Sequential Changes in T and B Lymphocyte Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus in Man

Lymphocytes of seven patients with primary herpetic infection, twenty-three patients with recurrent herpes labialis and of nineteen control subjects were separated into T and B enriched cells by the use of nylon wool columns. In the absence of a herpetic infection the thymidine incorporation and macrophage migration inhibition responses to herpes simplex virus (HSV), Candida albicans and PPD, and the thymidine incorporation induced by PHA were functions of T cells. When a herpetic infection was present, the unfractionated lymphocyte response to HSV was increased, as measured by thymidine incorporation, but the T cell response was unchanged. However, T cells did show an increased response to HSV when prepared by elimination of cells forming rosettes with zymosan-complement. T cells of some patients were stimulated by contact with zymosan, and this correlated with the response to C. albicans. It is suggested that lymphocyte responses to HSV in man are mediated by T cells, but that these cells are specifically retained by nylon wool columns at the time of a herpetic infection. This may be associated with acquisition of an Fc receptor by the sensitized T cells.     

Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus During and After Primary Gingivostomatitis

A total of 17 children, aged 1 to 15 years, with gingivostomatitis were investigated to follow the development of immune parameters in those who suffered from herpes simplex virus stomatitis. Mouth swabs were obtained during the acute attack. Blood samples were collected on this occasion and again about 3 weeks later. Humoral immunity to herpes simplex virus was investigated by a complement fixation test and by an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. Cell-mediated immunity was investigated in a blast transformation assay with herpes simplex virus type 1 antigen and phytohemagglutinin. Interferon production in herpes-stimulated cultures was measured. Thirteen patients had a herpes simplex stomatitis. Twelve of these children were negative in the complement fixation test on the first serum specimen, but only five were negative in the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. These five were still febrile at the time of investigation. Blast transformation was negative at the first investigation in most children, whereas interferon was produced both in leukocyte cultures obtained during the infection and also in cultures made 3 to 4 weeks after the infection. An increase in immune parameters was seen in all patients with herpes stomatitis. From results in blast transformation and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, it is seen that cell-mediated and humoral immunity can be found at the same time during recovery from this type of infection.     

Additive Effects of Acyclovir and Immune Transfer in Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Mice

Acyclovir had a dose-dependent, mild, but significant, inhibitory effect on interferon-stimulated human antiviral natural killer cytotoxicity in vitro. In a murine model of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection, acyclovir significantly (P < 0.05) increased survival afforded by the injection of human interferon and human mononuclear leukocytes from 67.8 to 88.6%.     

Orofacial Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Hairless Mice: Latent Virus in Trigeminal Ganglia After Topical Antiviral Treatment

Inoculation of herpes simplex virus on the forehead and/or snout of hairless mice resulted in a significantly lower mortality rate than inoculation of the skin in the lumbosacral area. Latent herpes simplex virus infections were detected in all forehead-inoculated and in 90% of snout-inoculated mice. Phosphonoacetic acid was highly effective in preventing the development of skin lesions, and no latent infections were detected when phosphonoacetic acid ointment was applied 3 h after infection. Neither adenine arabinoside nor adenine arabinoside monophosphate prevented the establishment of latent infections in the trigeminal ganglia, although they protected the mice from the fatal outcome of the infection. The antibody response after adenine arabinoside or adenine arabinoside monophosphate treatment was similar to that observed in untreated animals, and it was six to eight times higher than in mice treated with phosphonoacetic acid. Mice without evidence of latent infection had, in general, lower serum antibody titers than those with latent infections in the ganglia. An analysis of the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus infection in mice treated with adenine arabinoside showed that virus penetration into the nerve endings was delayed and that the amount of free virus in ganglionic homogenates was 10 to 100 times less than that for untreated mice.     

Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Alternate Booster Schedules of Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed in Humans

Protective antigen (PA)-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to annual and alternate booster schedules of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA; BioThrax) were characterized in humans over 43 months. Study participants received 1 of 6 vaccination schedules: a 3-dose intramuscular (IM) priming series (0, 1, and 6 months) with a single booster at 42 months (4-IM); 3-dose IM priming with boosters at 18 and 42 months (5-IM); 3-dose IM priming with boosters at 12, 18, 30, and 42 months (7-IM); the 1970 licensed priming series of 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 6, 12, and 18 months) and two annual boosters (30 and 42 months) administered either subcutaneously (SQ) (8-SQ) or IM (8-IM); or saline placebo control at all eight time points. Antibody response profiles included serum anti-PA IgG levels, subclass distributions, avidity, and lethal toxin neutralization activity (TNA). CMI profiles included frequencies of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)- and interleukin 4 (IL-4)-secreting cells and memory B cells (MBCs), lymphocyte stimulation indices (SI), and induction of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA. All active schedules elicited high-avidity PA-specific IgG, TNA, MBCs, and T cell responses with a mixed Th1-Th2 profile and Th2 dominance. Anti-PA IgG and TNA were highly correlated (e.g., month 7, r² = 0.86, P < 0.0001, log₁₀ transformed) and declined in the absence of boosters. Boosters administered IM generated the highest antibody responses. Increasing time intervals between boosters generated antibody responses that were faster than and superior to those obtained with the final month 42 vaccination. CMI responses to the 3-dose IM priming remained elevated up to 43 months. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00119067","term_id":"NCT00119067"}}NCT00119067.)     

Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Downmodulates NKG2D Ligand Expression

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 infection may cause orofacial infections in humans. The virus resides in a latent form in neural ganglia and occasionally reactivates and infects epithelial cells. Natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated in immune control of herpes virus infections, possibly by downmodulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and by other, as yet unidentified, mechanisms. Upon HSV‐1 infection of cell lines, surface levels of NKG2D ligands MHC class I related proteins (MIC) A and UL16 binding protein 2 were downmodulated due to late viral gene product(s). As also MHC class I levels were reduced by HSV‐1, NK cell recognition of HeLa cells was not affected by infection. Total cellular MICA contents remained unchanged, suggesting masking, internalization or intracellular retention of MICA as possible mechanisms of viral downregualtion of MICA surface levels. Furthermore, NK cells from patients with active HSV‐1 infection had a tendency towards increased expression level of the activating receptor NKG2D. These data support a role for NKG2D–MICA interactions in immune responses to HSV‐1 reactivation.     

单克隆抗体作单纯疱疹病毒糖蛋白的特性鉴定以及临床应用

应用本室制备的8株抗单纯疱疹病毒糖蛋白单克隆抗体(抗HSV McAb)进行了系列研究,①鉴定出一种新的HSV糖蛋白g30K、gC的一种新形式,以及gC和gD;②建立了HSV感染的临床标本作抗原抗体分型检测的McAb-ELISA双夹心法,检测961份标本效果良好,并己在全国各地一些医疗单位推广使用;③证明McAb治疗家兔实验性单纯疱疹性角膜炎(HSK)有显著效果,并探讨其治疗机理主要为中和作用和ADCC效应;④对部分志愿者用McAb治疗单纯疱疹性角膜炎、妇女生殖器疱疹和小儿口腔疱疹性糜烂,取得明显疗效。     

Macrophage Dependence of Polyriboinosinic Acid-Polyribocytidylic Acid-Induced Resistance to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Mice

The relative contributions of macrophages and lymphocytes to the induction of resistance to primary herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection by polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex [poly (I:C)] were investigated in C58 mice. The induction of resistance was found to be strongly dependent on macrophages compared to lymphocytes. Macrophage-deficient (silica-treated) mice produced less interferon and were not as responsive to prophylactic treatment of HSV-1 infections with poly (I:C) as were either normal, lymphocyte-deficient (cyclophosphamide-treated), or T-lymphocyte-deficient (anti-thymocyte serum-treated, adult-thymectomized) mice. Silica and cyclophosphamide treatments reduced the therapeutic activity of poly (I:C), whereas T-cell depletion did not have a significant effect. Similarly, the protection of mice with exogenous interferon was markedly reduced in silica-treated mice and moderately reduced in cyclophosphamide-treated mice, but unaffected in T-cell-deficient mice. Furthermore, suppression of HSV-1 plaque formation was obtained by cocultivation of infected mouse fibroblast monolayers with peritoneal (macrophage-rich) cells, but not with splenic (lymphocyte-rich) cells, from poly (I:C)-treated mice. Peritoneal cells did not protect heterologous (human) fibroblasts, suggesting that the protection of mouse embryo fibroblasts is mediated by interferon. Collectively, the data indicate that macrophages are required for the production of poly (I:C)-induced interferon and that macrophages and perhaps B-lymphocytes are important for mediating the protection against HSV-1 infection after interferon has been produced.     

Recurrent Cutaneous Herpes Simplex in Hairless Mice

Passively immunized hairless mice were inoculated cutaneously with herpes simplex virus. Thirty-nine days later, when the primary cutaneous lesions had completely healed, the mice were treated subcutaneously with prednisone. Within 12 to 30 days after starting prednisone treatment, herpesvirus was recovered by skin swabs from 12 of 71 (17%) of the treated mice. This new model has potential application for understanding and treating recurrent cutaneous herpes infections.     

表达2型单纯疱疹病毒糖蛋白D的重组痘苗病毒对动物的免疫效果

用表达２型单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ－２）糖蛋白Ｄ的重组痘苗病毒（Ｒ－ｇＤ－Ｖ）免疫ＣＢＡ小鼠，通过间接免疫荧光（ＩＦ）（观察小鼠抗体滴度变化）和四甲基偶氮唑蓝法（ＭＴＴ）动态观察细胞毒性Ｔ细胞活性（ＣＴＬ），均见增高并检测了其产生的抗体对动物的保护作用。同时对Ｒ－ｇＤ－Ｖ和２型单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ－２）产生的二次ＣＴＬ活性进行了比较，结果表明，Ｒ－ｇＤ－Ｖ产生抗体３周达高峰（１：６４０），７周下降为１：３２０，抗体对病毒攻击动物有保护作用，其中和指数（Ｎ）为６３。Ｒ－ｇＤ－Ｖ在鼠体内产生初次ＣＴＬ８ｄ达高峰，１２ｄ后消失；二次ＣＴＬ持续８周之久，且ＣＴＬ活性明显高于初次。Ｒ－ｇＤ－Ｖ和ＨＳＶ－２相比较产生ＣＴＬ在统计学上有差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。说明Ｒ－ｇＤ－Ｖ能引起体液免疫和细胞免疫，对动物有保护作用。     

Seroepidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus and Restriction Endonuclease Cleavage Analysis of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Okinawa

A seroepidemiologic study of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in Okinawa was performed. A total of 423 serum samples were collected from all over Okinawa, and the positivity rate of antibody against HSV was measured using a passive hemagglutination method. The sero positive rate for HSV in age groups of over 40 years was 100%. Seven HSV type 2 (HSV 2) isolates were obtained in Okinawa, and DNA preparations from Vero cells infected with the isolates were analyzed using five restriction endonucleases: Bam HI, Hind III, Kpn I, Bgl II and Eco Rl. Variations in the genomic region were demonstrated in five of the isolates. Such variations have not been reported previously in HSV 2 in mainland Japan. This is the first report of a seroepidemiologic study of HSV and restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of HSV 2 in Okinawa, is a subtropical island where HSV is endemic. Acta Pathol Jpn 41: 24–30, 1991.     

The Immune Response to a Schistosomacide, Amoscanate Ii. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses

A potent antischistosomal drug, Amoscanate, was found to induce vigorous serum antibody responses when either fed or administered parenterally as a drug-protein conugate. Because of preliminary evidence that the drug could bind covalently to proteins in vivo, we decided to investigate the possibility that the drug could act as a contact sensitizing agent like DNCB. It was found that Amoscanate could induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response when painted on the shaved skin of guinea pigs. Moreover, the type of DTH response elicited was found to be cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity (CBH). The significance of these findings are discussed.     

Herpes Simplex Virus is Akt-ing in translational control

All viruses depend on the cellular protein synthesis machinery for the production of viral proteins. Thus, viruses have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid innate host responses that inhibit protein synthesis. In this issue of Genes & Development, Chuluunbaatar and colleagues (pp. 2627-2639) demonstrate that Herpes Simplex Virus-1 counteracts this response through viral kinase Us3, which mimics cellular kinase Akt to phosphorylate and repress tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), resulting in the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and enhancement of mRNA translation.     

Effect of Abrin on Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Mice

Effect of abrin isolated from Abrus precatorius on the cellular immune responses was studied in normal as well as tumor-bearing animals. Administration of abrin was found to enhance the proliferation of splenocytes and thymocytes (lymphocytes in general) in responses to mitogens. Natural killer cell activity was enhanced significantly by abrin in both the normal (49.8% cell lysis on day 9) and the tumor-bearing group (51.7% cell lysis on day 9), and it was found to be earlier than the control. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity was enhanced in the abrin treated tumor-bearing group on the ninth day (44% cell lysis). An early antibody dependent complement mediated cytotoxicity was observed in the abrin treated group on day 15 (27.6% cell lysis). Results of our present study suggest the immunomodulatory property of abrin.     

Infection and Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in an Organotypic Epithelial Culture System

We have used the organotypic culture system as a model to study the initial infectious process and spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in fully stratified and differentiated human epithelial tissue. The growth kinetics of HSV-1 were determined in organotypic tissues of human epidermal or ectocervical origin. Concurrently, we followed the spread of HSV-1 by immunostaining thin sections of infected organotypic tissue. After HSV-1 was applied to the top cornified epithelial layer, virus penetrated to the basal layer of replicating epithelium and grew to high titers. The virus was limited in its spread in that not all cells within the tissue had demonstrable infection. A ribonucleotide reductase mutant, ICP6Δ, could infect and replicate in basal layers of the organotypic tissues. However, we found that spread was limited in, and to, the basal cell layer. Peak ICP6Δ titers were 100-fold less than in cultures infected with wild-type HSV-1. Studies of HSV mutants should allow us to further define the role of specific viral genes which are associated with infection and spread in a tissue culture system that mimics the initial portal of entry for certain HSV infections.     

单纯疱疹病毒感染与急性心肌梗死、纤维蛋白原、血液流变特性的相关性研究

测定51例急性心肌梗死(AMI)和42例陈旧性心肌梗死(OMI)患者及31例冠脉造影正常者(NC)的HSV-1抗体水平及DNA,同时观测纤维蛋白原(Fg)、血液流变特性指标变化及其与HSV-1感染的相关性.结果显示AMI组HSV-ngG阳性率及水平高于NC组,HSV-1DNA检测结果与之吻合.校正冠心病危险因素前、后,HSV-11gG阳性与AMI均有相关关系.AMI组中HSV-1(+)组IgG、Fg、血浆黏度、低/高切全血比黏度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数高于,而红细胞变形指数低于HSV-1(一)组;且IgG与Fg、低/高切全血比黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数呈正相关,而与红细胞变形指数呈负相关.表明HSV-1感染与AMI有明显的相关性,与Fg、血液流变特性指标也存在相关性.     

Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Fractions of Birch Pollen Extract

IgE and IgG antibodies (ab) and lymphocyte transformation (LT) were studied in untreated and hyposensitized birch pollen allergic subjects and in non-atopic controls using whole extract and fractions obtained by gel filtration of birch pollen extract. All the allergic subjects had positive IgE ab, IgG ab and LT responses to the whole extract. Both the untreated and the hyposensitized subjects had peak IgE ab and LT responses against the allergenic fractions of the extract, while negative responses were obtained in the non-atopic controls. Only hyposensitized subjects had developed high IgG ab responses to the allergenic fractions. Most of the treated and untreated subjects showed IgG ab and LT responses to the high molecular weight fractions with low allergenic activity. Significantly higher IgE ab responses to these fractions were observed in the treated subjects than in the untreated ones, indicating potentiation of IgE ab responses against some antigens during immunotherapy. Some of the allergic subjects also responded to the fractions of low molecular size (mol.wt. 2000-5000) with low allergenic activity. Both IgE ab, IgG ab and LT responses to these fractions were observed.     

Relationship of Antibody to Outcome in Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

Neutralizing antibody titers to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 were measured at birth in normal infants and uninfected infants of mothers with genital HSV infections during pregnancy and at the onset of infection in 5 infants with mild infections and 11 infants with severe infections. Thirty-eight percent of premature and 29% of term infants had neutralization titers of <1:5. High titers ([unk]1:40) were found in 55% of infants of mothers with primary infections during pregnancy and in 76% of infants of mothers with recurrent infections. The mean titers to HSV-1 and -2 in 5 infected infants with mild infections were 1:56 and 1:65 at the time of onset of infection, whereas the mean titers in 11 infants with severe infections were 1:11 and 1:12. Six natally exposed infants who remained asymptomatic were also studied and had a mean titer to HSV-1 of 1:85 and to HSV-2 of 1:69. Therefore, infants with high titers of transplacentally derived antibody had a more favorable outcome than infants with lower titers. Ninety-five percent of the infants of mothers with recurrent infections had a Rawls index of more than 85, suggesting that the antibody response was to HSV-2. However, low levels of antibody with this type specificity failed to protect four infants from infection with HSV-2. Augmentation of the neutralization titer to HSV-2 by the amount of complement present in cord serum was less than twofold. The study suggests that the quantity of antibody derived transplacentally affects the outcome of infection after natal exposure to herpes simplex virus. Complete neutralization of virus by antibody may occur in some infants, and prolongation of the incubation period and modification of the infection may occur in others.     

Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity to Herpesviruses During and After Herpes Zoster Infections

The influence of herpes zoster virus infection on cell-mediated and humoral immunity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) was followed in 17 zoster patients from the first week to 6 months after start of eruptions. The clinical responses were registered and correlated to the immune responses. A significant depression in blast transformation on stimulation of lymphocytes with all three antigens was found on days 1 to 5 compared with transformations later after zoster eruptions and compared with controls. Phytohemagglutinin exhibited the same stimulation in the different groups and controls. No significant differences in interferon production in the various groups and controls were found on stimulation with the VZV and HSV antigens. All zoster patients became seropositive by complement fixation to VZV a few days after start of the zoster eruption. Two zoster patients showed a fourfold rise in complement fixation antibodies to HSV. Three patients had changes in complement fixation titers to cytomegalovirus, which could indicate new infection or reactivation of infection with this virus. A significant lower transformation index to VZV was found during the first 9 days in zoster patients with fever compared with patients without fever. The relevance of this observation is discussed in relation to a previous similar observation from our group.