应用BED-CEIA方法估算河南省2009年多类高危人群HIV-1新近感染率

目的了解河南省2009年三类哨点（男男性行为者、吸毒和性病门诊男性就诊者）和单阳配偶人群的艾滋病病毒（HIV）新近感染情况。方法收集2009年河南省男男性行为者、吸毒和性病门诊男性就诊者及单阳配偶人群各534、1 757、4 767及11 468例,通过酶联免疫和蛋白印迹实验检测出HIV-1感染的样品,再应用BED HIV-1发病捕获酶免疫测定法（BED HIV-1 capture enzyme immunoassay,简称BED-CEIA）检测出其中的新近感染样品,进而估算新近感染率。结果河南省2009年男男性行为者、吸毒和性病门诊男性就诊者哨点的新发感染率分别为4.50%、0.46%和0.13%。单阳配偶人群的新近感染率为0.39%。结论河南省2009年男男性行为人群新发感染率较高,同时不同地区单阳配偶人群的新近感染率有较大差别。     

HIV-1新发感染者的带型特征及免疫状况的相关性

目的 对新发HIV-1感染者血清S/CO值、WB条带及CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数进行分析,探讨HIV-1新发感染者的带型特征及免疫状况的相关性。方法 纳入2010年1月—2018年1月检测的新发HIV-1感染者108例,ELISA检测HIV-1抗体S/CO值,WB蛋白印迹实验检测HIV-1抗体带型,流式细胞仪计数CD4⁺T淋巴细胞,对所得结果进行统计学分析。结果 同免疫状态组感染者的WB条带中,膜蛋白（ENV）及酶蛋白（POL）的出现率较高,而核心蛋白（GAG）的p55、p39、p17出现率较低。其中,p24、p39、p17出现率在不同免疫状态组中差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。新发感染者WB条带的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析表明p17、p51和gp41条带缺失与HIV-1新发感染者相关(P<0.05)。结论 HIV-1感染者血清S/CO值与机体免疫状态无明显相关性,而WB带型与机体免疫状态存在相关性。WB检测结果缺失p17、p51和gp41时应高度怀疑其为HIV-1新发感染。     

贵州省及部分周边地区牛博尔纳病病毒感染的情况调查

目的探讨贵州省及周边地区牛群博尔纳病病毒(BDV)感染状况。方法采用荧光定量巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应(FQ-nRT-PCR)检测了120例牛的外周血单个核细胞中的BDV p24基因片段。结果牛外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中BDVp24基因片段阳性率均为4.17%。牛BDV p24基因片段的测序结果与GeneBank提供的标准病毒株比较,同源性96.51%～97.67%;有2个位点出现一致性沉寂突变(nt1675C-T,nt1678T-C突变率为2%);与马的Strain V病毒株比较,有3个位点出现一致性沉寂突变(nt1650T-C,nt1671C-T,nt1674C-T突变率为3%);与H1766病毒株比较,有2个位点出现一致性沉寂突变(nt1675C-T,nt1678T-C突变率为2%);与He80/FR病毒株比较,在3个位点出现一致性沉寂突变(nt 1660T-C,nt 1669A-G,nt 1672C-T突变率为3%);但它们所编码的氨基酸没有改变。结论贵州及湖南省部分地区牛群中存在BDV自然感染,可能是BDV流行区域之一;人感染BDV可能具有潜在的动物源性。     

HTLV-III/LAV antibody and immune status of household contacts and sexual partners of persons with hemophilia

We evaluated the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) antibody and immune status of 88 persons living with and/or sexual partners of 43 hemophiliacs, 12 of whom had AIDS, five of whom had AIDS-related complex (ARC), 17 of whom were clinically well but HTLV-III/LAV antibody positive, and nine of whom were well and HTLV-III/LAV antibody negative. No nonhemophilic household contacts (0/50) of healthy hemophiliacs were HTLV-III/LAV antibody positive; two of 33 nonhemophilic AIDS/ARC contacts were positive. One was a spouse and one a sexual partner of a hemophiliac. One of these antibody-positive contacts herself had AIDS, and one had ARC. Antibody-negative, nonhemophilic contacts of AIDS/ARC and of antibody-positive hemophiliacs had significantly lower numbers of lymphocytes, T helper lymphocytes, and T suppressor lymphocytes than did contacts of antibody-negative hemophiliacs. We conclude that risk of HTLV-III/LAV transmission may exist for spouses and/or sexual contacts of hemophiliacs with AIDS/ARC, but we cannot now determine the risk for contacts of asymptomatic hemophiliacs.     

嘉兴地区无偿献血者人类免疫缺陷病毒感染状况分析

目的 分析嘉兴地区无偿献血者人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）确证阳性的结果,为无偿献血的招募策略和HIV感染防治工作提供参考数据。方法 收集嘉兴地区2011～2021年无偿献血者中确证HIV-1抗体阳性的病例,比较各人群分布特征,采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨嘉兴地区HIV-1抗体阳性人群的特征,并进行蛋白质印迹法条带分析。结果 2011～2021年嘉兴地区共检测559 331例无偿献血者标本,最终HIV-1抗体确证阳性51例,阳性率为9.12/10万,其中2021年阳性率最低,为1.54/10万。确证HIV-1抗体阳性的无偿献血者的性别、年龄、职业、文化程度、献血频次比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、18～30岁、自由职业和其他、初中文化程度均是感染HIV的主要特征（P<0.05）。HIV-1抗体阳性病例p17、p24、p31、p51、p55、p66、Gp41、Gp120、Gp160全带表达者占比27.45%;Gp160、Gp41、p24三条带100%表达。结...     

2012年青海省性病门诊就诊者HIV检测结果分析

目的了解性病门诊就诊者中艾滋病感染者及艾滋病病人的发现情况。方法对2012年来青海省疾病预防控制中心（青海省CDC）所属性病门诊就诊的1396人检测艾滋病病毒（humanimmunode6ciencyvirus,HIV）抗体,采用金标快速检测法和酶联双抗原夹心法作初筛试验,两次试验均为阳性者在青海省CDC艾滋病确证中心实验室,用免疫印迹法进行确认。结果共有56人HIV-1抗体阳性,占性病门诊就诊者4．01％。其中男男性接触者（menwhohavesexwithmen,MSM）阳性者22人,在HIV抗体阳性者中占39．28％;异性传播27人,占48．21％;吸毒传播1人,占1．79％;母婴传播3人,占5．36％;其他3人,占5．36％。结论在HIV传播途径中因性行为而感染已成为主要的传播途径,而MSM群体成为了HIV传播的桥梁人群,导致HIV在一般人群中传播的危险因素增多,故应加强对MSM主动监测,采取确实有效地干预措施,积极控制HIV在该人群中的传播。     

儿童轮状病毒腹泻特异性免疫应答研究

目的 通过对儿童轮状病毒腹泻特异性免疫应答的研究,探索轮状病毒感染的有效预防与治疗方法.方法 收集75例急性期轮状病毒腹泻患儿的血和粪便标本,记录临床表现,收集同期健康儿童45例标本作为对照组.ELISA法检测轮状病毒抗原,逆转录PCR法确定轮状病毒基因型.建立间接ELISA法检测血浆和粪便的轮状病毒特异性抗体.流式细胞仪进行淋巴细胞亚群的检测,荧光定量PCR法进行外周血单个核细胞细胞因子mRNA表达的检测.荧光定量PCR法测外周血单个核细胞5种TLRmRNA表达的变化.结果 急性轮状病毒感染患儿特异性免疫应答的主要特点：（1）轮状病毒G分型以G3为主,占77.3%,P分型以P[8]为主,占82.7%.（2）血浆轮状病毒特异性IgM/IgG/IgA抗体滴度均明显高于对照组,粪便中IgA抗体滴度的增高尤为显著,不仅高于对照组而且高于血浆.病情重的患儿血浆和粪便中的IgA抗体更高.（3）患儿CD19＋细胞百分比（30.8%±7.9%）显著高于对照组（23.1%±7.7）%.CD4＋细胞的比例明显下降.起病3d以内患儿IFN-γmRNA的平均表达水平升高2倍,IL-12p40mRNA的表达水平在疾病全程均比对照组明显升高.结论 急性轮状病毒感染儿童早期出现免疫应答,以特异性体液免疫尤其是黏膜免疫的显著增强为主要特点.     

Markers of HIV infection prior to IgG antibody seropositivity

During a 1-year period of study at two plasma collection centers, 7 of 35,000 plasma donors seroconverted to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and had stored plasma samples that predated or antedated the seroconversion period. From each donor, three to eight plasma samples that had been collected at 2- to 7-day intervals were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies to HIV with enzyme immunoassays, Western blot testing, and radioimmunoprecipitation assays. The presence of an HIV viremic phase was demonstrated by the infectivity of plasma on normal, phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and by the detection of HIV antigen. In 5 of these donors, HIV antigen was detected prior to or simultaneously with IgG to HIV; these HIV-antigen-positive samples overlapped an IgM immune response. The disappearance of detectable HIV antigen, and to a lesser extent plasma infectivity, was concurrent with the development of an IgG immune response. Although the improved sensitivity of a recombinant DNA-derived anti-HIV screening assay shortened the "window period" between initial HIV infection and antibody detection, HIV antigen and plasma HIV viremia were the only markers of HIV infection for several days in 2 donors. These results demonstrate that HIV plasma viremia and antigenemia occur prior to seroconversion in healthy plasma donors.     

Antigen detection in primary HIV infection

Serial blood samples were obtained from 21 homosexuals who had developed symptomatic primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) after a median incubation time of 14 days. During the first two weeks after the onset of illness HIV antigen (p24) was detected in the blood by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). During the second and third weeks after the onset of illness p24 antibody was detected by Western blot assay and antigen concentrations rapidly decreased to undetectable values. Dissociation of antigen-antibody complexes showed complexed antigen during the phase of declining concentrations of free antigen. Neither free nor complexed antigen was detected in any serum samples for several months thereafter, which suggested that failure to detect HIV antigen reflected low or absent synthesis of viral protein rather than masking of antigen by antibodies. Reappearance of HIV antigen with a fall in p24 antibody concentration was observed in a few patients six months or more after the onset of disease. The combined use of antigen and antibody assays made it possible to obtain evidence of infection with HIV in all of the 95 serum samples tested, illustrating the usefulness of these assays for diagnosing infection with HIV in its early stages.     

HIV早期检测的应用研究

目的采用抗HIV-1 p24单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体构建的间接ELISA试剂，检测HIV-1抗体阳性及其他样品，以探讨HIV早期检测的可行性。方法采用单克隆抗体固相、兔抗HIV-1 p24抗体夹心，羊抗兔HRP结合物的间接ELISA法。结果显示试剂盒HIV-1 p24抗原检出灵敏度为50pg／mL（基因工程抗原）；特异性97．13％；HIV抗体阳性血样阳性率4．1％；抗体阴性的特殊人群血样阳性率5．2％；抗体不确定血样阳性率为16．3％，明显高于抗体阳性和阴性组血样。病毒培养1d，抗原效价1：80，第3天可达1：5360。结论该间接夹心HIV-1 p24抗原检测试剂，可应用于HIV感染的辅助检测及病毒的基础研究，具有灵敏度高、特异性好的特点。     

Identification of infection of an Australian resident with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2).

OBJECTIVE: To present the first confirmed case of human immunodeficiency virus infection type 2 (HIV-2) in an Australian resident. CLINICAL FEATURES: HIV-2 infection in a west African man resident in Sydney was diagnosed in 1992 at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, by serological testing. He was asymptomatic and the blood CD4 T-lymphocyte concentration was not significantly reduced. Infection was probably acquired before migration to Australia. The patient was initially tested for HIV-1 antibody as part of an application for permanent residency. He was in no obvious risk group or transmission category. His serum was repeatedly positive by Genetic Systems enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and borderline by Abbott EIA, was reactive to the HIV-2 peptide on a synthetic envelope peptide assay, and was strongly reactive to all HIV-2 specific viral protein bands on an HIV-2 western blot test. HIV-2 was isolated by co-cultivation of the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells and identified by hybridisation using HIV-2 specific oligonucleotide probes, with further confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The patient was counselled regarding the clinical course and prognosis of HIV-2 infection, the possible indications for zidovudine therapy, modes of transmission of the virus and safer sex precautions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first documented case of HIV-2 infection diagnosed in Australia and raises the possibility of other undetected cases. The cost effectiveness of general testing for HIV-2 needs to be assessed and formal epidemiological sentinel programs should be established to monitor specific Australian populations.     

男性HIV感染者HIV-1抗体蛋白印迹带型分析

摘要：目的分析HIV-1型抗体阳性者蛋白印迹带型，了解男性艾滋病病毒感染者（HIV）带型分布特征。方法检测2000。2007年艾滋病感染者HIV-1抗体蛋白印迹带型特征并进行统计分析。结果男性艾滋病感染者HIV-1抗体蛋白印迹带型gp160、gp120、p24阳性率分别为97．0％-100％，gp41、p66、p51、p31为92．3％-94．5％，p55、p17分别为63．2％和77．1％。男性感染者在21-岁组和41—83岁组带型阳性率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；男性感染者P31、P55、P17带阳性率注射吸毒组高于性途径感染组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05，P〈0．005，P〈0．005），其余带型阳性率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；性途径感染者男性和女性带型阳性率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论男性HIV感染者HIV-1抗体P31、P55、P17带阳性率，注射吸毒感染者高于性途径感染者，与别的学者报道有差别，有待对人群中病毒亚型分布的研究。     

Sexual transmission efficiency of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus among homosexual men

The relative sexual transmission efficiency of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was investigated by a prospective study of homosexual men in Pittsburgh, Pa, from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. During the 30-month follow-up, 19.8% and 7.8% of the initially seronegative HBV and HIV-1 groups were estimated to seroconvert to HBV and HIV-1, respectively. The significantly higher cumulative HBV seroconversion rate occurred despite a much lower prevalence of hepatitis B carriers (7% were hepatitis B surface antigen positive) compared with HIV-1 carriers (22% were HIV-1 antibody positive). The sexual exposure profile of HBV and HIV-1 seroconverters was similar during the 6 months prior to seroconversion, supporting the link between anal intercourse and acquisition of either infection. However, insertive, not receptive, anal intercourse was the major risk factor identified for HBV seroconversion, suggesting that transurethral exposure is an important mode of transmission. These data suggest that HBV is transmitted 8.6-fold more efficiently than HIV-1 among homosexual men studied and underscore the benefits of both HBV immunization and use of condoms during intercourse to prevent HBV infection.     

中国HIV暴露未感者CD4+T淋巴细胞的体外抗HIV活性

目的了解中国经性途径暴露于人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)而未感染者(ESN)的CD4 T淋巴细胞在体外的抗HIV活性,探讨中国ESN的抗HIV感染机制。方法采用微量全血法分离培养HIV感染者的病毒株,密度梯度离心法分离ESN外周血单个核细胞后用MACS磁分选法分选出CD4 T淋巴细胞,与HIV感染者的病毒分离株共培养,检测共培养上清的HIV-1复制动力(p24抗原)。结果ESN组CD4 T淋巴细胞对M嗜性分离毒株的复制动力显著低于健康对照组(P<0.05);ESN组CD4 T淋巴细胞对M嗜性分离毒株的复制动力显著低于T嗜性分离毒株(P<0.05);ESN组CD4 T淋巴细胞对T嗜性分离毒株及实验室毒株的感染能力与健康对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论中国ESN的CD4 T淋巴细胞对M嗜性病毒分离株有一定抵抗作用,可能是经性接触暴露未感者抗HIV感染的主要影响因素。     

Prevalence of occult hepatitis B amongst Indian human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected individuals—a pilot study

Background

The diagnosis of hepatitis B is routinely based on the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) only. However, occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI), which is defined as infection with positive hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) antibodies, positive DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and undetectable HBsAg, as well as anti-HBs antibodies in serum or plasma of HBV infected individuals, will remain undetected using this screening diagnostic approach of detecting HBsAg. The current study aims in studying the prevalence of the OBI amongst human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals who have not been exposed to anti-retroviral therapy.

Method

Estimation of HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc total antibody status amongst 100 HIV-1 infected study participants was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Detection of HBV-DNA was carried out by in-house qualitative PCR. CD4 + T lymphocyte counts were analysed using Becton Dickinson's (BD) FACSCount™ system.

Results

The median age of the HIV-1 infected study population was 35 years (range: 22–67), with the gender distribution being 53 males and 47 females. The mean CD4 T lymphocyte count of the study participants was 210/mm³. Overall, serological evidence of HBV infection was observed in 28% of the HIV-1 infected study participants. There was 5% seropositivity for HBsAg, of which 2% were additionally positive for HBV-DNA-PCR. “Anti-HBc alone” status was seen in 18% of study participants, this being statistically higher in those with CD4 T lymphocyte counts < 200/mm³. While there was a single specimen with co-positivity for anti-HBc total antibodies and HBV-DNA, 5% of the in the study population exhibited anti-HBs antibodies positivity, with one sample exhibiting dual positivity for HBsAg and anti-HBs antibodies.

Conclusion

Occult HBV infections may contribute to chronic liver damage, and associ-ated reactivation amongst immunocompromised individuals, HIV-1 in-fected being a subset of them. “Anti-HBc” testing followed by HBV-DNA detection by PCR can be utilised for such populations to detect OBIs. Early detection of hepatitis B viraemia will be important for deciding the antiviral therapeutic protocol so as to avoid evolution of antiviral resistance in the circulating HBV strains in HIV-1 infected individuals harbouring OBIs.     

Virological Characterization of Dual HIV-1/HIV-2 Seropositivity and Infections in Southern Ghana

Summary BACKGROUND: Dual HIV-1/HIV-2 seropositivity (dual seropositivity) is common in West African countries including Ghana. The diagnosis of dual HIV-1/HIV-2 infections is however complicated as HIV-2 DNA is more often not detected in dual seropositive individuals. OBJECTIVES: To detect the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 pro-viral DNA in dual seropositives and to determine the correlation between HIV-2 antibody titers and presence of HIV-2 DNA. The growth kinetics of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in vitro were also determined using plasma and lymphocyte cultures. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study SETTING: Urban and semi-rural HIV/AIDS clinics PARTICIPANTS: 13 dual HIV-1/HIV-2 seropositives from Agomanya and Accra RESULTS: HIV-1 DNA was detected in uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all 13 patients but HIV-2 DNA in 4 (30.8%). HIV-2 antibody titres were not useful in determining the presence or absence of HIV-2 DNA (P=0.28, Mann-Whitney U test). HIV-2 specific antibody was detected in 12 of the 13 dual seropositives by peptide-inhibition, the only patient with an Innolia gp36 band rating of 1+ was shown not to be reactive. HIV-2 grew efficiently in the presence or HIV-1 in vitro. CONCLUSION: HIV-2 DNA may not be detected in all dual seropositives thus not all of such patients may need drugs effective against HIV-2. Peptide based assays will be useful for correctly diagnosing dual seropositivity. Since HIV-2 may grow efficiently in the presence of HIV-1 and no commercial HIV-2 HIV RNA tests are available, dual seropositives on HAART need to be monitored to determine if a lack of immune restoration may correspond to an efficient suppression of HIV-1 RNA levels.     

Immunologic investigation of Chinese hemophiliacs with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Cellular and humoral immune functions in Chinese hemophiliacs with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were compared with those of healthy controls. There was a significant increase in peripheral T8 cells and a significant decrease of peripheral T4 cells as well as the T4/T8 ratio in 3 hemophiliacs with HIV infection when compared with 26 hemophiliacs without HIV infection and 18 healthy controls (P less than 0.005, P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.002, respectively). In contrast, there were no statistical differences in the above mentioned parameters between hemophiliacs without HIV infection and healthy controls. All the three HIV seropositive hemophiliacs had anergy for 1:2000 OT test whereas among the 15 HIV seronegative hemophiliacs, only two had anergy for 1:2000 OT test. These results demonstrate that the immunological abnormalities of the 3 HIV seropositive hemophiliacs were attributed to HIV infection, and that even though hemophiliacs without HIV infection had been treated with blood products, their immune functions are generally normal. These findings are somewhat different from those reported abroad. This difference may be due to the fact that Chinese hemophiliacs are often treated with much smaller dose of blood products as a part of the treatment of their coagulative defects.

     

Persistent HIV antigenaemia and decline of HIV core antibodies associated with transition to AIDS

Sequential serum samples from 13 homosexual men who seroconverted for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were tested for HIV antigen. In one of these men, who developed the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), HIV antigenaemia preceded the onset of AIDS by more than a year and persisted throughout the course of the disease. This antigenaemia was accompanied by the disappearance of IgG antibody reactivity to the major HIV core protein p24. In none of the 12 others, who all remained without serious disease, were serum concentrations of HIV antigen detected, except on one occasion in one man. All their serum samples showed strong IgG antibody reactivity to p24. Nine children who were infected with HIV in 1981 by plasma transfusion from a single donor were also followed up for HIV antigenaemia. HIV antigen was almost constantly present in the serum (26 of 28 samples) of five children who developed AIDS related complex or AIDS and less often in the serum (four of 10 samples) of four children who remained free of symptoms. The two children who developed AIDS showed a virtual absence of antibody reactivity to p24. These results indicate that increased HIV gene expression is a contributing factor to the development of AIDS and also provide evidence for a switch from latent to active HIV infection.     

Host immune profiles and genotyping analysis of HIV-1 among Japanese hemophiliac patients

We studied the immune profiles of 21 Japanese hemophiliac patients who had been infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by the blood preparations during the 1982-84 period, and carried out the genotyping of HIV-1 V3 region for uncultivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 8 patients. Ten years after infection, asymptomatic carrier (AC, 14 cases) yet outnumbered those in AIDS related complex (ARC, 4 cases) and AIDS (3 cases), and the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers were not correlated with clinical stages. Macrophage tropic sequences, as identified according to the known tropism determinants, appeared to be more frequent as the CD4+ T-cell numbers were higher. There was no correlation of the cell tropism with the disease stages, however. It might be due to HIV-1 of CD4+ T-cells being more productive. The mutation in the V3 region appears to differentially influence the escape from antibody attack and clinical stages, and the cell tropism may not be related to the cell immunity of the host.