假体置入联合乳腺瓣固定矫正筒状乳房畸形

目的：介绍采用乳腺底面放射状切开固定,同期在胸大肌后间隙置入硅凝胶假体,矫正伴有乳腺发育不良的筒状乳房畸形的方法和经验。方法：经乳房下皱襞切口,乳腺底面放射状切开,形成4个乳腺瓣,向下固定于胸大肌筋膜上,胸大肌后间隙置入硅凝胶假体。结果：2002年1月～2010年12月采用该方法共治疗3例伴有乳腺发育不良的筒状乳房畸形的患者,无血肿、感染、乳头乳晕坏死等并发症发生。术后随访1～3年,乳房丰满挺拔,畸形得到矫正,乳头乳晕感觉功能正常。结论：该术式在增大乳房体积的同时矫正筒状乳房畸形,对伴有乳腺发育不良的筒状乳房畸形患者可作为一种理想的整形方法。     

应用乳腺旋转瓣固定矫正轻中度乳房下垂

目的:介绍采用乳房外下象限乳腺旋转瓣固定矫正轻中度乳房下垂的方法和经验。方法:经乳晕周缘"双环形"切口,去除内外环之间的表皮。在皮下脂肪组织与腺体之间广泛分离。在乳房下方正中垂直剖开乳腺,并向外侧分离,形成乳房外下象限乳腺瓣,并向内上方旋转固定,缩小乳房基底,重塑乳房外形,并上提下垂的乳头乳晕复合体。伴有明显乳腺萎缩者,同期或Ⅱ期行胸大肌下假体隆乳术。结果:2011年2月~2013年12月采用该方法共治疗轻中度乳房下垂19例,无血肿、感染、乳头乳晕坏死等并发症发生,术后随访1~2年,无乳房下垂复发,乳房下垂明显矫正,双乳对称,外形良好。切口瘢痕呈环线状,乳头乳晕感觉功能正常。结论:乳腺旋转瓣固定法结合了"双环法"和"垂直法"两种技术的优势,对轻中度乳房下垂的治疗,提供了一种新的思路和方法。     

经乳晕上切口矫正轻度下垂乳房的隆乳术

目的　一次性完成隆乳并矫正乳房轻度下垂。方法　经乳晕上切口切除半月形皮肤 ,不切开乳腺置入乳房假体 ,将乳腺组织上移悬吊固定于胸大肌深筋膜。结果　 2 3例乳房轻度下垂的小乳症患者术后乳房及乳头形态位置良好 ,乳晕切口瘢痕不明显 ,乳头感觉及勃起正常。结论　该方法隆乳同时矫正下垂乳房效果可靠稳定 ,创伤小 ,止血彻底 ,瘢痕不明显。     

经乳晕上切口矫正轻度下垂乳房的隆乳术

目的 一次性完成隆乳并矫正乳房轻度下垂。方法 经乳晕上切口切除半月形皮肤，不切开乳腺置入乳房假体，将乳腺组织上移悬吊固定于胸大肌深筋膜。结果 23例乳房轻度下垂的小乳症患者术后乳房及乳头形态位置良好，乳晕切口瘢痕不明显，乳头感觉及勃起正常，结论 该方法隆乳同时矫正下垂乳房效果可靠稳定，创伤小，止血彻底，瘢痕不明显。     

乳房下垂伴小乳房的综合修复术

目的 探讨针对不同程度乳房下垂伴小乳房综合修复治疗的有效手术方法.方法 根据乳房下垂的轻重进行分度,针对不同的分度进行治疗.Ⅰ度下垂伴小乳房,应用胸大肌后间隙置入假体隆胸;Ⅱ度下垂伴小乳房,在Ⅰ度下垂治疗的基础上应用深层乳腺与胸大肌表面脱套剥离及乳腺组织悬吊固定;Ⅲ度下垂伴小乳房,在Ⅱ度下垂治疗的基础上结合双环法多余皮肤切除、深层乳腺与胸大肌表面脱套剥离及乳腺组织悬吊固定;Ⅳ度下垂伴小乳房,应用直线瘢痕法乳房悬吊结合假体隆乳.结果 综合修复治疗乳房下垂伴小乳房116例,无血肿、无感染、无乳头乳晕坏死等并发症发生.术后随访6～31个月,平均随访时间13.3个月,乳房丰满挺拔,乳房下垂得到矫正,乳头乳晕感觉功能正常.结论 针对乳房下垂伴小乳房的不同情况,应用规范化的手术方案可取得较好的临床治疗效果.     

经乳晕上切口矫正轻度下垂乳房的隆乳术

目的一次性完成隆乳并矫正乳房轻度下垂.方法经乳晕上切口切除半月形皮肤,不切开乳腺置入乳房假体,将乳腺组织上移悬吊固定于胸大肌深筋膜.结果 23例乳房轻度下垂的小乳症患者术后乳房及乳头形态位置良好,乳晕切口瘢痕不明显,乳头感觉及勃起正常.结论该方法隆乳同时矫正下垂乳房效果可靠稳定,创伤小,止血彻底,瘢痕不明显.     

改良双环法乳房下垂矫正术

目的:介绍改良双环法行乳房悬吊术的方法和经验。方法:采用传统的双环法环乳晕切口,切除双环间表皮,在皮肤与上半乳腺的腺体表面之间剥离,去除上半腺体后松弛的浅筋膜深层,上提腺体至正常位置并固定于深筋膜,同时进行腺体的适当折叠塑形或置入乳房假体增加丰满程度。结果:共行轻、中度下垂28例(4例为单侧下垂),其中悬吊加假体隆乳9例;腺体瓣交叉缝合悬吊塑形19例。术后乳房外形改善满意,乳头、乳晕感觉良好,效果持久。结论:本手术方法安全易行,组织损伤小,瘢痕不明显,是矫治轻、中度乳房下垂的一种比较理想的方法。     

兼顾矫正乳房中度下垂的隆乳术

目的：探讨应用乳晕周围双环切口隆乳同时悬吊乳房,矫正小乳症伴中度乳房下垂的方法。方法：采用乳晕周围双环形切口,在乳腺的上半象限纵行切开,按胸大肌纤维走向钝性分离至胸大肌后形成间隙,置入乳房假体。用4号丝线将切开的乳腺组织与胸大肌分离口两侧贯穿预缝置4针,打结闭合胸大肌分离口的同时将乳腺固定于胸大肌上,上部乳腺组织筋膜同时缝合固定在肋软骨膜上,以达到隆乳术同时矫正乳房下垂。结果：用本法矫正小乳症伴中度乳房下垂者26例,效果良好。结论：本手术方法简单易行,无须附加乳晕周围以外切口,瘢痕不明显,是矫正小乳症伴中度下垂的一种较好方法。     

乳晕周围双切口巨乳缩小和乳房悬吊术

自１９９４年９月以来，对１１例乳房肥大及松垂患者施行了乳晕周围双切口乳房缩小及乳房悬吊术，其中７例正常体积的乳房下垂（中度），４例乳房下垂伴肥大。术中选择乳腺肿瘤的好发部位，乳腺的外上象限切除多余的乳腺组织，并形成以乳腺下极为蒂的内外侧乳腺组织瓣，内侧瓣向内翻转折叠缝合，固定在第三肋及肋间的胸大肌肌膜上。外侧瓣向上向内翻转，固定在第二肋骨骨膜上，皮肤切口做荷包缝合。缝合后所形成的局部皱褶多在３～４个月后自行逐渐变小、消失。本手术方法具有设计简单、血供可靠、乳腺组织固定确实、塑形好、乳头乳晕感觉正常、切口隐蔽及瘢痕不明显等优点。１１例手术均取得满意结果     

三平面法隆乳术在乳房萎缩伴下垂矫正术中的应用

目的 探讨应用胸大肌后放置假体,并于胸大肌中央部位切开,形成假体表面胸肌-腺体-胸肌三平面覆盖的方法,矫正乳房萎缩伴下垂的效果.方法 选择环乳晕切口,进行乳房上象限腺体表面分离及真皮帽折叠固定.再由乳腺外下象限边缘进入乳房后间隙,于新的乳头、乳晕水平将胸大肌横行及纵行部分离断,将假体植入胸大肌后.于术前及术后对乳房各解剖径线进行标准化测量.结果 2011年6 ～12月,应用上述方法行乳房上提联合隆乳手术14例,患者术后乳房上极形态、乳房凸度及乳头、乳晕位置均得到了明显改善,且无严重并发症发生.术后随访6～12个月,乳房形态良好.结论 三平面法能够在不离断胸大肌起点及止点的情况下,保证假体在乳头、乳晕水平良好的凸度,避免了乳房下垂联合隆乳手术时易发生的双泡畸形或阶梯现象,且损伤较小.     

可扩张乳房假体加背阔肌肌皮瓣的乳房再造术

目的：报告应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣转移术及可扩张的乳房假体（BECKER）置入,修复乳腺癌根治术后的胸壁畸形,同时再造乳房的手术方法。方法：根据乳腺癌病灶清除术后患者胸部的畸形状况,设计患侧带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣的肌瓣长度、体积以及皮瓣的面积和形状,切取肌皮瓣后经腋部皮下隧道转移至胸前。用肌瓣修复胸前软组织缺损,皮瓣则用于弥补胸部皮肤的不足。肌瓣与胸壁间置入可扩张的乳房假体。术后经注射壶注水,逐步扩张至额定值。6个月后,可抽除注射壶并重建乳头,完成治疗。结果：自1999年以来,对各种乳腺癌术后患者行乳房再造术共26例,获得了满意效果。结论：应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣转移术及可扩张的乳房假体置入,不仅可修复乳腺癌病灶清除术后的胸部软组织的缺损、锁骨下的凹陷畸形而且可重建乳房。该法具有创伤小、恢复快、再造乳房的外形及质感逼真等特点。     

乳腺组织瓣联合真皮帽悬吊术矫正轻中度乳房下垂

目的 探讨乳腺组织瓣旋转联合真皮帽悬吊的垂乳上提技术矫正轻中度乳房下垂的临床效果.方法 根据乳房下垂程度设计形成真皮帽后,分离乳房皮肤和腺体,于乳腺外上方行部分腺体切除或直接纵行切开腺体,并同时形成外侧腺体瓣,掀起腺体瓣向内侧旋转固定,缩小乳房基底,再行真皮帽上提固定和乳房塑形.结果 2006年3月至2010年3月,于临床应用46例,术后效果满意,其中2例出现单侧血肿,无其他严重并发症.对40例患者随访6个月至4年,乳房外形满意,无继发下垂、乳房扁平、乳头乳晕感觉障碍等并发症.结论 乳腺组织瓣旋转联合真皮帽悬吊垂乳上提术可商塑造饱满、坚挺的乳房,术后瘢痕不明显,远期效果满意.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of glandular flap combined with dermal flap suspension for correction of mild and moderate breast ptosis. Methods The dermal flap was formed according to the breast ptosis and dissection was performed between the skin and gland. The superior-lateral gland was partially resected or cutted vertically only to form the lateral glandular flap. Then the glandular flap was rotated medially and fixed to shrink the glandular base area. Then the breast was up-positioned and fixed with dermal flap to remodel the breast shape. Results From Mar. 2006 to Mar. 2010, 46 cases were treated with satisfactory result. There was no severe complication, except for 2 cases of unilateral hematoma. 40 cases were followed up for 6 months to 4 years with good breast shape. No secondary ptosis,breast flatten and NAC sensation disorder was happened. Conclusions Glandular flap combined with dermal flap suspension is a good method for mild and moderate breast ptosis with reliable long-term results.The breasts have busty appearance and good projection with inconspicious scar.     

胸外侧筋膜皮瓣在修复乳房局部缺损中的应用

目的:探讨在利用胸外侧筋膜皮瓣修复乳房局部缺损的效果和意义。方法:对因保乳手术或乳房再造术后皮瓣坏死造成乳房局部缺损患者设计三角胸外侧筋膜皮瓣进行组织填充修复。结果:共完成8例,7例为保乳手术后即刻,1例为TRAM手术后局部皮瓣坏死。平均手术时间3h,平均出血量300ml。术后未发生皮瓣坏死等并发症。术后平均随访时间19.5月,均未出现复发,美容效果均为优良,患者对乳房外形的自我感觉均为满意。结论:利用胸外侧筋膜皮瓣修复乳房局部缺损,尤其是对于乳房较小患者,效果满意,简单易行。     

Dermoglandular rotation flap with subaxillary advancement flap as an oncoplastic technique for breast cancer

We propose a novel oncoplastic surgical technique, dermoglandular rotation flap with subaxillary advancement flap, as a feasible one‐stage operation. Breast conserving surgery, incorporating the dermoglandular rotation flap with subaxillary advancement flap, was performed in 49 female patients with breast cancer, between January and December 2015. After a full‐thickness fibroglandular resection including the tumor, an inferior‐ or a superior‐based rotation flap was performed according to the location of the defect. The subaxillary flap consisted of skin, dermis, and subcutaneous fat tissue and was mobilized from the chest wall musculature. Since subaxillary skin has greater redundancy, it can be easily moved to reach the lateral aspect of the breast. Approximation of the subaxillary flap to the lateral side of rotated dermoglandular flap served to relieve skin tension and avoid displacement of the nipple‐areola complex (NAC). Consequently, there was wider dermoglandular tissue rotation and efficient filling of defect without any significant postoperative deformity. The mean follow‐up period was 46.5 ± 3.1 months (range, 42.4‐52.1 months). Mean tumor size, on pathology, was 2.1 cm (range, 0.4‐6.0). Mean excised breast tissue weight was 78.4 g (range, 28.6‐195.0). More than half of the patients (51%) studied had excised breast tissue weighing more than 80 g. None of the included patients had positive surgical margins in final pathologic reports. Most patients answered excellent or good for self‐estimated cosmetic outcomes including symmetry of the breast and NAC, breast shape, scarring, and overall satisfaction. A modified dermoglandular rotation flap technique along with subaxillary advancement flap is a feasible and effective oncoplastic technique for breast cancers.     

Technical considerations for prophylactic mastectomy in patients at high risk for breast cancer

A study of 5 patients and 10 mastectomy specimens was performed to identify the extent of surgery necessary to completely remove all breast tissue in patients having prophylactic mastectomies. A standard total mastectomy performed for breast cancer was shown to frequently leave breast tissue within the superficial pectoralis major muscle and the lower skin flap. Frozen section analysis of margins was found to be essential to clear the axillary extension of the breast and lower skin flap in particular. The value of more extensive surgery to remove all glandular elements of the breast in the high-risk patient remains to be demonstrated.     

Breast reconstruction by local flaps after conserving surgery for breast cancer: an added asset to oncoplastic techniques

Abstract:  This study describes and evaluates the results of a proposed simple technique of volume replacement by local flaps to reconstruct the breast after conserving surgery for breast cancer. Twenty-five patients with breast cancer were enrolled in the study between 1998 and 2004. All patients were surgically treated by wide local excision and axillary dissection of level I & II. The primary closure was not feasible because of resulting large defect in proportion to the breast size. The defect was constructed by local flap raised from adjacent skin and subcutaneous tissue with or without glandular breast tissue. Data analyzed includes: age, tumor location, tumor size, histopathology results, operative techniques, complications, long-term oncological events, and cosmetic outcome. The mean follow-up was 48 months. The mean age was 45.3 years. The mean tumor size was 3.1 cm. All tumors had upper outer or upper central location. Fourteen tumors were in left breast. Histopathological analysis had revealed 84% infiltrating ductal carcinoma of no otherwise specified type, 12% medullary type, and 4% tubulo-lobular carcinoma. Additional ductal carcinoma in situ was found in three patients. One patient had focally positive deep margin. One hematoma and one fat necrosis during radiotherapy were documented. During follow-up, one patient developed local recurrence after 4 years and required mastectomy, another patient developed concomitant local recurrence and distant metastasis in the lung and brain after 18 months of the primary treatment and died 1 year later. In this study, 84% of women were satisfied with their cosmetic outcome. This study demonstrated the value of local flaps to reconstruct breast defects after wide local excision of tumors in upper outer or upper central location as simple alternative to latissimus dorsi flap and other volume displacement techniques.     

较大纤维腺瘤切除乳腺腺体瓣成形术的临床应用

目的介绍一种简易可靠的乳头乳晕复合体（nipple-areola complex,NAC）下方较大纤维腺瘤切除后Ⅰ期行乳腺腺体瓣支撑的乳房成形术的方法与临床应用。方法 NAC下方较大纤维腺瘤1例患者,行较大纤维瘤切除术后,对下侧乳腺腺体纵行放射状切开,使腺体瓣呈四面体形,将四面体形的腺体瓣顶端与乳晕上方对应的腺体缝合,再将下侧腺体的两个切开面予以缝合。结果 NAC位置无偏移,无塌陷,术后外观效果好。结论本术式是一种安全可行的乳房支撑成形术,适用于NAC下方较大的纤维腺瘤切除后的乳房成形。     

乳腺癌保乳手术的体会

目的　总结和探讨乳腺癌保乳手术保持乳房良好外形 ,在术前、术中和术后应注意的问题。方法　 3 7例患者接受了乳腺癌保乳手术。术后从乳头外观、双乳头水平差距、双乳头距同侧腋前线垂直距离之差距和瘢痕对乳房外形影响等四个方面的量化标准 ,评估保留乳房的外形美观效果。四项指标积分≥ 2 1分为优 ,13～ 2 0分为良 ,<13分为差。结果　术后保留乳房外形优良者 3 0例 ( 81.1% ) ,乳房外形较差者 7例 ( 18.9% )。常见问题是因切口瘢痕致乳房变形、乳头歪斜、乳头不自然挺立 ,以及与对侧乳头水平高度差距明显。结论　术前认真设计手术切口、术中注意术区皮瓣和保留乳腺组织的彻底游离以及切除、缝合技巧 ,术后切口包扎时注意避免压迫乳头等 ,将有助于保持保留乳房的外形美观效果