肾移植术后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌6例诊治研究

目的：探讨肾移植后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌的诊治方法。方法：回顾性分析6例肾移植术后自体尿路上皮多器官癌的临床资料。结果：发现6例中1例为亲属肾移植。5例临床表现为肾移植术后2～48个月出现间歇性血尿,1例B超发现膀胱占位病变。6例均为非同时发生的移行细胞癌,非同时发生肿瘤的时间为1．5～16个月。6例患者因肿瘤复发或新发而接受2～5次肿瘤切除术,1例行全膀胱切除术及移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术,1例行全膀胱切除术、移植肾输尿管皮肤造瘘术及全尿道切除术。术后通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星、表阿霉素等进行化疔。治疗效果比较满意。结论：肾移植术后的尿路上皮多器官癌往往进展快,易扩散和转移,预后较差。对肾移植后并发自体尿路上皮多器官癌应高度重视,严把受体关,密切随访,早期诊断,积极治疗,慎重对待移植肾切除。     

肾移植术后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌九例的诊治体会

目的总结肾移植后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌的诊治体会。方法9例患者在肾移植术后11～48个月出现间歇性血尿，通过B型超声波、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、膀胱镜、输尿管镜、逆行肾盂造影、CT及内窥镜下取材活检等，证实3例为肾盂肿瘤，2例为输尿管肿瘤，4例为膀胱肿瘤。肾盂肿瘤和输尿管肿瘤的5例均采取肾、输尿管全程及膀胱部分切除术；4例膀胱肿瘤患者中，3例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术，1例施行膀胱全切及移植肾切除术。有2例患者因肿瘤复发或新发而接受了2次肿瘤切除术。术后通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星、表阿霉素等进行化疗。结果9例患者11次手术均顺利，治疗效果比较满意，在施行肿瘤切除术前后不需调整免疫抑制治疗方案。结论对肾移植后并发自体泌尿系统移行细胞癌的患者，关键在于早期诊断、积极治疗，应慎重对待肾移植后出现血尿的患者，以免漏诊。     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床分析

目的 分析肾移植患者并发尿路上皮肿瘤的特点，探讨其诊治方法。方法 自1998～2003年肾移植患者1293例，术后发生尿路上皮恶性肿瘤21例（1．6％）。男4例，女17例。17例原发病为慢性问质性肾炎。发生尿路上皮肿瘤距肾移植6～62个月，平均26个月。其中膀胱癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管癌6例，单侧肾盂或输尿管、膀胱癌8例，双侧肾盂输尿管癌1例。10例上尿路肿瘤发生部位与移植肾同侧，4例发生于移植肾对侧。临床症状以无痛性肉服血尿和反复泌尿系感染为主。19例行手术治疗，术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1／3并辅以局部灌注化疗。结果 2例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5、8个月死亡。余19例现已随访2～5年。13例肿瘤复发，复发部位为膀胱或对侧原。肾、输尿管。所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥。2例因切除移植肾恢复透析，17例肾功能正常。结论 慢性间质性。肾炎导致。肾功能衰竭的。肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤；移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤；对移植肾对侧为首发的上尿路发生肿瘤者可预防性行双侧上尿路根治性切除。     

肾移植术后自体泌尿系统肿瘤25例临床分析

目的 总结肾移植术后并发自体泌尿系统肿瘤的诊断和治疗经验.方法 25例肾移植受者,发生肿瘤的时间平均为移植术后48.2个月(29～72个月),其中23例以间歇性血尿为首发症状,2例为体检时发现.25例中,3例为肾癌,行腹腔镜下肾癌根治术；8例为上尿路的尿路上皮肿瘤,行经腹腹腔镜下肾盂癌根治术,其中3例同时合并浅表膀胱肿瘤；14例为膀胱尿路上皮肿瘤,13例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例行全膀胱切除并移植肾输尿管造口.术后将吗替麦考酚酯减量至原剂量的2/3,环孢素A或他克莫司减量至2/3或1/2.4例受者将环孢素A或他克莫司转换为西罗莫司.结果 随访12～84个月.1例肾癌患者因对侧复发,合并双肺及胸壁多发转移,6个月后死亡.2例合并淋巴结转移的肾盂输尿管肿瘤患者分别于术后14和20个月,因多发转移死亡.其余22例患者存活,血清肌酐维持在98～163 μmol/L.结论 肾移植术后出现血尿的患者需注意筛查自体泌尿系统肿瘤.确诊的患者需要手术切除病变,术后调整免疫抑制方案.     

自体肾移植治疗输尿管癌的探讨

目的：探讨输尿管癌自体肾移植治疗的理论基础和优点。方法：对9例输尿管癌患者行自体肾移植术治疗．切除输尿管癌上方3cm正常输尿管及下方输尿管全长．并做膀胱输尿管入口处的袖套状切除术；患侧肾行同侧髂窝肾移植、输尿管膀胱再吻合术。结果：9例输尿管癌包括T34例和T24例中．各有1例膀胱癌复发，其余无尿路上皮肿瘤复发．其生存率1年为100％，2年为88．8％．5年为66．7％。结论：自体肾移植术对输尿管癌患者的治疗效果基本等同于传统的根治性肾输尿管切除术(包括膀胱袖套状切除)．对于孤立肾及双肾功能不良的患者也是个好的手术方式，为以往不能行保留肾功能的高分期孤立肾及双肾功能不良的输尿管癌患者争取到手术机会。为输尿管上段肿瘤患者也提供了一个可选择的保肾手术方式。     

多器官尿路上皮癌3例误诊分析

目的 分析多器官尿路上皮癌的误诊原因并探讨其预防措施.方法 回顾分析2006年2月至2012年10月收治被误诊误治等3例多器官尿路上皮癌的临床资料.3例均为男性,年龄分别为83岁、69岁和71岁,均以血尿住院.本组例1、例2首次均以膀胱移行细胞癌在外院多次行TURBt.例1曾在三个月前,在外院先后行腹腔镜下膀胱癌根治术和肾切除术、回肠膀胱术.例2在入院前,曾在外院行肾输尿管部分切除.例3以肾盂癌在外院行肾、输尿管部分切除术.在本院行尿细胞学检查和B超、IVP、CTU或MRI检查及膀胱镜检查,例1诊断为复发性膀胱癌术后,肾切除术后右输尿管残段癌,左肾积水,肾功能不全,全身多发性转移.例2为复发性膀胱肿瘤电切术后,右输尿管下端癌,多脏器转移,多器官衰竭.例3为右肾盂癌肾切除输尿管部分切除术后,膀胱癌.例1给双“J”管置入内引流术.例2给营养支持、对症处理.例3行膀胱部分加输尿管残段切除术,BCG膀胱灌注局部化疗.结果 全组患者随访6年.例1、例2分别于术后8个月和3个月死于肿瘤全身转移、多脏器衰竭.例3无瘤生存6年健在.结论 提高对多器官尿路上皮癌的认识,不能满足于单一器官肿瘤的诊断,不但要给予CT、MRI等检查,仍需尿脱落细胞学检查,必须行膀胱镜检查,尤其是复发性膀胱癌要警惕上尿路上皮癌同时存在的可能,以免误诊,造成严重后果.     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤(附25例报告)

目的 探讨肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床特点及其诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析1998年～2006年间肾移植术后发生尿路上皮肿瘤的临床资料25例.就患者性别、移植时年龄、导致肾功能不全的原发病、移植后肿瘤发生的时间、临床症状、肿瘤发生部位及转归等项目进行临床分析.所有病例移植前均排除肿瘤.肿瘤均经影像学和膀胱镜等检查方法诊断.22例患者行手术治疗,术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1/3并辅以局部灌注化疗.结果 本组25例患者中男4例,女21例;移植时患者平均年龄55.1岁;原发病为慢性间质性肾炎的患者19例;术后发生肿瘤的时间距肾移植时间平均26个月;临床表现为肉眼血尿或镜下血尿25例,反复泌尿系感染10例,肾盂输尿管积水者12例;肿瘤为多发者22例;移植肾同侧有上尿路肿瘤者16例;3例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5个月、6个月及8个月后死亡,22例手术治疗患者已随访2～7年,18例肿瘤复发,再行手术治疗;所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥,肾功能正常.结论 本组显示慢性间质性肾炎导致肾功能衰竭的肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤;血尿、泌尿系感染和肾盂积水是常见的症状,多发性和易复发性是另一临床特点;移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤.     

双侧上尿路肿瘤的治疗方法分析与评估(附2例报告)

目的 探讨双侧上尿路同时发生恶性肿瘤的治疗方法及有效性评价.方法 报告2013年1月～2013年2月本院收治的2例双侧上尿路同时发生肿瘤患者的临床资料,2例均行一侧肾输尿管全长切除术,对侧保留肾脏的手术.其中1例为输尿管膀胱再吻合术,1例为输尿管镜下肿瘤切除术.结果 术后病理结果均提示移行细胞癌.目前2例患者均在随访中,其中1例术后6个月及8个月分别出现膀胱肿瘤复发,后于2013年10月行膀胱根治性切除术;1例未见肿瘤复发.结论 对于双侧同时存在尿路上皮肿瘤的患者,可根据实际情况选择一侧肾输尿管全长切除+对侧保留肾脏的手术方法,此种治疗方式术后花费低、患者主观生存质量较高,值得临床推荐.当然术后有效的随访必不可少.     

肾移植术后并发泌尿系统肿瘤的相关因素与临床干预

目的:探讨肾移植术后并发泌尿系统肿瘤的相关因素与临床干预措施.方法:报告9例(10次)此种患者的临床资料.9例肾移植术后均行免疫抑制治疗.肿瘤均发生在自体肾、输尿管和膀胱:肾透明细胞癌、肾肉瘤和膀胱腺癌各1例,肾盂输尿管膀胱移行细胞癌6例,其中1例先发生膀胱腺癌后又发生肾盂输尿管移行细胞癌.肿瘤发生于移植术后8～146个月,且8例发生在应用新型免疫抑制剂之后.患者均有服用龙胆泻肝丸或冠心苏合丸史.8例接受了根治性手术,1例未能手术切除.结果:9例随访8～44个月,未能手术切除1例于术后5个月肝转移死亡.1例肉瘤复发后放弃治疗后死亡.1例膀胱肿瘤复发,行膀胱全切腹壁造瘘术,1例腺癌已出现肺和胸膜转移.另5例最后随访时存活良好.结论:肾移植术后并发泌尿系统肿瘤以移行细胞癌为多;可能与服用含马兜铃的中药和应用新型免疫抑制剂有关;根治性手术治疗、减少免疫抑制剂用量和更换免疫抑制剂种类是主要临床干预措施.     

肾移植术后并发泌尿系统肿瘤8例报告

目的总结肾移植术后并发泌尿系统肿瘤的诊治体会。方法8例患者在肾移植术后3-16年出现间歇性血尿,通过B超、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、膀胱镜、输尿管镜、逆行肾盂造影、CT及内窥镜下取材活检等,证实1例为肾盂肿瘤,3例为输尿管肿瘤,3例为膀胱肿瘤,1例为尿道肿瘤。肾盂肿瘤和输尿管肿瘤的5例均采取肾、输尿管全程及膀胱部分切除术;3例膀胱肿瘤患者中,2例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例膀胱全切术,在行肿瘤切除术前后需适当调整免疫抑制治疗方案。术后通过膀胱灌注给予丝裂霉素、吡柔比星、表阿霉素等进行化疗。结果1例患者因肿瘤复发或新发而接受了二次肿瘤切除术,1例发生肺转移;8例患者10次手术均顺利,治疗效果满意。结论对肾移植术后并发泌尿系统肿瘤的患者,关键在于早期诊断、积极治疗,应慎重对待肾移植术后出现血尿的患者,以免漏诊。     

A case of late recurrence of urothelial carcinoma in an ileal conduit after radical cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion for bladder cancer

Recurrence of urothelial cancer in an ileal conduit after radical cystectomy is rare. A 79-year-old man suffered bladder cancer (UC cTisN0M0 G2＞3) and underwent total cystectomy with ileal conduit. He had recurrence of the right renal pelvis carcinoma 6 years after the total cystectomy, and was treated by right radical nephroureterectomy (pT3 G2＝3). The patient had another episode of recurrence in the ileal conduit 13 years after the initial operation. The entire ileal conduit (UC, G3, ew (-)) was resected and left cutaneous ureterostomy was performed. This case suggests that long-term follow-up is necessary after radical cystectomy and ileal conduit for urinary diversion.     

Orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction in patients with recurring bladder cancer after renal transplantation – a report of two cases and a review of the literature

Abstract:  Renal transplant recipients have a high risk of developing multiple and invasive urothelial tumors because of long-term immunosuppression and infections with oncogenic viruses in China. However, treatment of renal transplant recipients who developed invasive bladder tumor is challenging. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction following radical cystectomy in renal transplant recipients. Orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction and preservation of the transplanted kidney were performed in two patients after one and 36 months of transplantation, respectively. One recipient was lacking a bladder because of prior cystectomy before the transplantation, and the other developed multiple and invasive bladder cancer after the transplantation. During the 14-month and seven-yr follow-up postoperation, no serious complications occurred except slight hydronephrosis in one patient. No rejection and graft dysfunction occurred in both patients with reduced dosage of immunosuppressants, and serum creatinine as a marker of renal function remained stable. Urinary continence was satisfactory during the day and night with voluntary voiding. Our experience showed that radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction in transplant patients with stable renal function is a safe and effective way to provide better quality of life, satisfactory urinary diversion and preservation of renal function simultaneously.     

Improved technique of tubeless cutaneous ureterostomy and results of permanent urinary diversion

An improved technique of tubeless cutaneous ureterostomy through a single stoma was devised by modifing the traditional cutaneous ureterostomy. Using this method, urinary diversions were performed on 12 cases with malignancies: 6 had radical cystectomy and the other 6 had pelvic exenteration. Normal bilateral ureters were observed in 11 cases in preoperative intravenous pyelography. Stomal stenosis was found in 1 case (8.3%) requiring operative stomal revision. Generally satisfactory results were obtained. This method could lower the incidence of complications. A long-term follow-up is needed, but 2 cases who have survived for more than 4 years since the operation have shown excellent results. It was thought that it would be difficult to perform tubeless cutaneous ureterostomy on normal-sized ureters, but our clinical results indicate that this method may be able to provide permanent urinary diversion.     

Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy in renal transplantation: an under utilized urinary diversion technique

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effectiveness of terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy as a means of urinary drainage in kidney transplant recipients during a 20-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five cadaveric and 2 living related patients underwent kidney transplantation with terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy between 1984 and 2004. These patients had no usable bladder or they were not suitable candidates for intermittent catheterization. RESULTS: Followup was 20 months to 17 years. One patient underwent stomal revision 5 months after renal transplantation. Current serum creatinine 4 years later was 166 mumol/l. The remaining 6 patients had no evidence of ureteral obstruction and rarely had bacteriuria or urinary tract infections. Four patients had a functioning allograft with normal serum creatinine. One patient died with a normally functioning allograft and the remaining patient lost his graft due to chronic rejection. No patient in this series lost the graft due to a urological cause. Overall outcomes included excellent allograft function with minimal infection or stomal stenotic complications. CONCLUSIONS: Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy is a simple, safe and alternative means of urinary diversion in patients with renal transplant and a defunctionalized lower urinary tract.     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(附21例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的初步经验,评价此术式的可行性及临床疗效。方法:回顾分析21例肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的临床资料,患者均行腹腔镜下标准盆腔淋巴结清扫、根治性膀胱切除术及尿流改道术,包括11例Bricker回肠膀胱术,4例输尿管皮肤造口术,6例Studer原位新膀胱术。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后并发症及手术疗效。结果:21例手术均获成功。手术时间平均(390±46.2)min,术中出血量平均(270±101.1)ml,1例输浓缩红细胞2个单位。术后3~5 d恢复肠蠕动。术后并发症发生率19.0%(4/21)。平均随访(12±5.5)个月,总生存率85.7%(18/21),1例死于肿瘤远处转移,2例死于心脑血管疾病。结论:腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术具有患者创伤小、出血少、术后康复快等优点,是治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌安全、有效、可行的方法。具备开放根治性切除术的手术经验及腹腔镜技术熟练的医院可尝试开展。初期开展,Bricker回肠膀胱术可作为首选的尿流改道术式。