冷热循环对牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏的影响

目的：探讨冷热循环对牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏的影响。方法：用透射电镜观察3种黏结系统(Adper Prompt，U-Bond，Opti Bond)有无冷热循环作用下，牙本质黏结界面银沉积情况，并用NIH图像分析软件量化处理，以银沉积面积占混合层面积的百分比来评价纳米渗漏程度。结果：各实验组和对照组银沉积面积百分比分别为AP(9．27％，8.96％)、UB(9．62％，8．75％)、OB(8．18％，9.20％)。结论：研究中所用黏结系统都不能避免纳米渗漏产生；短期冷热循环对自酸蚀黏结系统黏结界面纳米渗漏有增加的趋势。     

循环加载对牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏的影响

目的:探讨循环加载对牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏的影响。方法:选用3种黏结系统:Prime & BondNT(NT),Adper Prompt(AP)和Contax。用扫描电镜(SEM)观察这3种黏结系统在有无循环加载的作用下,牙本质黏结断面银渗漏情况,并用NHl图像分析软件量化处理,以界面银沉积面积占断裂界面的百分比来评价纳米渗漏程度。结果:各对照组银沉积面积的百分比分别为NT(11.48%±2.84%)、AP(21.18%±3.66%)、Contax(14.30%±2.52%),实验组分别为NT(25.20%±4.69%)、AP(38.96%±8.78%)、Contax(29.94%±4.51%)。结论:无论加载与否,所用3种黏结系统都不能避免纳米渗漏的产生;循环加载使黏结系统黏结界面纳米渗漏增加,尤其以AP最为显著。     

黏结面润湿度对牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏和黏结强度的影响

目的: 研究、比较不同黏结面湿润度对4种伞酸蚀黏结剂(OptiBond Solo、Single Bond、One-Step、Prime & Bond NT)牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏和黏结强度的影响.方法:选取60个无龋损人磨牙,用600目碳化硅砂纸在流水冲洗下预备出统一的牙本质黏结面玷污层,分别选用4种黏结剂在不同黏结而湿润度条件下进行黏结处理.每个牙齿垂直于黏结面切割出8个1.0 mm×1.0 mm×4.0 mm黏结试件,分别在TEM下观察其黏结界面纳米渗漏以及进行微拉伸强度(μTBS)测试.结果:4种黏结剂在润湿的黏结面上均取得了最高的牙本质黏结强度和较少的纳米渗漏.结论:通过合理控制黏结面润湿度,可以在提高牙本质黏结强度的同时,减少黏结界面纳米渗漏的产生.     

牙本质黏结界面的微渗漏与纳米渗漏

目的：观察牙本质黏结界面微渗漏与纳米渗漏,探讨两者的关系。方法：在离体人磨牙的颊、舌侧颈部制备盒形单面洞（直径3mm,洞深2mm）,将牙分为2组,每组5个牙。对2组牙的窝洞分别应用黏结剂Single Bond、Clearfil SE Bond,然后充填复合树脂并光照固化。所有牙齿进行冷热循环5000次,之后在牙齿表面涂指甲油。将牙齿浸泡于500g/L氨化硝酸银液（pH8.0）中,24h后再浸泡于显影液中8h。随后将牙纵向剖开,暴露充填物剖面,在体视显微、扫描电镜下观察剖面充填物龈缘渗漏情况。结果：所有牙剖面修复体龈缘均存在程度不同的微渗漏,有微渗漏的黏结界面处并未发现因黏结原因所造成的裂缝或微裂隙,但在混合层内观察到纳米渗漏。结论：牙本质黏结界面的微渗漏染色不一定因界面裂缝所致,界面无裂缝的纳米渗漏同样可造成微渗漏染色。     

口内耐久实验对牙本质黏结强度和黏结界面纳米渗漏的影响

目的:观察并评价口内耐久实验对2种黏结剂(Prime＆Bond NT、CleadilTM SE Bond)牙本质黏结强度和黏结界面纳米渗漏的影响.方法:选取2只山羊口内32个磨牙,24 h、3个月前于颊侧预备牙颈部洞,分别用2种黏结剂按使用说明进行处理.拔除相应的牙齿标本,在实验切片机上流水冲洗下垂直于黏结界面切割出4个1.0 mm×1.0 mm×4.0 mm黏结试件,分别在TEM下观察其黏结界面纳米渗漏以及进行微拉伸强度(μTBs)测试.结果:黏结剂PB和CB 3个月组牙本质黏结强度均小于24 h组,相差显著(F=4.610,P<0.05;F=5.10,P<0.05);黏结剂PB 3个月组的牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏值小于24 h组,且相差显著(F=4.983,P<0.05),CB的3个月组纳米渗漏值大于24 h组,但相差不显著(F=0.122,P>0.05).结论:口内耐久实验中,牙本质黏结强度随时间的延长而下降,不同类型黏结剂的牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏的发展变化亦不同.     

自酸蚀黏结剂的牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏观察

目的观察并评价3种自酸蚀黏结剂(ClearfilTMSEBond、AdperTMPromptTM、PANAVIATMF)黏结处理后的牙本质纳米渗漏。方法选取9颗无龋坏人磨牙,用600目碳化硅砂纸在流水冲洗下预备出统一的牙本质黏结面玷污层。分别用3种自酸蚀黏结剂按使用说明进行黏结处理。每颗牙齿垂直于黏结面切割出5个0.9mm厚黏结试件,避光贮存于氨化硝酸银溶液中24h,在透射电镜(TEM)下观察牙本质黏结界面纳米渗漏。结果3种自酸蚀黏结剂试件牙本质黏结界面混合层的底部在TEM下均观察到排列规则的银粒子渗漏。结论自酸蚀牙本质黏结界面下可能存在未完全封闭的牙本质脱矿层,存在纳米渗漏。     

酸蚀时间对牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏和粘接强度的影响

目的:研究、比较不同酸蚀时间对4种全酸蚀粘接剂[OptiBond Solo(OB)、Single Bond(SB)、One-Step(OS)、Prime & Bond NT(PB)]牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏和粘接强度的影响.方法:选取80颗无龋损人磨牙,用600目碳化硅砂纸在流水冲洗下预备出统一的牙本质粘接面玷污层,分别选用4种粘接剂在不同酸蚀时间条件下进行粘接处理;每颗牙齿垂直于粘接面切割出8个1.0 mm×1.0 mm×4.0 mm粘接试件,分别在TEM下观察其粘接界面纳米渗漏以及进行微抗拉强度(μBS)测试.结果:4种粘接剂的牙本质粘接强度OB为(25.36±4.18)MPa、SB为(24.25±3.97)MPa、OS为(28.65±4.93)MPa和PB为(27.12±4.13)MPa,在酸蚀粘接面15 s时均取得高的牙本质粘接强度(P＜0.01),并且牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏均随粘接面酸蚀时间的延长而增加,呈正相关关系(F OB=0.842,F SB=0.888,F OS=0.877,F PB=0.865;P＜0.01).结论:通过合理控制粘接面酸蚀时间,可以在保证牙本质粘接强度的前提下,减少牙本质粘接界面纳米渗漏.     

口内耐久实验中牙本质粘结界面纳米渗漏的研究

目的：观察并评价不同时间口内耐久实验后2种粘结剂（Prime＆Bond NT（PB）、ClearfilTM SE Bond（CB））牙本质粘结界面纳米渗漏的发展、变化。方法：选取山羊口内8颗磨牙,分别于24小时、3个月前于颊侧预备Ⅴ类洞,选用2种不同类型粘结剂按使用说明进行处理。拔除后,每个牙齿标本在实验切片机上流水冲洗下垂直于粘结界面切割出4个4.0×0.9×4.0mm3粘结试件,避光贮存于氨化硝酸银溶液中24小时,在TEM下观察、比较牙本质粘结界面纳米渗漏。结果：粘结剂PB3个月组（（9.36±2.28）%）的牙本质粘结界面纳米渗漏值小于24小时组（（12.87±5.24）%）,且相差显著（F=4.983,p〈0.05）,CB的3个月组（（13.90±5.28）%）纳米渗漏值大于24小时组（（13.06±5.32）%）,但相差不显著（F=0.122,p〉0.05）。结论：不同类型粘结剂牙本质粘结界面纳米渗漏随口内耐久时间延长的发展变化各不相同。     

牙本质粘结界面纳米渗漏的激光扫描共聚焦显微观察

目的:观察三种牙科粘结剂邦多、Single Bond、Prime & BondNT牙本质粘结界面纳米渗漏情况。方法:选取12个无龋磨牙,600目碳化硅砂纸在流水冲洗下预备出相同的牙本质粘结面玷污层。分别用三种粘结材料按使用说明进行粘结。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)测量截面下10μm处荧光剂渗透的长度。结果:三种粘结剂牙本质粘结界面在CLSM下均观察到明显的纳米渗漏,其中邦多156.93±57.39μm,SingleBond97.76±39.03μm,Prime & Bond NT56.41±29.15μm,三者之间均存在显著性差异。结论:牙科粘结剂牙本质粘结界面均存在不同程度的纳米渗漏。     

氟牙症牙本质黏结界面银渗漏的实验研究

目的:研究氟牙症严重程度对牙本质黏结界面银渗漏的影响。方法:选择轻、中、重度(Dean氏分类)人离体有氟牙症的磨牙各4个,充分暴露面牙本质后,在该表面上顺牙体长轴做切槽,将每个牙面均分为近远中两部分,分别用黏结剂Prime&BondNT(NT)和Contax进行黏结。37℃蒸馏水中浸泡24h后,500g/L氨化硝酸银染色。然后将试件进行包埋和切片(垂直于切槽),背散射电子成像观察测量正反两面银染的深度。结果:轻、中、重度氟牙症牙本质黏结界面的银染深度分别为:NT黏结剂(339.33±92.68)μm,(335.06±96.59)μm,(708.16±131.55)μm;Contax黏结剂(264.00±96.32)μm,(401.44±92.34)μm,(618.86±165.95)μm。结论:对同一种黏结剂,重度氟牙症牙本质黏结界面银渗漏程度明显高于其他两组(P<0.05);但对于相同程度的氟牙症,不同黏结剂界面银渗漏程度无统计学差异(P>0.05)。     

Interfacial ultramorphology of single-step adhesives: nanoleakage as a function of time

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of single-step self-etching adhesives in preventing nanoleakage over a 90-day water-storage period, and analyse the ultramorphological characteristics of resin-dentin interfaces. Three single-step self-etching adhesives were evaluated: Adper Prompt L-Pop - LP (3M ESPE), iBond - iB (Heraeus Kulzer), and Clearfil Tri-S Bond - S3 (Kuraray). Bonded specimens were sectioned into 0.9-mm thick slabs and stored in water for 1, 60 or 90 days. After the storage periods, a silver tracer solution was used to reveal nanometer-sized spaces and evidence of degradation within resin-dentin interfaces. Epoxy resin-embedded sections were prepared, and the interfaces observed with the TEM. Nanoleakage patterns were compared among adhesives and storage periods using image analysis software. Data were statistically analysed by two-way anova and Tukey test. Nanoleakage was observed in all resin-dentin interfaces produced by the single-step self-etching adhesives. Results showed that LP presented the lowest silver deposition means at 1 day. However, after 60 and 90 days, the area of silver deposition significantly increased for LP. iB presented intense silver deposition after 1 day and a small increase after 90 days. S3 presented the lowest silver deposition means after 60 and 90 days of water-storage.     

The nanoleakage phenomenon: influence of different dentin bonding agents, thermocycling and etching time

"Nanoleakage" takes place within the hybrid layer zone of the dentin-composite interface in spaces not occupied by polymerized resin. The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of nanoleakage in specimens treated with one of six different bonding agents. For one agent, different etching times were used, and for two agents results after thermocycling were obtained. Standardized class V cavities were prepared in 165 extracted human molars with cervical margins located in dentin. After placement of the composite using bonding agents, the teeth were stored in a 1% rhodamin-B-isothiocyanate solution for 24 h at 20 degrees C, embedded in methacrylate, and sectioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to visualize a layer 10 microm below the prepared surface of the section. The lengths of the penetrated pathways were measured, representing the amount of nanoleakage. In all materials tested, penetration pathways appeared within the hybrid layer in absence of gap formation. Penetration lengths of the tested materials were in a range from 69 +/- 24 microm to 469 +/- 333 microm. Thermocycling had no statistically significant influence, and etching for 15 s resulted in statistically significantly shorter penetration compared to longer etching.     

人工唾液浸泡对两种牙本质粘接剂粘接界面的影响

目的：探讨含细菌的人工唾液对两种牙本质粘接剂粘接界面纳米渗漏的影响。方法：选用全酸蚀粘接剂Prime Bond NT（NT）与自酸蚀粘接剂Adper Prompt（AP）分别与正常牙本质粘接并制备微拉伸试件,之后将试件浸泡于含细菌的人工唾液中,分别在即刻、1周、1月、3月时取出进行硝酸银染色,用扫描电镜（SEM）观察粘接界面银沉积情况,并用NIH图像分析软件量化处理,以界面银沉积面积占断裂界面的百分比来评价界面纳米渗漏程度。结果：粘接界面在即刻、1周、1月、3月时的银沉积面积百分比分别为NT：（10．97±5．14）％、（12．25±4．01）％、（16．49±4．43）％、（21．03±5．65）％：AP：（17．00±5．40）％、（18．71±6．94）％、（22．81±5．60）％、（26．79±5．77）％。结论：无论浸泡人工唾液与否,粘接试件都无法避免纳米渗漏的产生;含细菌的人工唾液浸泡会影响粘接的稳定性,浸泡3个月即表现出界面银渗漏程度的显著增加。     

Relationship between nanoleakage and microtensile bond strength at the resin-dentin interface

To evaluate the correlation between microtensile dentin bond strength (microTBS) and silver ion penetration, two total-etch 3-step and one self-etch 2-step system were investigated. OptiBond FL adhesive was applied to flat occlusal dentin on six non-carious human molars, and a resin composite "crown" was formed in 2 mm increments. After 24-hour water storage, the teeth were sectioned with a low-speed diamond saw to obtain four-square sticks (approximately 2 mm X 2 mm) per tooth. Cylindrical tensile test specimens were formed with an 0.5 mm2 cross-sectional area. Nail varnish was applied to the dentin within 0.5-1.0 mm of the interface before immersing in 50% silver nitrate for 15 minutes. Following silver fixation, tensile testing was performed in a Zwick UTM at 1 mm/minute using a passive gripping fixture to obtain 72-hour microTBS [23.9 MPa]. The percentage area of silver penetration was measured on debonded specimens using light microscopy and Image-Pro Plus Software [89%]. The procedures were repeated using Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus [microTBS = 27.8 MPa; nanoleakage = 67%] and Clearfil SE bond [microTBS = 36 MPa; nanoleakage = 55%]. No significant correlation between microtensile bond strength and nanoleakage was found for all systems. A weak-to-moderate negative relationship was found between microTBS and nanoleakage for OptiBond FL (Spearman r = -0.3844). No correlation was found for the remaining adhesive systems. The correlation between these two common laboratory measurements appears to be adhesive-system dependent.     

Morphological characterization of the resin-dentin interface in primary teeth

The effects of self-etching adhesives on primary teeth were evaluated. Reports in the literature suggest differences between the first and second dentition regarding the composition and the morphology and, therefore, a possible difference in the performance of dental adhesives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-etching adhesives on primary dentin. Eight dentin disks were obtained from the occlusal surface of primary molars. The disks were divided between four dental adhesives [Prompt L-PoP (LP), Clearfil SE BOND (SE), Etch&Prime 3.0 (EP) and Prime&Bond NT (PB) + H₃PO₄ (Control) and restored with a composite (Pertac II)]. After sectioning, fixation and HMDS drying, specimens were polished and Field Emission SEM examinations were carried out. Clearly visible hybrid layer formation was found for PB, LP and EP. An undoubtedly detectable interdiffusion zone was not evident after the use of SE. A clearly visible adhesive layer was recognizable for PB, EP and SE, but not continuously detectable for LP. Debonded regions were observed for all systems evaluated, but distinct differences in the failure mode were detected. The evaluated dental adhesives did not generate completely sealed interfaces between the composite resin and the dentin of primary teeth in vitro.     

三种脱敏剂对全酸蚀粘结剂牙本质粘结强度和界面形态的影响

目的:研究、比较三种脱敏剂对全酸蚀粘结剂牙本质粘结强度及其粘结界面形态的影响。方法:选择12个无龋损离体人磨牙,磨除牙合面釉质,用600目碳化硅砂纸在流水下预备出有统一玷污层的牙本质粘结面后,随机分为4组,分别用去离子水(对照组)和3种脱敏剂(Hybrid Coat、Gluma、极固宁)进行脱敏处理后,应用Single Bond 2在面粘结4 mm树脂。然后将每个牙垂直于粘结面切割出12个1.0 mm×1.0 mm×4.0 mm的粘结试件,分别在SEM下观察其粘结界面微观形态并进行微拉伸强度(μTBS)测试。结果:HybridCoat组粘结强度最高((14.81±3.87)MPa,随后依次为去离子水组(13.39±4.67)MPa、Gluma组(12.76±2.96)MPa和极固宁组(10.48±4.32)MPa,各组间两两比较,极固宁组明显低于其他3组(P﹤0.05),其他3组间相比均无显著性差异(P﹥0.05);Hybrid Coat组形成的树脂突大部分>35μm,长而密集;Gluma组形成的树脂突长7～35μm;极固宁组形成的树脂突长20～35μm,较稀疏。结论:Hybrid Coat和Gluma对全酸蚀粘结剂牙本质粘结强度无明显影响,而极固宁则明显降低其粘结强度。