手术方式影响肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的预后

目的:比较经腹直肠肛门切除术(AbdominoperinealResection,APR)与经肛门局部切除术(LocalExcision,LE)对肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤(anorectalmalignantmelanoma,AMM)预后的影响。方法:回顾分析1994年至2004年我院经手术治疗的8例AMM患者和1994年至2004年12月CNKI全文数据库以个案报道并有随访资料的文献共44篇107例的临床资料。根据手术方式分组应用寿命表法和KaplanMeier方法(SPSS10.0forwindows)进行统计分析。结果:根治性手术治疗AMM的1、2、3、5年生存率分别为55.26%、37.76%、31.21%、20.34%,中位生存时间为21.24个月;其中LE术后的1、2、3、5年生存率分别为48.39%、27.60%、27.60%、9.20%,中位生存时间为11.75个月;APR手术后的1、2、3、5年生存率分别为62.26%、41.62%、32.87%、25.13%,中位生存时间25.01个月。KaplanMeier法比较APR术与LE术的生存率有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:AMM患者的预后与外科手术方式有密切关系,APR手术预后好于LE手术,提示首次治疗手术方式选择较重要,应根据患者的综合因素来选择手术方式。     

Locoregional Cutaneous Metastases of Malignant Melanoma and their Management

The correct classification of locoregional metastases of malignant melanoma to skin is central to the planning of treatment. Local recurrence means persistence of neoplastic cells at the local site by virtue of incomplete excision of the primary melanoma. Standard treatment is excisional surgery. In contrast, locoregional metastases of malignant melanoma (satellites, in-transit metastases) are metastases around a primary melanoma or between a primary melanoma and regional lymph nodes. They represent intralymphatic or hematogenous spread of neoplastic cells. We present a variety of available treatment options and discuss especially topical imiquimod as a novel approach for the palliative treatment of locoregional cutaneous melanoma metastases in selected patients.     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤

为了探讨肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的疗效，对１９６０～１９９６年收治的２７例肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤（ＡＲＭＭ）进行了临床分析，其中１６例行经腹会阴联合根治术（Ｍｉｌｅ＇ｓ术），６例行局部切除术，５例行剖腹探查术。２２例获随访，随访时间为１～１２年。结果表明：中位生存时间Ｍｉｌｅ＇ｓ术组２１．５月、局部切除术组１３．５月、剖腹探查术组７．０月。Ｍｉｌｅ＇ｓ术效果优于局部切除术。提示：对ＡＲＭＭ应行Ｍｉｌｅ＇ｓ术，并对伴有腹股沟淋巴结转移或可疑者行腹股沟淋巴结清扫     

The Role of Surgical Methods in the Treatment of Anorectal Malignant Melanoma (AMM)

Purpose : Anorectal malignant melanoma (AMM) is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes in patients with AMM. Methods : The study included 21 patients diagnosed with AMM between 2000 and 2010 that were evaluated with regard to age, sex, disease stage, treatment modality, and survival. Stage I, II, and III were defined as localized primary malignant melanoma, regional lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis, respectively.

Results : In all, 12 (57%) patients were female and 9 (43%) were male; median age was 61 years (range: 30–84 years). Among the 21 patients, 7 (47%) underwent abdominoperineal resection and 8 (53%) were treated using wide local excision. Four (19%) patients were classified as stage I, 10 (48%) as stage II, and 7 (33%) patients as stage III. In total, 10 patients received adjuvant therapy. Median overall and progression-free survival was 12 and 9 months, respectively. The 1-year and 5-year overall survival estimates were 59% and 42%, and progression free survival were 49% and 7%, respectively. Patients aged > 60 years (P = 0.145), female patients (P = 0.076), patients with localized disease (P = 0.045), patients that underwent wide local excision (P = 0.619), and patients that received adjuvant therapy (P = 0.962) had longer survival.

Conclusions : The prognosis of AMM remains very poor and disease stage is the only predictor of survival. Abdomino-perineal resection does not confer an advantage, in terms of survival, in patients with AMM.     

Surgical Management of Solitary Metastatic Melanoma

Background: Pressure ulcers are a frequent complication of bed rest. The development of an efficient and low cost pressure relieving system for the prevention of bed-sores would be of considerable hospital health and economic interest. Our study was designed to determine the effectiveness in pressure-sore prevention of an interface pressure-decreasing mattress, the Kliniplot® mattress, used in our institution since 1978.

Methods: In a prospective randomised controlled 7-month clinical trial we compared the Kliniplot® mattress with our standard hospital mattress in 1729 patients admitted to medical and surgical departments (neurology, cardiology, oncology-haematology, neurosurgery, thoracic surgery and orthopaedic surgery). Two groups (Klinipot^® mattress and standard hospital mattress) were monitored for the prevention of pressure sores. The patients were evaluated on a daily basis from their admission until the eventual occurrence of a bed-sore. Patients’ characteristics and pressure-sore risk factors were similar at the baseline in both groups. Patients presenting with a pressure sore at the time of admission were excluded.

Results: Forty-two of the 1729 patients (2.4%) who entered the study developed at least one pressure sore. Twenty-one of the 657 patients (3.2%) nursed on the Kliniplot® mattress, and 21 of the 1072 patients (1.9%) on the standard mattress developed bed-sores (p = 0.154). The median time for the occurrence of pressure sores was 31 days (range 687) with the Kliniplot® mattress and 18 days (range 2 to 38) with the standard mattress (p < 0.001). The risk categories for developing bed-sores using the modified Ek’s scale were no different at the baseline between both groups (p = 0.764). The severity of the pressure sores was no different between both groups (p = 0.918).

Conclusions: Our results show that the occurrence of pressure sores is not reduced but is delayed when patients are nursed on a Kliniplot^® pressure-decreasing mattress.     

Prognostic Factors in Patients Undergoing Lymphadenectomy for Malignant Melanoma

Review of a 19 year experience in melanoma patients undergoinglymphadenectomy at the National Cancer Institute revealedthat the preoperative assessment of the status of theregional lymph nodes was accurate 91% of the time when thesurgeon felt the nodes were clinically positive, and accurate79% of the time when the nodes were judged clinically negative.The 10-year survival in patients with one to three histologicallypositive nodes or no positive nodes was 50–55%, compared to a25% 8-year survival in patients with four or more histologicallypositive nodes. Stepwise multivariate evaluation of prognosticfactors indicated that the most important factor for predictingprognosis is the number of nodes histologically involved. Nodepalpability was the second most important factor because of itshigh correlation with number of nodes histologically involved.Site of melanoma was the third most important factor, aspatients with extremity (upper or lower) melanoma had a bettersurvival (P = 0.002) than patients with axial melanoma (trunkor head and neck). Five years following lymphadenectomythere appeared to be substantial differences in survivalaccording to differences in the level of invasion of the primarylesion, however, these differences were not nearly aspronounced 10 years following node dissection.

B The division of melanoma thicknesses into <1.50 mm and>1.50 mm provided some prognostic discrimination at fiveyears but again the differences were not pronounced 10 yearsfollowing node dissection. The thickness measurements wereeasier to determine than the level of invasion, and more reproduceableon resubmission to the same pathologist. Fourpatients with melanoma less than 0.76 mm had subsequentmetastases, but these may represent inadequate sampling of theprimary melanoma both in our series and in the four similarpatients previously reported with such thin metastasizingmelanomas.

     

Lymphadenectomy in the Surgical Management of Penile Cancer

Context

Uncertainty remains about the extent and indications for inguinal lymphadenectomy in penile cancer, a procedure known for relatively high morbidity. Several attempts have been made to develop strategies which can improve the diagnostic quality and reduce the morbidity of the management of inguinal lymph nodes in penile cancer.

Objective

To analyse the existing published data on the surgical management of inguinal nodes in penile cancer regarding morbidity and survival.

Evidence acquisition

A Medline search was performed of the English-language literature (1966–September 2008) using the MeSH terms penile carcinoma, lymph node dissection, lymphadenectomy, and complications.

Evidence synthesis

Lymph node metastases are frequent in penile cancer, even in early pT1G2 stages. Since the results of systemic treatment of advanced penile cancer are disappointing, complete dissection of all involved lymph nodes is highly recommended. The extent of lymph node dissection should be adapted to clinical stage, as this corresponds to metastatic spread. For low-risk patients (pTis, pTa, and pT1G1) without palpable lymph nodes and with good compliance, a surveillance strategy may be chosen. For all other patients without palpable lymph nodes (including intermediate risk pT1G2 disease), a modified bilateral lymphadenectomy is recommended. An alternative to this is a dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in specialised centres. All patients with histologically proven lymph node metastases should undergo radical inguinal lymphadenectomy. Pelvic lymph node dissection should be done in all patients with more than two metastatic inguinal lymph nodes. In case of fixed inguinal lymph nodes, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended, followed by node resection.

Conclusions

Lymphadenectomy is an integral part of the management of penile cancer, since early dissection of involved lymph nodes improves survival.     

Risk Factors for Nodal Recurrence After Lymphadenectomy for Melanoma

Background:The risk and outcome of regional failure after elective and therapeutic lymph node dissection (ELND/TLND) for microscopically and macroscopically involved lymph nodes without adjuvant radiotherapy were evaluated.Methods:Retrospective melanoma database review of 338 patients (ELND 85, TLND 253) from 1970 to 1996 with pathologically involved lymph nodes.Results:Regional recurrence occurred in 14% of patients treated with ELND (n = 12) and 28% of patients treated with TLND (n = 72; P = .009). Risk factors associated with nodal recurrence were advanced age, primary lesion in the head and neck region, depth of the primary lesion, number of involved lymph nodes, and extracapsular extension (ECE). For each nodal basin, the ELND group had a lower incidence of recurrence than the TLND group. The TLND group had larger lymph nodes, greater number of involved lymph nodes, and a higher incidence of ECE. The 10-year disease-specific survival was 51% vs. 30% for ELND and TLND, respectively (P = .0005). Nodal basin failure was predictive of distant metastasis, with 87% developing distant disease compared with 54% of patients without nodal recurrence (P < .0001). Of six patients who underwent a second dissection after isolated nodal recurrence, five patients have had a median disease-free interval of 79 months.Conclusions:After ELND or TLND, patients who have a large tumor burden (thick primary melanoma, multiply involved lymph nodes, ECE), advanced age, and a primary lesion located in the head and neck have a significantly increased likelihood of relapse and a decreased survival. Few patients present with an isolated nodal recurrence, but the majority can be salvaged by a second dissection.Presented at the Society of Surgical Oncology Cancer Symposium, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 16–19, 2000     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤12例临床分析

研究肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤（恶黑）的临床及病理特点。对12例肛管直肠恶黑的临床资料进行回顾性分析,用免疫组化SP法作HMB45、S-100、Vimetin、Melan-A、E-cad、CyclinD1、Ki-67、p16等染色。结果显示,12例肛管直肠恶黑临床初步诊断恶黑2例,误诊其它疾病10例。病理形态：上皮样细胞为主8例,梭形细胞为主3例,小细胞似淋巴细胞样细胞为主1例。免疫组化染色：12例HMB45、S-100均阳性,3例Melan—A阳性,9例Vimetin阳性,其中1例CK阳性,LCA阴性,3例E-cad部分阳性,3例CyclinD1部分弱阳性,9例Ki-67阳性（约10％）,6例p16部分阳性。结果表明,肛管直肠恶黑临床表现以大便带鲜血,无明显黏液,肛门异物及息肉样肿物脱出肛门为特征,临床极易误诊。形态观察支持恶黑起源于表皮基底层黑色素细胞,免疫标记提示黑色素细胞起源于神经嵴。HMPA5、S-100、Vimetin,Melan-A联合应用能提高恶黑病理诊断的准确性。     

Predictors and Natural History of In-Transit Melanoma After Sentinel Lymphadenectomy

Background In-transit recurrence is a unique and uncommon pattern of treatment failure in patients with melanoma. Little information exists concerning the incidence, predictors, and natural history of in-transit disease since the introduction of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB).Methods Between 1991 and 2001, 1395 patients with primary melanoma underwent SLNB. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association among known clinicopathologic factors, in-transit recurrence, and distant metastatic failure after the development of in-transit disease.Results With a median follow-up of 3.9 years, 241 patients (17.3%) experienced disease recurrence, including 91 (6.6%) who developed in-transit recurrence. Independent predictors of in-transit recurrence included age >50 years, a lower extremity location of the primary tumor, Breslow depth, ulceration, and sentinel lymph node (SLN) status. Of the 69 patients who presented with in-transit disease as the sole site of first recurrence, 39 developed distant disease. By univariate analysis, predictors of distant failure among patients with in-transit disease included SLN status, largest metastatic focus in the SLN >2.5 mm², subcutaneous location of in-transit disease, in-transit tumor size ≥ 2 cm, and a disease-free interval before in-transit recurrence of <12 months. In-transit tumor size remained a significant predictor of distant metastasis by multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 9.69).Conclusions The overall incidence of in-transit metastases in patients undergoing SLNB is low and does not seem to have increased since the introduction of the SLNB technique. In-transit recurrence, as well as subsequent distant metastatic failure, can be predicted on the basis of adverse tumor factors and SLN status.Published by Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. © 2005 The Society of Surgical Oncology, Inc.     

Surgical Management of Plantar Melanoma: A Retrospective Study in One Center

Cutaneous melanoma is a highly malignant skin tumor, and in China, the planta pedis is a commonly involved site. The sites of plantar melanomas are a challenge to reconstruct after wide excision. Our experience with surgical management of melanomas was based on the 4 different anatomic subunits of the planta pedis. From January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2016, 35 patients who had had plantar melanoma had undergone surgical treatment in our clinic. The tumor locations were as follows: the toe in 6, the ball of the foot in 5, the arch in 15, and the heel in 9. Surgical management involved extended resection of the tumor, repair of defects with skin grafts or flaps, and inguinal lymphadenectomy. The skin flaps included a residual toe flap, an anterograde or retrograde medial plantar flap, and a retrograde sural neurocutaneous vascular flap. Of the 35 cases of flaps and skin grafts, 33 (94.29%) survived, and the wounds had healed by first intention. After a follow-up period of 6 months to 7 years, 24 patients (68.57%) were free of local and systemic disease and 30 patients (85.71%) were ambulatory using shoes, and all the flaps and skin grafts showed a good appearance. The personalized surgical treatments we used for melanoma in the planta pedis resulted in overall satisfactory outcomes and adequate disease clearance, and allowed the patients to resume normal lives. The function of the foot was maintained or restored to the greatest possible degree, and the patients' quality of life improved postoperatively.     

Parotid Region Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymphadenectomy for Cutaneous Melanoma

Background: Routine elective superficial parotidectomy for patients with primary cutaneous melanomas of the scalp, auricle, or face has been questioned. We evaluated an alternative, i.e., lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy, for patients with primary cutaneous melanomas draining to the region of the parotid gland.Patients: Retrospective review of our large >.8000 patients) melanoma database identified 39 patients with primary melanomas (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I or II) of the scalp (n = 19), auricle (n = 11), or face (n = 9) who underwent intraoperative lymphatic mapping to identify a sentinel node (SN) in the region of the parotid gland, between June 1985 and July 1997.Results: A SN was identified in the parotid region of 37 patients (94.9%), four of whom had SN metastases. The mean number of SN obtained was 2.3/patient (range, 1–4/patient). The two patients (5.1%) for whom a parotid-region SN could not be identified underwent superficial parotidectomy during the same operation. Among the 33 patients with tumor-free SN, with a median follow-up period of 33.2 months (range, 1-121 months), there was one (3.1%) intraparotid recurrence; thus, the false-negative rate was 3.1%. The procedure-related surgical morbidity rate was only 2.6% (one case of temporary facial nerve paresis).Conclusions: For patients with primary melanomas of the scalp, auricle, or face, sentinel lymphadenectomy can be performed accurately in the parotid region and offers a low-morbidity alternative to routine elective superficial parotidectomy.Supported by Grants CA12562 and CA29605 from the National Cancer Institute and by funding from the Wrather Family Foundation (Los Angeles, CA).Presented at the 51st Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, San Diego, California, March 26-29, 1998.