协同努力，提高吞咽困难的治疗水平

上世纪90年代,国内康复医学界在深入推广卒中肢体功能康复的基础上,进而开始关注卒中高级脑功能障碍及吞咽困难等康复治疗。经过多年努力,在这些方面的工作已经取得可喜的成绩,无论是在基础研究还是临床实践领     

中国脑血管病临床管理指南（第2版）（节选）——第8章 脑血管病康复管理

卒中具有高发病率、高死亡率、高致残率的特点。卒中康复可最大限度改善患者的功能障碍,预防并发症,提高ADL能力,促进患者回归家庭,融入社会。规范的康复流程和方案尤为关键。本指南将介绍卒中康复管理模式即三级康复网络的主要内容,并就具体功能障碍的评估和康复方案（运动功能障碍、感觉障碍、吞咽障碍、构音障碍、失语、认知障碍、心肺功能障碍、心理障碍）、ADL和社会参与障碍康复、职业康复、合并症（皮肤破损、挛缩、深静脉血栓形成、肠道和膀胱失禁、偏瘫性肩痛、肩手综合征、中枢性疼痛、骨质疏松）的评估和康复以及康复护理等多方面形成了推荐意见。     

卒中后上肢康复机器人应用研究进展

卒中后运动功能障碍是神经科医师面临的一大难题,其中对卒中患者的上肢进行康复治疗具有重要的临床意义,而上肢康复机器人是解决这一难题的重要手段。本文通过介绍上肢康复机器人的本体结构、基于肌电信号和脑电信号等生物电信号的康复机器人的人机交互技术、康复机器人的位置及接触力控制技术以及上肢康复训练效果的评价方法,探讨上肢康复机器人的发展前景。     

认知功能障碍评价及康复治疗进展

认知功能障碍是脑组织损伤后的主要功能障碍之一,随着我国康复医学的迅速发展而越来越受到关注。认知功能障碍评价和康复治疗在临床的应用日益广泛,在传统评价和康复治疗基础上,在计算机、互联网和物联网技术推动下,涌现出新型认知功能障碍评价和康复治疗方法。本文拟就临床常用的认知功能障碍评价和康复治疗方法及其进展进行综述。     

编者按

正中国是全世界卒中发病率最高的国家之一。卒中存活患者中70%～80%遗留有不同程度的神经功能障碍,包括感觉和运动功能障碍、言语和交流功能障碍、认知功能障碍、吞咽障碍、情感障碍、心肺功能障碍等,这些功能障碍严重影响患者的日常生活活动能力及社会参与能力,给患者、家庭及社会造成沉重的负担。针对卒中导致的各种功能障碍,进行早期、全面的康复治疗,能够改善患者的功能障碍,     

卒中与睡眠障碍

卒中包括缺血性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）和出血性卒中,具有高发病率、高复发率、高致残率、高致死率的特点,其中致死率位居我国第一[1]。卒中后常出现各种各样的睡眠障碍,主要表现为失眠、过度睡眠、异态睡眠、不宁腿综合征、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等。卒中患者合并睡眠障碍不仅会降低患者的生活质量,而且影响神经功能康复,甚至增加卒中复发与死亡率。反之,各种睡眠障碍也会增加卒中的发病率。但是目前国内外对卒中患者的睡眠障碍关注度仍较低,对睡眠障碍的治疗也不够积极。梳理卒中与睡眠障碍方面的研究以深刻认识两者之间的内在关系,对防治卒中有着重要的意义。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后下肢运动功能障碍的机制及应用研究进展

脑卒中后下肢运动功能恢复是脑卒中患者康复的重要目标之一。重复经颅磁刺激作为一种非入侵性脑刺激技术, 能够调控神经元兴奋性, 促进神经可塑性, 在神经康复领域存在巨大的潜力。既往其已广泛应用于治疗脑卒中后上肢和手运动功能障碍中, 而近期有研究表明其也能够改善脑卒中后下肢运动功能障碍。本文综述重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后下肢运动功能障碍的临床研究进展, 探讨脑卒中后运动功能障碍的机制假说及脑卒中后下肢运动功能重组的可能机制, 以期为未来的研究及临床应用提供新的思路。     

北京卒中社区康复的现状调查分析

目的 调查了解北京市丰台区社区居民对卒中康复相关知识的认知情况以及社区康复现状。方法 在北京市丰台区两个社区内采用随机抽样方法随机抽样198名卒中患者,194名卒中患者看护人,填写自行设计的调查表。结果 调查显示约9.7%的患者及9.3%的看护人表示对康复治疗很了解或比较了解。约65.2%的患者和63.0%的看护人希望能够在社区进行康复。但只有34.4%的患者和42%的看护人曾经进行过社区康复。结论 北京市丰台区两社区居民对卒中康复治疗的相关知识仍比较缺乏,社区康复开展率较低,但是对康复的需求量仍较大。需要进一步加强康复治疗相关知识的宣传,同时进一步普及社区康复。     

强制性使用运动疗法研究进展

脑卒中是急性脑循环障碍导致局限性或弥漫性脑功能缺损的临床事件,其病死率、致残率很高。全球每年约有2000万脑血管病事件发生。其中约75%卒中存活者遗留功能障碍,从较轻的感觉障碍到严重的运动障碍和认知功能障碍。卒中的康复治疗目前仍大多建立在经验基础上的而不是建立在科学的理论基础上。目前强制性使用运动疗法（constraint-induced movement therapy,CIMT或CIT）在治疗脑卒中偏瘫后遗症方面已取得很好效果。     

中国脑血管病临床管理指南（节选版）——卒中康复管理

<正>循证医学证实,康复是降低卒中致残率最有效的方法,也是卒中组织化管理模式中不可或缺的关键环节。现代康复理论和实践证明,有效的康复训练能够减轻患者功能上的残疾,提高患者的满意度,加速卒中的康复进程,降低潜在的护理费用,节约社会资源。卒中康复指南最重要的目的是为康复治疗的实施和评价提供科学证据和基础,规范卒中康复的治疗行为,帮助医疗机构按照循证医学支持的治疗方案进行操作,提高康复疗效。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.