应用核磁黑血血栓成像联合头部增强MRV诊断的颅内枕窦及边缘窦血栓形成1例报告

正颅内静脉窦血栓形成(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST)是一种罕见的卒中形式,好发于年轻女性~[1]。临床常见颅内静脉窦血栓形成部位为上矢状窦、下矢状窦、橫窦、直窦、乙状窦、海绵窦~[2],临床上常用诊断手段为头部MR静脉成像(magnetic resonance venography,MRV)/CT静脉成像(computed tomographic venography,CTV)[1]。但对于特殊部位的CVT患者,常规的检查手段极易漏诊误诊,从而延误治     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成（9例临床报道）

目的:探讨脑静脉血栓形成(CVT)的临床特点与影像学表现。方法:回顾性分析本院9例CVT的临床及影像学资料。结果:①临床表现:头痛(77%)、癫样抽搐(66%)、局灶性神经功能缺失(66%)、视乳头水肿(44%)、不同程度意识障碍(22%)。②影像学资料及治疗转归:1例头颅CT示弥漫性脑水肿,蛛网膜下隙出血合并多发出血性脑梗死,因颅内压持续增高,予外科手术行去骨板减压术,见大脑表面浅静脉怒张呈绳索状并多数点片状出血灶。8例行头颅MRI和MRV,显示直接征像8例、间接征像6例。其中2例同时行DSA,均显示多个静脉和静脉窦充盈缺损。静脉血栓部位:上矢状窦合并浅静脉血栓1例,上矢状窦合并侧窦及多处静脉受累7例,直窦血栓1例。7例行肝素抗凝等对症治疗、1例行血管内局部溶栓、1例行矢状窦手术取栓并抗凝治疗。症状缓解至痊愈7例,病死2例。结论:首诊时诊断不明确,可先作头颅CT,排除颅内非CVT性病变,临床已拟诊CVT时,应首选MRI+MRV,进行综合判断是目前诊断和随访CVT的最好方法,婴幼儿CVT常表现为癫发作起病,提示CVT是婴幼儿重要的未被识别的性发作原因之一。     

静脉性脑梗死的磁共振成像表现

目的 总结静脉性脑梗死的磁共振表现特征.方法 回顾分析15例静脉性脑梗死的磁共振成像表现.结果 15例MRI显示病灶位于大脑半球额、顶、枕、颞叶皮层及皮层下12例,其中单发病灶6例,单侧多发病灶2例,双侧多发病灶4例;病变呈不规则片状长T1、长T2信号,边界不清;双侧丘脑、基底节及脑干对称性病变3例,呈对称性长T1、长T2信号,边界清楚;12例可见脑静脉窦信号异常.14例MRV显示脑内一条或多条静脉窦信号缺失,其中横窦-乙状窦受累4例,上矢状窦受累2例,横窦-乙状窦和上矢状窦同时受累3例,直窦及大脑大静脉受累3例.结论 静脉性脑梗死与动脉性脑梗死相比有其明显磁共振成像表现特征,MRI和MRV检查相结合可及时而精确的诊断该病.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成临床特征及抗凝治疗联合血管内溶栓治疗

目的总结颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床和影像学表现以及抗凝治疗联合溶栓治疗的临床效果。方法与结果22例颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者,临床表现多样,主要表现为头痛(90.91%,20/22),亦可见意识障碍、癫发作和中枢神经系统局灶性体征。12例(54.55%)血浆D-二聚体水平升高。14例行腰椎穿刺脑脊液检查,9例(9/14)颅内压升高,常规和生化无特征性变化。头部CT和(或)MRI、CTV和(或)MRV显示,22例均有静脉窦血栓直接征象(上矢状窦、横窦、乙状窦、直窦、皮质静脉扩张),13例(59.09%)存在脑实质损害(脑出血、脑梗死、脑白质异常),2例(9.10%)发生蛛网膜下隙出血,1例(4.55%)发生硬膜下血肿。DSA显示颅内静脉窦血栓形成部位为上矢状窦13例(59.09%)、横窦17例(77.27%)、乙状窦14例(63.64%)、下矢状窦2例(9.10%)、直窦4例(18.18%)、大脑大静脉1例(4.55%)、颈内静脉1例(4.55%),其中9例(40.91%)存在2个静脉窦血栓、8例(36.36%)存在3个或以上静脉窦血栓。予肝素钠静脉滴注或低分子量肝素皮下注射以及华法林口服抗凝治疗数天,症状未见缓解或进行性加重,21例(95.45%)再予尿激酶静脉窦内或动脉溶栓治疗。共住院13~59 d,平均(25.70±12.18)d,改良Rankin量表评分0~1分13例(59.09%)、2分4例(18.18%)、3~4分5例(22.73%),治疗总有效率为77.27%(17/22)。结论颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者常存在多个静脉窦血栓或深静脉血栓及脑实质损害,对于抗凝治疗效果不明显的患者,联合溶栓治疗有助于改善预后。     

以头痛为唯一临床表现的脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的头痛特征

目的 探讨以头痛为唯一临床表现的脑静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous thrombosis,CVT）患者的头
痛特征。
方法 回顾性纳入2012年1月-2018年12月北京航天总医院神经内科连续收治的以头痛为唯一临床
表现的CVT患者。以头痛为唯一表现指除头痛外无提示颅内压升高的体征,且脑脊液压力正常,影像
或脑脊液检测显示无蛛网膜下腔出血。分析这类患者的头痛特征（部位、发作模式、演变和强度）。
结果 共8例患者纳入本研究,中位年龄40岁,女性6例（75%）。最常受累的静脉窦是侧窦（7例,
87.5%）。4例患者累及左侧侧窦,头痛均位于左侧;4例患者累及中线静脉窦（上矢状窦或直窦）,头痛
均为双侧性。头痛发作模式：进展性头痛7例,闪电样头痛1例;演变：持续性7例,间歇性1例;强度：严
重头痛7例,中等程度头痛1例。
结论 对于仅表现为头痛并且颅内压正常以及无蛛网膜下腔出血的CVT患者,侧窦受累很常见,尤
其是左侧。头痛部位与受累静脉窦位置一致。     

以头痛为唯一临床表现的脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的头痛特征

目的 探讨以头痛为唯一临床表现的脑静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous thrombosis,CVT）患者的头 痛特征。 方法 回顾性纳入2012年1月-2018年12月北京航天总医院神经内科连续收治的以头痛为唯一临床 表现的CVT患者。以头痛为唯一表现指除头痛外无提示颅内压升高的体征,且脑脊液压力正常,影像 或脑脊液检测显示无蛛网膜下腔出血。分析这类患者的头痛特征（部位、发作模式、演变和强度）。 结果 共8例患者纳入本研究,中位年龄40岁,女性6例（75%）。最常受累的静脉窦是侧窦（7例, 87.5%）。4例患者累及左侧侧窦,头痛均位于左侧;4例患者累及中线静脉窦（上矢状窦或直窦）,头痛 均为双侧性。头痛发作模式：进展性头痛7例,闪电样头痛1例;演变：持续性7例,间歇性1例;强度：严 重头痛7例,中等程度头痛1例。 结论 对于仅表现为头痛并且颅内压正常以及无蛛网膜下腔出血的CVT患者,侧窦受累很常见,尤 其是左侧。头痛部位与受累静脉窦位置一致。     

23例颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床表现及影像学诊断

目的 研究颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVT）的临床特征及影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析23例CVT患的临床资料及影像学特点，包括发病原因，临床表现，血栓部位，及颅脑CT和磁共振成像（MRI／MRA），数字减影血管造影（DSA）的异常表现。结果 妊娠及产褥期是CVT的最主要的危险因素。大多数病人表现有头痛，呕吐，视乳头水肿颅内高压征，近半数以上病人伴有意识障碍，偏瘫，癫痫发作，颅神经损害，脑膜刺激征等。少数病例CT可呈条索征或空三角征。上矢状窦MRI特征表现为T1，T2加权像窦内高信号，DSA可见受累的一处或多处静脉窦显影不良，静脉循环时间延长。结论 CVT临床表现多样，颅脑CT无特异性，MRI／MRA，DSA可帮助早期确诊并确定病变部位，多静脉窦或静脉血栓应引起注意。     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘发病机制的研究进展

硬脑膜动静脉瘘(dural arteriovenous fistula,DAVF)是指发生于硬脑膜动脉与硬脑膜静脉、脑静脉窦及皮质静脉间的异常动静脉吻合,属颅内血管畸形的范畴,占颅内血管畸形的10%～15%,幕上动静脉畸形的6%,幕下动静脉畸形的35%,可发生于硬脑膜的任何部位,但以海绵窦、横窦、乙状窦、上矢     

脑静脉窦血栓形成患者磁共振成像与磁共振静脉血管成像联合诊断的价值

目的：探讨脑静脉窦血栓（cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ,CVST ）形成患者磁共振成像与磁共振静脉血管成像联合诊断的价值。方法选取脑静脉窦血栓患者40例进行分析。诊断过程中,全体患者均接受磁共振（magnetic resonance venography ,MR）平扫,数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography ,DSA）检查12例,MRV检测6例,增强扫描22例。结果单一横窦受累6例,上矢状窦、乙状窦及横窦受累8例,单一乙状窦受累16例,横窦和上矢状窦联合受累10例。所有患者磁共振成像（magnetic resonance venography ,MRI）及磁共振静脉成像（magnetic resonance venography ,MRV）均表现出信号改变。22例患者增强扫描显示脑静脉非正常强化,但静脉窦内部血栓未强化。M RV检查6例患者及DSA 12例患者的结果显示其受累静脉窦不明显、狭小、不规则,且出现侧支血管形成现象。结论 M RI与M RV联合诊断对于脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断具有较好效果。     

白塞病相关颅内静脉窦血栓形成9例分析

目的 研究白塞病相关颅内静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST）的临床表现、血 栓好发部位、治疗及预后。 方法 回顾性分析2014年1月-2016年8月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院神经内科住院的白塞病 相关CVST患者的临床资料。 结果 共收集白塞病相关CVST患者9例,其中男性2例（22.2%）,女性7例（77.8%）,年龄21～47岁,中 位数是35.9岁;急性起病1例（11.1%）,慢性起病8例（88.9%）;头痛4例（44.4%）、头晕1例（11.1%）、 阵发性黑蒙3例（33.3%）、双眼视力下降5例（55.6%）、视盘水肿9例（100%）、复视3例（33.3%）、耳 鸣1例（11.1%）;乙状窦血栓形成7例（77.8%）、横窦血栓5例（55.6%）、直窦血栓1例（11.1%）、下矢状 窦血栓1例（11.1%）、颈内静脉血栓2例（22.2%）;仅1处静脉窦受累的4例（44.4%）,同时有2处及2处 以上静脉窦受累的5例（55.6%）;所有患者均予醋甲唑胺50 mg 2次/日口服,3例予糖皮质激素冲击 治疗,其中1例合并华法林抗凝治疗、2例进行了腰大池-腹腔分流手术。随访1～32个月,所有患者治疗 后均好转。 结论 白塞病可引起颅内静脉窦血栓形成,可累及单处或多处静脉窦,CVST患者需除外白塞病可能。     

Clinical picture of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis and patterns of dural sinus involvement

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cerebral venous thrombosis may cause focal brain lesions or an isolated intracranial hypertension without focal signs. We investigated whether these different clinical pictures correspond to different patterns of dural sinus thrombosis. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with cerebral venous thrombosis were classified in 2 groups based on the clinical and neuroradiological picture at admission: one group had clinical signs of intracranial hypertension, without focal neurological signs; the other group had focal neurological signs. The extension of thrombosis in dural sinuses was compared between the groups. RESULTS: The amount of thrombosed sinuses was significantly different in the two groups, the involvement of the dural sinuses being greater in patients with isolated intracranial hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical picture of cerebral venous thrombosis is related to the pattern of dural sinus involvement. The presence of isolated intracranial hypertension is more frequent in patients with a more extended thrombosis of the dural sinuses.     

上矢状窦插管溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦闭塞性颅内压增高（附12例临床分析）

目的 探讨静脉窦插管溶栓加导丝疏通治疗颅内静脉窦闭塞性颅内压增高的治疗效果。方法 经上矢状窦插人导管鞘，滴注尿激酶溶栓的同时，在DSA下用导丝机械疏通上矢状窦、左右横窦。结果 12例病人颅内压增高症状全部缓解。无1例死亡，无并发症发生。有7例视力逐渐恢复，1例术前失明术后未能复明。结论 在DSA下进行静脉窦插管溶栓加导丝疏通，是治疗颅内静脉窦闭塞性颅内压增高的一个安全有效、创伤较小的方法。     

Cerebral venous thrombosis caused by spontaneous intracranial hypotension: two cases

The association of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is rare. We are reporting two new cases. In one case, CVT is extensive concerning three sinuses and bilateral parietal cortical veins and, in the other case, only a cortical vein is involved. Both the patients presented had no thrombosis risk factors. There is certainly a link between these two pathologies. SIH should be considered as a risk factor of CVT. Modification of symptoms of SIH leading to CVT must be known to start early treatment.     

Arterial inflow and venous outflow in idiopathic intracranial hypertension associated with venous outflow stenoses.

A reduction in the proportion of the arterial inflow drained by the superior sagittal sinus in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) patients without stenoses has been noted and this has suggested elevated collateral flow. This study defines the interaction between arterial inflow and venous outflow in patients with outflow stenoses and IIH. Forty patients with clinical IIH underwent standard MRI, MR venography and MR flow quantification studies of the cerebral arteries and veins. There were 21/40 patients with venous stenoses. The arterial inflow was 21% higher than normal (p=0.01); however, the superior sagittal sinus outflow was normal, giving a reduced percentage of venous outflow compared to inflow. Seven patients were followed up after remission of their symptoms and the arterial inflows and percentage outflow returned to normal. There is a spectrum of findings in IIH; patients with stenoses have lower inflows than those with patent sinuses but still have evidence of collateral flow.     

Recanalisation and outcome cerebral venous thrombosis

Little is known of the natural history and rate of sinus recanalisation after cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Although acute anticoagulation is effective, the duration of therapy remains speculative. We aimed to determine the relationship between sinus recanalisation and clinical outcome. We studied 12 consecutive patients with aseptic CVT with evidence of sinus thrombosis on initial magnetic resonance imaging, followed up 5-68 months after onset, using 15 repeat magnetic resonance scans in 9 of the patients to assess recanalisation. All patients initially had one or more thrombosed sinuses and were treated with anticoagulants for at least 6 months, including 3 with haemorrhagic infarction. Residual neurological deficits were present in only one patient. No patient had a recurrent thrombosis. Recanalisations was incomplete in 6 of the 9 cases. Sinus recanalisation after cerebral venous thrombosis does not correlate with clinical outcome. Although empirical, the general recommendation of 6 months anticoagulant therapy is appropriate.     

Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a syndrome rediscovered

Pulmonary emboli as a fatal complication of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis was once well recognized in the literature but appears to have been forgotten. The sagittal sinus appeared to be the source of pulmonary emboli in previously reported cases. Even in patients with no evidence of systemic thrombosis, but who have sagittal sinus thrombosis, the possibility of dislodging pulmonary emboli should be strongly considered. We report a case of nontraumatic sagittal sinus thrombosis complicated by multiple pulmonary emboli and a fatal saddle embolism, likely originating from the thrombosed sinus. Our review of the literature between 1942 and 1990 yielded 203 cases of intracranial venous thrombosis. The overall mortality rate was 49.3%. In 23 cases (11.3%), the venous sinus thrombosis was associated with pulmonary emboli and in these the overall mortality rate was 95.6%. In the 203 cases in our review, those patients who received anticoagulation therapy also had a statistically significant better outcome. Therefore, the presence of pulmonary emboli in association with sagittal sinus thrombosis mandates a sober assessment of the need of anticoagulation therapy in the absence of obvious contraindication.     

Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults. Reference data from 130 volunteers

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults is a new, emerging application of ultrasonographic imaging. This study reports a standardized examination protocol for venous TCCS and provides reference data for clinical application. METHODS: In 130 healthy volunteers (mean age, 45.9+/-16.9 years; range, 14 to 77 years) the intracranial venous system was examined using frequency-based transtemporal TCCS. Identification rate, blood flow velocity, resistance index, and systolic/diastolic ratio were recorded for each examined venous vessel. RESULTS: Intracranial veins and sinuses show a low pulsatile forward flow with maximal systolic blood flow velocity up to 20 cm/s. Significant side differences of blood flow velocity in the paired venous structures could not be detected. Venous flow velocities decreased with age, whereas resistance indices and systolic/diastolic ratios increased. Women showed higher flow velocities than men. Mean identification rates for all age groups ranged from 70% to 90% for the deep middle cerebral vein, the basal cerebral vein, and the great cerebral vein of Galen. The straight sinus, the transverse sinus, and the rostral part of the superior sagittal sinus could be detected in 55% to 70% of cases. Detection rates were dependent on age and decreased as age increased. CONCLUSIONS: Venous TCCS can reliably image a significant part of the cerebral venous system. This method can provide information on venous hemodynamics in normal subjects and pathological cases.