下体负压下的心率变异分析

为探讨下体负压下的心率变异变化及其与血液动力这指标的关系，４０名健康男性参加了下体负压实验，用Ｈｏｌｔｅｒ记录了受试者Ｖ５导联心电图，并进行了心率变异（ＨＲＶ）分析；用超声多谱勒技术测定ＳＶ，ＣＯ。结果表明：在ＬＢＮＰ过程中两组受试者均出现了ＨＲＶ的降低，尤以高频谱质量（ＨＦ）降低显著，ＬＦ／ＨＦ在ＬＢＮＰ过程中呈升高趋势，耐力低者的ＬＦ／ＨＦ升高比耐力良好者明显，提示：晕厥前症状的发生可能是由于     

下体负压作用下人心率,血压变异性谱的变化及其与心血管反应…

观察了－６。６７ｋＰａ下体负压（ＬＢＮＰ）持续作用期间人心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）、血压变异性（ＳＢＰＶ）谱的变化，并探讨了谱特征与心血管反应之间的关系。结果表明：耐力良好者ＨＲＶ谱的调频峰功率（ＨＦＨＲＶ）显著降低，归一化高频参数（ＨＦＨＲＶ，ｎ）与低频参数（ＬＦＨＲＶ，ｎ）分别呈明确的降低或升高变化；ＳＢＰＶ谱的低频峰功率（ＬＦＳＢＰＶ）ＬＢＮＰ作用时降低，后又回升，至实验终止时已超出对照水平。ＬＢ     

下体负压作用下脑血流的变化

为探讨下体负压作用下脑血流量的变化，１１名健康男性青年志愿者参加了两次同样的下体负压实验，下体负压作用的强度和时间分别为：－２．７ｋＰａ，２ｍｉｎ；－４．０ｋＰａ，３ｍｉｎ；－５．３ｋＰａ，５ｍｉｎ；－６．７ｋＰａ，１０ｍｉｎ。实验中采用彩色超显像仪对被试者安静平卧位和负压作用过程中主动脉血流频谱，颈总动脉血流参数进行了测量，实验结果采用第二次下体负压的实验数据，１１名被试者中除１人出现晕厥前症状     

自行下体负压训练器锻炼对心血管功能及下体负压耐力的影响

目的 探讨利用自行下体负压训练器锻炼后心血管功能及下体负压耐力的变化,为其应用提供实验依据。方法 12名健康男性被试者随机分为两组,分别在进气阀门完全关闭(A组)、进气阀门打开至峰值负压为-30mmHg(B组)两种状态下进行锻炼。A组锻炼持续时间为5d,3min／d,分别于锻炼前、锻炼3、5d后进行心脏泵血功能及头高位倾斜检查,进行短程心率变异性分析,锻炼前后行下体负压耐力检查。B组锻炼持续时间为10d,5min／d,分别于锻炼前、锻炼5、8、10d后进行各项检查,检查项目与A组相同。结果 A组锻炼后,心脏泵血功能显著降低,下体负压耐力显著升高。B组心脏泵血功能则在锻炼8d后显著增强,下体负压耐力也显著提高。结论 利用自行下体负压训练器进行锻炼。可以显著提高下体负压耐力,但训练方案不同心血管功能的改变也不同。     

有氧锻炼引起的心率动力学变化的近似熵分析

为研究有氧锻炼对心率动力学的影响，采用近似熵（ＡｐＥｎ，ａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅｅｎｔｒｏｐｙ）方法对大学生有氧锻炼前、后及中长跑运动员的心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）信号进行了分析，并与相同条件下的时域分析及谱分析结果进行了比较。结果表明：６个月有氧锻炼引起大学生心率动力学一定改变，锻炼后在仰卧状态及ＬＢＮＰ作用下，其ＲＲ间期序列的ＡｐＥｎ值均较锻炼前显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。中长跑运动员组在仰卧状态及ＬＢＮＰ作用初期，ＲＲ间期序列的ＡｐＥｎ值亦均显著低于大学生组有氧锻炼前的各相应值（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。大学生组在－６．６７ｋＰａ／３０ｍｉｎＬＢＮＰ作用期间，ＨＲＶ信号的ＡｐＥｎ值均随作用时间呈线性持续降低变化（Ｐ＜０．０１）。但常规的时域及频域分析却不能区分出上述这些差别。结果提示：有氧锻炼可使ＨＲＶ信号的复杂度降低，而且在ＬＢＮＰ作用期间心率调节的同步化过程是持续进行的。     

立位-下体负压时心血管指标的变化

目的了解立位 -下体负压 (HUT +LBNP)期间心血管系统的变化 ,确定心律变异和脉图两种方法在评价心血管调节功能中的作用。方法观察 1 6名被试者在 75°头高位倾斜加 - 4kPa下体负压 2 0min期间血压、脉图、心律变异和脑血氧饱和度的变化。结果 ( 1 )HUT +LBNP可引起被试者出现明显的心率、血压、规 -化低频峰功率 (LFn)、LFn/HFn增加 ,脑血氧饱和度、心电T波和规 -化高频峰功率(HFn)下降 ;( 2 )晕厥前出现明显的血压、心率和脑血氧饱和度下降 ;( 3)低耐力组在HUT +LBNP初期的心率明显高于高耐力组 ;( 4 )HUT +LBNP时脉搏波波形发生很大变化 ,无法进行分析。结论HUT +LBNP是一种负荷量较高的立位耐力检查方法 ,可充分暴露被检者在立位中的心血管调节功能 ;脉图检测方法不能作为评价被试者HUT +LBNP耐力的方法。     

心率变异性的分析方法及其在航天医学领域的应用

心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)分析是无创检测心脏自主神经调节功能的一种手段,因其可以定量评估自主神经系统活动以及心脏的内在动力学机制、解释和预测心脏的运动过程而获得广泛的应用,并成为心电信号处理领域的一个前沿热点.目前HRV信号的分析方法主要有线性分析和非线性分析方法.本文综述了目前国内外HRV分析方法的研究进展,并对其在航天医学领域内的发展方向做了展望.     

下体负压在航空航天医学中的应用

下体负压（LBNP）作为心血管系统强有效的应激因素，类似于重力的刺激，一直为航空航天医学领域所关注。本文简要介绍了LBNP的实验装置、实验方法及其产生的生理学效应，重点阐述了LBNP在航空航天医学领域中应用，并提出了今后的研究方向。     

下体负压作用下人心率、血压变异性谱的变化及其与心血管反应的关系

观察了－６．６７ｋＰａ下体负压（ＬＢＮＰ）持续作用期间人心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）、血压变异性（ＳＢＰＶ）谱的变化，并探讨了谱特征与心血管反应之间的关系。结果表明：耐力良好者ＨＲＶ谱的高频峰功率（ＨＦＨＲＶ）显著降低，归一化高频参数（ＨＦＨＲＶ，ｎ）与低频参数（ＬＦＨＲＶ，ｎ）分别呈明确的降低或升高变化；ＳＢＰＶ谱的低频峰功率（ＬＦＳＢＰＶ）ＬＢＮＰ作用时降低，后又回升，至实验终止时已超出对照水平。ＬＢＮＰ作用初期，耐力不良被试者ＨＲＶ、ＳＢＰＶ谱特征的变化趋势与耐力良好者相同，但在出现晕厥前症状时，ＬＦＳＢＰＶ及ＬＦＳＢＰＶ，ｎ均有较大幅度的降低。上述结果提示：耐力不良被试者心血管反应失代偿主要与外周血管交感神经活动水平的迅速降低有关。     

－2kPa下体负压作用时人的心血管自主神经活动水平的变化

为研究心肺压力感受器卸荷对人心血管自主神经调节的影响，采用心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）和血压变异性（ＳＢＰＶ和ＤＢＰＶ）谱分析方法考察了在－２ｋＰａ下体负压（ＬＢＮＰ）条件下，心血管自主神经活动水平的变化。结果表明：ＬＢＮＰ作用１～７ｍｉｎ时基础胸阻抗（Ｚｏ）明显升高，心脏每搏量（ＳＶ）明显减少，致使前臂血管阻力（ＦＶＲ）明显增加、血流下降（ＦＢＦ），而心率（ＨＲ）及ＨＲＶ谱参数未发生显著变化，进一步证实了心肺压力感受器对外周血管交感神经和心脏自主神经活动的调节存在机能分化现象；ＬＢＮＰ作用时尽管有外周血管交感神经兴奋现象，但血压变异性谱参数均未发生显著改变，表明这两者在心肺压力感受器卸荷时的变化趋向存在差异。     

Self-generated lower body negative pressure exercise.

BACKGROUND: Exercise during spaceflight helps prevent musculoskeletal and cardiovascular deconditioning to Earth gravity. This report evaluates the aerobic and anaerobic exercise stimulus provided by self-generated lower body negative pressure. METHODS: A lower body negative pressure cylinder expands and collapses longitudinally, but not radially. As the legs push footward to expand the cylinder, the air pressure in the cylinder decreases, increasing the force required to continue expanding the cylinder. In addition, valves control air flow into and out of the cylinder, and thus workload. In seven supine subjects, knee bend exercise was performed at 19 cycles per minute for 6 min. Footward force was measured with load cells, cylinder pressure with a transducer, heart rate from ECG, and oxygen consumption with turbine volumetry and gas analysis. RESULTS: Maximum footward force at the peak of the exercise cycle averaged 1120+/-88 N (114+/-9 kg), and pressure within the cylinder concomitantly decreased 26+/-3 mmHg below ambient. Heart rate and oxygen consumption increased 75+/-4 bpm and 26.3+/-1.4 ml O2/kg x min(-1) from supine resting values, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With the air inlet valve nearly closed, exercise with this device approximates a resistance-type leg press. With more inflow of air, more rapid, aerobic knee bends can be performed. This exercise device/concept provides simultaneous dynamic musculoskeletal and cardiovascular stresses without an external power source.     

Peripheral vascular reflexes elicited during lower body negative pressure

To study the interaction between thermal reflexes and baroreflexes on human forearm vasomotor and venomotor control, and to test the hypothesis that peripheral veins are responsive to baroreceptor unloading during gravitational stress, we imposed lower body negative pressure (LBNP) between 10 and 50 mm Hg (Torr) at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 28 and 37 degrees C. We measured arterial and central venous pressures (CVP), heart rate, forearm venous volume, forearm venous pressure, and forearm blood flow in 12 volunteers. Decreases in CVP were relatively large at 10 mm Hg LBNP (p less than 0.01) at both Ta, and less thereafter. Arterial systolic and pulse pressures were not significantly reduced until LBNP exceeded 30 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). With LBNP up to 20 mm Hg, moderate decreases in forearm venous compliance and increases in forearm vascular resistance occurred. Between 30 and 50 mm Hg LBNP, the changes in both compliance and resistance per unit change in CVP were more than tripled. We concluded that unloading of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors stimulates increases in both forearm vasomotor and venomotor tone and that addition of arterial baroreceptor unloading adds to these reflex responses.     

Factor analysis of reactions to lower body negative pressure on the earth and during space flight

The method of main components was used to examine separately the cosmonauts' responses to LBNP tests on the ground and in space flight. The factor structures of the ground- and flight data did not show significant differences. In both cases the first factor can be termed the factor of venous return and the second, the factor of the cardiac state. The first two factors were responsible for about 60%, and the first three factors for 76-78% of data scatter. The observation that the factor structure remains unchanged indicates that LBNP reactions in space flight can be evaluated using the criteria applied on the Earth.     

Design of a chamber for lower body negative pressure with controlled onset rate

We have designed a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) chamber and control system that makes it possible to apply LBNP either very rapidly (< 300 ms), or more gradually, according to predefined protocols. The capability of the new, high-performance agile aircraft to reach a high-G onset rate makes it highly desirable to be able to study immediate, rapid, and transient cardiovascular responses to simulated gravitational stress. Our new LBNP chamber has been used to study the main cardiovascular variables during onset and release of mild LBNP (-20 mmHg). We have revealed large transient physiological responses during the onset and release of mild LBNP. This new finding was largely made possible by precise control of the onset and release of LBNP during the experiments. The purpose of this paper is therefore to describe some of the technical solutions which made rapid and controlled changes in LBNP possible, focusing on the importance of precise control of the LBNP chamber.     

下体负压条件下抗荷动作训练的可行性

目的探讨利用下体负压模拟＋ＧＺ作用条件进行抗荷动作训练的可行性。方法７名健康男性受试者在坐位下体负压舱中做Ｌ－１抗荷动作,记录心率和血压的变化。结果－４０ｍｍＨｇ的下体负压作用可引起心率显著增加,收缩压及舒张压显著降低。在地面做Ｌ－１动作时心率、收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉血压分别为（８７．２９±９．２３）ｍｉｎ－１、（１８６．００±１１．１１）ｍｍＨｇ、（１４７．８６±９．９６）ｍｍＨｇ及（１６０．５７±８．５４）ｍｍＨｇ;而在－４０ｍｍＨｇ的下体负压作用下做Ｌ－１动作时则分别为（９２．７１±１０．９５）ｍｉｎ－１、（１６１．２９±１８．０２）ｍｍＨｇ、（１３０．７１±１３．３１）ｍｍＨｇ及（１４０．９１±１４．２１）ｍｍＨｇ。后者收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉血压较前者均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,心率则无显著性差异。结论坐位下体负压可模拟＋ＧＺ引起的心血管反应,利用下体负压模拟＋ＧＺ作用环境进行抗荷动作训练是可行的。     

下体负压裤的研制与应用

下体负压 (lower body negativepressure,L BNP)是模拟重力 -惯性力场对人体循环功能影响的有效方法之一 ,在航空航天医学教学、科研及医疗等工作中已得到广泛应用 [1 - 4 ] 。国内外已研制成功卧位和坐位下体负压舱 [5 - 6 ] ,其性能大同小异。但下体负压舱体积大、笨重 ,不便于飞行员 /宇航员的使用及执行任务。因此 ,研制一种轻便、有效、安全且可普及推广的下体负压装置很有必要。国外曾报道在航天飞行中应用下体负压裤(Chibis裤 )以对抗失重的影响 [7] 。近期我们研制出一种下体负压裤 ,其结构及其应用情况如下。一、设计与制作1.设…     

下体负压作用下脑氧饱和度的变化

The purpose of this study was to observe and analyse the changes of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (SrO2) under lower body negative pressure (LBNP). 12 healthy young subjects were tested in an LBNP chamber in sitting position. Incremental negative pressure was used and end points of test were onset of presyncopal symptoms or completion of the 15min test. The results were: (1) SrO2 showed a significant decrease under LBNP; (2) The magnitude of decrease of SaO2 showed significant differences among subjects with different reactions at the termination of LBNP; (3) Under LBNP the arterial oxygen saturation (SrO2) kept constant. The changes of SrO2 correlated strongly with the percentage changes of superaorbitalis arterial blood flow (r = 0.59-0.86, P < 0.05 or 0.01). It was suggested that the changes of SrO2 were related to the decrease of cerebral blood flow under LBNP. It was possible to use SrO2 to detect presyncopal and syncopal symptoms. So the monitoring of SrO2 could be used in studies of G-LOC.     

Carotid baroreceptor influence on forearm vascular resistance during low level lower body negative pressure.

The degree of forearm vasoconstriction induced by low levels of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) provides a measure of the responsiveness of the cardiopulmonary baroreflex. The validity of this measurement is based on the assumption that this vasoconstriction response is not influenced by unloading of carotid baroreceptors. To test the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptor unloading does not alter the degree of forearm vascular resistance during low levels of LBNP, we exposed 12 subjects to -15 and -20 mm Hg LBNP with and without additional artificial (+10 mm Hg neck pressure) unloading of the carotid baroreceptors. There was no measurable influence of carotid unloading on forearm vascular resistance at either level of LBNP. We conclude that forearm vascular resistance measured during cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading is unaffected by carotid baroreceptor unloading within the magnitude encountered during low levels of LBNP.     

Correlation of plasma norepinephrine and plasma atrial natriuretic factor during lower body negative pressure

Plasma atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is released in proportion to intra-atrial pressures. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels are considered to be an indirect reflection of sympathetic tone. These two mediators were studied during human regulation of intravascular volume in the course of exposure to fluid shifts associated with a model of gravitational stress, lower body negative pressure (LBNP.) Blood was drawn from 10 normal subjects before and after exposure to 2 min of a graduated increase in LBNP to a level of 55 mmHg followed by 5 min at 55 mmHg. Plasma ANF was measured by RIA and catecholamines by HPLC-ECD. NE increased from 358 +/- 44 (S.E.M) pg/ml to 511 +/- 48 pg/ml (p = 0.03.) Although ANF only decreased from 27.3 +/- 2.4 pg/ml to 23.5 +/- 2.9 pg/ml (p = 0.33,) a statistically significant negative correlation was observed (r = -0.70, p = 0.02) between the changes in NE and ANF induced by LBNP. The modelling of physiologic responses to gravitational stress in this experiment revealed a negative correlation between changes in sympathetic tone (as reflected by plasma NE) and ANF levels.     

Fluid shifts and endocrine responses during lower body negative pressure and dynamic arm exercise

The use of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is proposed as a means of reducing the effect of spaceflight on body water loss by stimulation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) activity. Seven subjects were successively submitted to LBNP exposure, arm cranking physical exercise, and to a combination of both procedures (LBNP + arm cranking) in order to check whether this combination enhances RAAS activity. The results showed that exposure to 40 min of LBNP to a level of -40 mm Hg was a more potent stimulus for renin secretion than submaximal and maximal arm cranking. The combination of LBNP with exercise does not further enhance the RAAS activity induced by LBNP alone. These data suggest that the fluid shift toward the lower body induced by LBNP counteracts triggering of renin secretion due to physical exercise.