recognition of postoperative strictures and to avoid further complications such as secondary biliary cirrhosis.