某市监狱、劳教所羁押、收教人员艾滋病流行现状调查

目的了解某市监狱、劳教所羁押、收教人员艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况及影响因素，为制定控制策略和措施提供依据。方法使用描述性研究方法对全市16340名羁押、收教人员的HIV感染的血清流行病学调查资料进行综合分析。结果共发现HIV感染者38人，感染率0．23％。经血传播为主要传播途径。结论该市羁押、收教人员HIV感染形势严峻，应尽快采取健康教育、行为干预和相应监管控制措施。     

新疆阿克苏地区监狱、劳教所羁押收教人员艾滋病现状分析

目的 为了解监狱、劳教所羁押、收教人员的HIV感染情况及影响因素,为制定管理、控制策略措施提供依据.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行初筛,初筛阳性者送新疆疾病预防控制中心艾滋病确认实验室采用免疫印迹法确认.结果 检测监狱、劳教所羁押、收教人员5 804例,抗体确认阳性277例,阳性率为4.77%.结论 羁押收教人员HIV感染形势严峻,应加强对监狱、劳教所羁押收教人员管理和有关艾滋病知识的教育和普及,加强预防措施,提出对羁押人员确认HIV感染者管理的新课题.     

哈尔滨市21804名在监狱羁押和劳教所收教人员HIV感染情况调查分析

目的确切了解哈尔滨市监狱羁押和劳教所收教人员中的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况,为今后制订该人群的防治措施提供科学依据。方法对哈尔滨市21 804名上述人员进行了HIV感染情况调查。结果HIV抗体阳性检出率为0.32‰,平均年龄30.86岁,均为男性;传播途径为异性性接触、单采血浆和静脉吸毒;受教育程度低,无正当职业。结论虽然监狱羁押和劳教所收教人员HIV感染者检出率较低,但加强对该人群性病知识的宣传教育、管理、HIV抗体的监测和控制不容放松。     

新疆阿克苏地区羁押、收教人员HIV抗体筛查情况分析

为了解劳教所羁押、收教人员的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况及与行为的关系，为劳教所管理人员提供相应防护措施提供依据，对5804名羁押、收教人员进行HIV抗体筛查的情况进行分析。     

2 774例劳教所羁押收教人员HIV抗体筛查情况分析

为了解劳教所羁押、收教人员的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况，及与行为的关系，为劳教所管理人员提供相应防护措施提供依据，对2774例羁押、收教人员进行HIV抗体筛查的情况进行分析。     

石门县既往有偿供血(浆)人群HIV抗体筛查情况分析

目的准确掌握石门县既往有偿供血(浆)人群规模、分布及艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,阻止艾滋病的进一步蔓延。方法普查法对全县1997年以前既往有偿供血(浆)人员进行HIV抗体检测。结果对3 509人进行了HIV检测,发现6例HIV感染者,既往有偿供血(浆)人员HIV感染率为1.71‰;其中男性5例,男性感染率为3.17‰,女性1例,女性感染率为0.05‰,男性HIV感染率高于女性。结论专项调查是在政府与社会的密切配合下完成的,既摸清了既往有偿供血(浆)人员的艾滋病疫情,又对全社会作了一次深入的宣传,促进了艾滋病防治工作。     

某地有偿供血人群HIV感染流行病学调查

目的：了解陕西省某地有偿供血人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的情况和流行因素，为制定防制措施提供依据。方法：采取线索追踪为主的血清流行病学调查，填写个案调查表，并采静脉血检测HIV及丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)。结果：共调查5739人，发现27例HIV感染者。其中有偿供血者2362人，发现23例HIV感染者，感染率为0．97％。HIV感染者中，20—29岁占29．63％(8／27)，30—39岁占44．44％(12／27)，40—49岁占25．93％(7／27)。供血者子女和其它相关人群中未发现HIV感染者。20例HIV感染者的配偶中，发现4位感染HIV，感染率为20％。感染者主要集中在某县几个外出供血浆人员集中的村庄。结论：某地有偿供血人群中存在HIV感染，特别是经血HIV感染者均有去邻省有偿供血浆史，且已通过性途径传播给其配偶。需要采取相应的措施控制其进一步传播。     

山东省高危人群艾滋病感染情况调查

目的调查山东省艾滋病高危人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况及相关危险行为信息,以期分析未来山东省艾滋病流行趋势,为制定艾滋病防治措施和决策提供依据。方法采用现况调查方法对既往有偿供血(浆)集中地区有偿供血(浆)人员、娱乐场所中从事商业性性服务的小姐(商业性服务者)以及20世纪90年代中期有偿供血者较集中地区的综合医院门诊就诊病人分层后,对这3类人群分别进行艾滋病生物学、行为学调查。结果共收集3 199份血液标本,HIV阳性率检出率为1.03%(33/3 199)。其中有偿供血员阳性检出率最高为3.22%,商业性性服务者为0.39%,综合医院门诊就诊病人为0.065%,3类人群间HIV抗体阳性检出率有显著性差异(χ2=59.39,P<0.01)。商业性性服务者中有性病史者占31.2%,与客人发生性行为时安全套的使用率为42.0%。既往有偿供血者中单供血浆者占50%,其HIV阳性检出率为8.64%。结论山东省艾滋病高危人群中HIV感染率较高的仍然是既往有偿供血人群中的单献血浆者。商业性性服务者人群中也存在一定的HIV感染率,该人群接触人员复杂,对HIV向一般人群扩散起着重要作用,因而一般人群已经受到HIV感染的威胁。     

河南省戒毒人群AIDS/STD流行病学监测

目的了解河南省戒毒人群艾滋病／性病（AIDS／STD）感染流行状况。方法对戒毒人员进行个人访谈及填写行为监测问卷，分别进行艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒抗体检测。结果1997～2004年间共监测强制戒毒人员2362例，HIV抗体阳性者8例，感染率0．34％；梅毒抗体阳性43例（均为女性），感染率1．82％。8例HIV阳性者中，6例为本省的吸毒者（其中4例有既往供血史），其中1例合并梅毒抗体阳性。2004年对16个省辖市的86190名劳改劳教人员的专题调查中，确认HIV感染者275例，感染率0．32％。其中发现由静脉吸毒感染7例，占检出HIV感染人数的2．55％。结论提示河南省HIV感染人群不再限于有偿供血和受血人群，已出现吸毒和经性行为感染的人群。吸毒人员主要以口吸毒品为主，在艾滋病高流行区，防止HIV传人吸毒人群，切实加强对吸毒人群的教育及行为干预是一项不容忽视的工作。     

农村既往有偿供血社区居民AIDS相关歧视和耻辱调查

目的 了解农村既往有偿供血社区居民艾滋病(AIDS)相关的歧视，为寻求降低歧视的方法提供科学依据。方法 选择10个存在既往有偿供血的村庄，运用横断面调查的方法，由经过培训的调查员采用人户调查和村中拦截行人的方式，对18～59岁村民进行问卷调查。结果 共调查有效问卷477份。结果显示，在农村既往有偿供血社区存在严重的AIDS相关歧视和耻辱，主要表现为不与艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者来往和不与他们在一起吃饭，分别占58.91％和51.36％，引起歧视的主要原因有84.28％的人是害怕被传染。AIDS歧视人群主要来自于本村和邻近村，分别占86.37％和53.88％；有80.08％的人认为可以通过宣传教育来降低AIDS相关的歧视和耻辱。人们对于HIV感染者的态度与其感染途径有关，80.29％的人对于通过有偿供血途径感染上HIV的人持同情态度。结论 农村既往有偿供血社区存在着严重的AIDS相关歧视和耻辱，降低AIDS歧视应作为今后宣传教育的工作重点。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.