伴焦虑的初中生父母养育方式与人格研究

目的：调查初中生焦虑状况及其影响因素。方法：用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）、父母养育方式问卷（EMBU）、艾森克人格问卷（少年版）、应对方式问卷,对上海市杨浦区一所中学288名11-14岁学生进行调查。结果：焦虑组与对照组在出生时情况、家庭结构、是否独生子女方面差异均存在显著性（P均〈0.05）。两组在应对方式,自责,幻想,退避,合理性,解决问题,求助,父亲惩罚、严厉,拒绝、否认,过分保护;母亲过分干涉,惩罚,情感温暖、理解,人格精神质,神经质,掩饰各因子差异均存在显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。相关分析发现广泛性焦虑与母亲的过分干涉,过分保护,精神质明显正相关,学校恐怖与自责、精神质明显正相关;广泛性焦虑与掩饰程度、分离性焦虑与幻想明显负相关。结论：初中生有明显的焦虑情绪,父母养育方式,个性,应对方式是焦虑的影响因素。     

失眠症患者心理社会因素分析

目的:探讨失眠症患者的应付方式,心理健康状况和社会支持状况.方法:采用应付方式问卷(CSQ)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和社会支持量表(SSS)对失眠症患者和正常对照者各88例进行测评.结果:失眠症组自责、幻想和退避分量表的得分显著高于对照组,求助分量表的得分显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);失眠症组SCL-90总分及躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、睡眠障碍各因子分与对照组比较,有显著差异(P＜0.01).失眠症组社会支持总分、客观支持和对社会支持的利用度评分显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.05).失眠症组自责与躯体化症状、焦虑、抑郁等因子及总分呈显著正相关,而求助与焦虑、抑郁、偏执和总分呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).结论:失眠症患者多采用不成熟的应付方式,且有较多的心身症状,应付方式和身心健康有相关性.失眠症患者缺乏社会支持.     

流动儿童情绪障碍与父母教养方式的相关性研究

目的探讨流动儿童情绪障碍与父母教养方式的相关性。方法对236例流动儿童,207例郑州市儿童进行儿童焦虑情绪障碍筛查表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表、父母教养方式评价量表问卷调查。结果 (1)流动儿童在躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、社交恐怖、焦虑总分、抑郁总分项目上得分高于对照组(P<0.05);(2)流动儿童在父母情感温暖、父过分干涉、母偏爱被试项目上得分低于对照组(P<0.05);(3)父母拒绝、否认,父过度保护,母惩罚、严厉与流动儿童的焦虑呈正相关;父母情感温暖、母偏爱被试与流动儿童的抑郁呈负相关。结论 (1)流动儿童存在显著的焦虑、抑郁情绪问题;(2)流动儿童得到的父母情感温暖、偏爱较少;(3)父母积极的养育方式会使流动儿童较少出现抑郁情绪,而不良的养育方式与焦虑情绪的出现有关。     

学龄期先天性甲状腺功能减退症儿童焦虑抑郁状况调查

目的了解学龄期先天性甲状腺功能减退症儿童焦虑、抑郁状况及其与同龄健康儿童是否存在差异。方法应用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表和儿童抑郁障碍自评量表,对新生儿疾病筛查发现并确诊的78例8~16岁先天性甲状腺功能减退症患者和63例相同年龄健康儿童进行问卷调查。结果先天性甲状腺功能减退症患儿有焦虑障碍及抑郁障碍的比例均高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2组间焦虑分量表中躯体化/惊恐、学校恐怖和社交恐怖评分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而广泛性焦虑和分离性焦虑分量表评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论学龄期先天性甲状腺功能减退症患儿较正常儿童有更多的焦虑抑郁等情绪,应关注其心理健康。     

焦虑症与恐惧症的人格和临床特征的比较

目的探讨焦虑症和恐惧症的人格及临床特征的差异。方法研究对象为符合CCMD-3及DSM-IV的焦虑症(广泛性焦虑和惊恐障碍)和恐惧症(社交恐惧症和惊恐障碍伴广场恐怖),共74例。采用明尼苏达多相人格测定问卷(MMPI)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对其人格特点和症状特征进行测评,并进行组间比较。结果①社交恐惧症组的MMPI精神分裂症和社会内向分显著高于广泛性焦虑、惊恐障碍和惊恐障碍伴广场恐怖组,②社交恐惧症组的SCL90强迫分和人际关系分、偏执分显著高于广泛性焦虑、惊恐障碍和惊恐障碍伴广场恐怖组,其焦虑分和总分显著高于广泛性焦虑组;广泛性焦虑组的恐怖分显著低于惊恐障碍和惊恐障碍伴广场恐怖组。结论①广泛性焦虑、惊恐障碍和惊恐障碍伴广场恐怖有着共同的人格基础,而与社交恐惧症有所不同;②社交恐惧症的症状评分最高,而广泛性焦虑症状评分最低。     

留守初中生自尊与焦虑情绪的关系：心理韧性和表达抑制的双重中介作用

目的 探讨留守初中生群体的心理韧性和表达抑制在自尊与焦虑情绪之间的双重中介效应。方法 采用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）、自尊量表（SES）、青少年心理韧性量表（RSCA）、情绪调节问卷（ERQ）对820名在校初中生进行问卷调查。结果 (1)与非留守初中生相比,留守初中生的焦虑水平更高,自尊及心理韧性水平更低,更多使用表达抑制策略（Ps<0.01）;(2)自尊、心理韧性与焦虑情绪呈显著负相关,表达抑制与焦虑情绪呈显著正相关（Ps<0.01）;(3)心理韧性和表达抑制在留守初中生自尊与焦虑之间起双重中介作用,其中介效应量分别占总效应的26.81%和15.30%,且二者的中介效应差异不显著。结论 自尊既可以直接影响留守初中生的焦虑情绪,也可以通过心理韧性、表达抑制的双重中介间接影响焦虑情绪。提示通过增强留守初中生的自尊感和心理韧性水平,同时鼓励或教会他们充分表达自己的情感,将有益于减轻焦虑情绪,促进他们的心理健康。     

目睹特大火灾1年后初中生的焦虑情绪及影响因素

目的:探讨目睹特大火灾1年后初中生的焦虑情绪以及影响因素. 方法:采用方便抽样方法抽取距某火灾现场200 m某中学初中生311名(研究组)及与之学校性质、年级相匹配的某中学430名初中生(对照组)在火灾发生后1年时进行儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查量表(SCARED)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)、青少年应对方式量表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)及埃森儿童青少年创伤问卷(ETI-KJ)调查;以火灾发生1个月后相同人群的调查资料作为基线,对调查结果进行对照分析. 结果:研究组焦虑情绪的变化率(6.4％)明显高于对照组(1.3％)(x2=13.03,P ＜0.001);SCARED总分、广泛性焦虑及躯体化/惊恐因子分明显高于对照组(P均＜0.05).研究组中14～16岁年龄段、火灾1个月后有焦虑症状及创伤后应激障碍、应对方式为自我反思、暴力宣泄及自我感受、养育方式中父母亲过分干涉、过度保护、以及父亲拒绝否认、惩罚、严厉的学生更容易出现焦虑情绪(P均＜0.05).结论:目睹特大火灾1年后初中生焦虑情绪仍在增加;个人及环境等多种因素是其影响因素.     

人际心理治疗对青少年焦虑障碍患者的临床疗效

目的 探讨人际心理治疗对青少年焦虑障碍患者的有效性及对执行功能的疗效。方法 选取70例青少年焦虑障碍患者,采取随机数字表法分组,一组给予人际心理治疗纳入研究组,另一组给予集中心理教育纳入对照组。在治疗前后采用儿童青少年焦虑筛查量表（the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders,SCARED）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（Wisconsin Card Sorting Test,WCST）对患者的焦虑程度及执行功能进行评价。结果 （1）研究组治疗后SCARED总分、躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑、社交恐怖因子分比治疗前显著降低（P<0.01）;WCST的错误应答数、持续性错误数、非持续性错误数低于治疗前,总应答数、正确应答数及完成分类数均明显高于治疗前,组内差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;(2)治疗后研究组SCARED在总分、躯体化/惊恐、广泛性焦虑、社交恐怖因子分方面显著低于对照组,两组有显著统计学差异（P<0.01）;治疗后研究组WCST错误应答数、持续性错误数、非持续性错误数显著低于对照组,总应答数、正确应答...     

初中生自我意识与状态-特质焦虑的相关性

目的 探讨初中生自我意识与状态-特质的关系.方法 随机整群抽取闸北区5所普通初级中学初中预备班至初三全体学生共2 018人,以状态-特质焦虑问卷（STAI）及Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表（PHCSS）作为测量工具进行测试,比较二者的相关性.结果 初中生PHCSS得分为（52.83士12.62）分,女生在行为、智力与学校、合群等因子分和总分高于男生,而焦虑因子分低于男生,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而在躯体外貌与属性、幸福与满足方面差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.而不同年级初中生在行为、智力与学校、焦虑、幸福与满足及自我意识总分差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而在躯体外貌与属性、合群方面差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.不同年级初中生状态焦虑与特质焦虑得分差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,状态焦虑、特质焦虑得分与自我意识因子分及总分均呈负相关（P＜0.01）.结论 自我意识与状态-特质焦虑呈负相关,教育部门应对初中生加强自我意识的指导,缓解学生焦虑情绪,避免形成焦虑性人格.     

英语专业大学生考试焦虑及相关因素研究

目的探讨英语专业大学生考试焦虑及相关因素。方法应用A型行为类型问卷、艾森克人格问卷、青少年生活事件量表、应付方式问卷、社会支持评定量表、自尊量表、抑郁自评量表、Sarason考试焦虑量表等对600名英语专业大学生进行测查。结果英语专业大学生考试焦虑轻、中、重度检出率分别为27.83%、40.5%、31.67%。有感焦虑检出率为56.17%,男生、女生检出率差异无显著性(57.33%vs56%,χ2=0.05,P0.05)。健康自评差、学习生活不满意、睡眠不规律次数多、A型行为类型的学生考试焦虑多。考试焦虑与艾森克人格问卷之精神质、神经质呈显著正相关,与内外向、掩饰性呈显著负相关,与生活事件呈显著正相关,与应付方式之解决问题、求助呈显著负相关,与自责、幻想、退避、合理化呈显著正相关,与社会支持、自尊呈显著负相关,与抑郁呈显著正相关。逐步回归分析显示,影响英语专业大学生考试焦虑的主要因素为:神经质、生活事件多、采取自责的应付方式、知心朋友数少、性格内向、精神质。结论英语专业大学生考试焦虑的发生率较高,其发生受多种因素的影响。     

Anxiety and depressive disorders in fathers and mothers of anxious school-refusing children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine anxiety and depressive disorders in the mothers and fathers of children with anxious school refusal and to test for the existence of differences in familial aggregation between children suffering from school refusal related to separation anxiety disorder and those suffering from phobic disorder-based school refusal. METHOD: Using a blind standardized diagnostic evaluation (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version, modified for the study of anxiety disorders; Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies; and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children), the authors compared parental lifetime psychiatric illness for the 2 groups of anxious school refusers. RESULTS: Relationships between specific anxiety disorders in children and their parents revealed increased prevalence of simple phobia and simple and/or social phobia among the fathers and mothers of phobic school refusers, and increased prevalence of panic disorder and panic disorder and/or agoraphobia among the fathers and mothers of school refusers with separation anxiety disorder. Simple and/or social phobia in the father, simple phobia in the mother, and age of the father were associated with the group of phobic school refusers. CONCLUSIONS: The data show the high prevalence of both anxiety and depressive disorders in fathers and mothers of anxious school refusers. Significant differences were observed in familial aggregation considering the subgroups of anxious school-refusing children.     

Hoarding among patients seeking treatment for anxiety disorders

The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of hoarding symptoms among individuals presenting for treatment of anxiety symptoms. Participants included 130 adults who were seeking treatment at an outpatient anxiety disorders clinic between January 2004 and February 2006. During their initial assessment, participants (31 with panic disorder, 15 specific phobia, 27 social phobia, 36 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 21 generalized anxiety disorder, mean age 37 years, 57% female, 88% White) completed the Saving Inventory-Revised, a self-report measure of hoarding symptoms, and several measures of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and functional impairment. Approximately 12-25% of anxious patients reported significant hoarding symptoms. Patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder were more likely to report significant hoarding symptoms than were those with panic disorder or specific phobia. Hoarding symptoms were positively correlated with trait anxiety, depressive symptoms, and functional impairment. These findings suggest that hoarding symptoms may be associated with anxiety disorders other than obsessive-compulsive disorder. The findings further suggest that hoarding symptoms may be underreported by anxious populations since typical intake assessments do not include specific questions about hoarding and individuals with hoarding symptoms may be unlikely to spontaneously report them.     

Contribution de la Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders au dépistage et au diagnostic des troubles anxieux chez l’enfant d’âge scolaire

Children's anxiety disorders were for a long time viewed as poorly differentiated; however, many researchers recently brought evidence that syndromes similar to adult ones are clearly recognizable among very young children. The best instruments for diagnosing these disorders are time-consuming structured interviews like the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children (Kiddie-SADS). Is it possible to shorten the diagnostic procedure using “paper/pencil” questionnaires as diagnostic tests? The aim of this study was to test the diagnostic value of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), which comprises a self-report form and a parent-report form, and assesses four DSM anxious disorders. We examined 69 children aged 6 to 12 (36 boys) addressed to a school psychology facility using both self-report and parent-report SCAREDs and Kiddie-SADSs. Indices were defined, based on threshold-scores on the four SCARED syndrome scales. Theses indices all showed high sensitivity, but have different specificities: maximal for separation anxiety disorder, moderate for panic disorder and social phobia, but poor for generalized anxiety disorder. The SCARED-based indices performed well as screen for these four anxious disorders. In addition, they allow substantial time economy in the process of diagnosing separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia.     

Hypochondriacal concerns and somatization in panic disorder

To clarify the relationship between panic disorder and the symptoms of hypochondriasis and somatization, we evaluated these symptoms and diagnoses in patients attending an Anxiety Disorders Clinic. Structured clinical interviews, self-report measures, and symptom diaries were used to assess 21 patients with panic disorder, 23 patients with social phobia, and 22 control subjects with no psychiatric disorders. Ten of the patients with panic disorder (48%) also met DSM-IV criteria for hypochondriasis, whereas only one of the patients with social phobia and none of the healthy control subjects met the criteria for this diagnosis. None of the participants met DSM-IV criteria for somatization disorder, even though both anxiety groups reported high levels of somatic symptoms. The panic disorder group reported higher levels of fear about illness and disease conviction and endorsed more somatic symptoms than did the other groups. A higher proportion of panic disorder patients reported previously diagnosed medical conditions (48%) as compared with patients with social phobia (17%) or healthy control subjects (14%). The panic disorder patients with DSM-IV hypochondriasis obtained higher scores on measures of hypochondriacal concerns, somatization, blood–injury phobia, and general anxiety and distress than did the panic disorder patients without hypochondriasis. The results suggest a strong association between panic disorder and hypochondriasis. Depression and Anxiety 6:78–85, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

新冠肺炎疫情期间安徽省中学生应对方式及其与焦虑情绪的关系

目的 探讨新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间安徽省13～18岁中学生的应对方式及其与焦虑情绪的关系.方法 于2020年2月13日-19日,采用方便抽样方法,以网络问卷形式,使用中学生应对方式量表(CSSMSS)及儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查量表(SCARED)对安徽省中学生进行横断面调查.结果 CSSMSS评定结果 显示,...     

在校高中生功能性头痛患者抑郁障碍的调查研究

目的探讨在校高中生功能性头痛患者中焦虑/抑郁障碍的发生率及其特点,为临床治疗提供依据。方法入选对象分为病例组66例,对照组59例,均采用Zung氏焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表进行匿名测试,并附加要求注明性别、年级、病程、伴随症状以及农村或非农村家庭。结果焦虑、抑郁评分病例组明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。病例组与对照组相比,焦虑发生率分别为12.12%和0(P<0.05),抑郁发生率分别为48.48%和6.78%(P<0.01),焦虑者同时伴抑郁病例组中,有伴随症状者焦虑/抑郁障碍发生率明显较多(P<0.05);绝大多数焦虑/抑郁障碍患者均为病程1个月以上(P<0.01);高三患者焦虑、抑郁障碍发生率最高(P<0.05、0.01);男女相比以及城乡家庭相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在校高中生长时间的功能性头痛可引起焦虑/抑郁障碍,其发生率与病程、年级和是否伴随症状明显相关,而与性别、家庭无关。对头痛患者潜在焦虑/抑郁障碍的常规筛查有利于对这种共病的及早发现、及早干预和提高疗效。     

The relationship of hypochondriasis to anxiety disorders

There is evidence from the literature of phenomenological overlap between hypochondriasis and several anxiety disorders, including specific phobia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Even though the boundaries of these disorders are specifically addressed in the DSM-IV criteria, there is evidence of anxiety and phobic symptoms among hypochondriacal patients and hypochondriacal concerns among patients with these various anxiety disorders. Beyond that there appears to be considerable shared comorbidity. However, the data remain limited and few direct comparisons have been made between hypochondriacal and anxious patients belonging to particular diagnostic categories. Subtypes of hypochondriasis may exist. In fact, the clearest link would seem to be between the illness phobia subtype and other phobic disorders, although this subgroup has had little study. Thus, hypochondriasis is distinct from the anxiety disorders but, because of phenomenological similarities and extensive comorbidity, consideration should be given to classifying it among them.     

Developmental trajectories of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms: a 5-year prospective community study

ObjectiveThis study prospectively examined the developmental trajectories of anxiety disorder symptoms in a large sample of adolescents from the general population.MethodTwo cohorts of early and middle adolescents (1,318 junior high and high school students) completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders during 5 consecutive years. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders is a questionnaire that measures self-rated child and adolescent anxiety symptoms that map onto DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorders. At the first wave of measurement, the early and middle adolescent cohorts were an average of 12 and 16 years of age, respectively. Age and sex differences in the developmental trajectories of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms over time were examined by means of latent growth modeling.ResultsOver the course of 5 years, there was a slight decrease in the panic disorder, school anxiety, and separation anxiety disorder symptoms for all of the adolescents, with the exception of social phobia symptoms, which remained fairly stable over time. Adolescent girls showed a slight increase of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms over time, whereas these symptoms decreased among adolescent boys.ConclusionsThis study replicates and extends earlier findings on the developmental trajectories of anxiety symptoms during adolescence. By using individually focused, trajectory-based analyses rather than group score differences, this study extends earlier findings and advances our understanding of age and sex differences in the development of adolescent anxiety symptoms.     

Personality disorders and time to remission in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder

BACKGROUND: This investigation assessed the effect of personality disorders (PersDs) on time to remission in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, or panic disorder. METHODS: Selected Axis I and II predictors of time to remission during 5 years of follow-up were assessed in 514 patients with 1 or more of these anxiety disorders who participated in the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Program, a multisite, prospective, longitudinal, naturalistic study. RESULTS: The presence of a PersD predicted a 30% lower likelihood of generalized anxiety disorder remission, a 39% lower likelihood of social phobia remission, and no difference in likelihood of panic disorder remission. More specifically, a lower likelihood of remission from generalized anxiety disorder was predicted by the presence of avoidant PersD (34% lower) and dependent PersD (14% lower). The presence of avoidant PersD predicted a 41% lower likelihood of social phobia remission. The presence of major depressive disorder did not account for these findings. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide new data on the pernicious effect of PersDs on the course of generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia but not panic disorder, suggesting that PersDs have a differential effect on the outcome of anxiety disorders.