宫颈癌及其癌前病变组织中FHIT蛋白异常表达与HPV16E6、HPV16E7蛋白表达的相关性

目的 探讨宫颈癌中三联脆组(FHIT)蛋白表达与HPV16 E6、E7蛋白表达的相关性.方法 采用免疫组化SP法对四川大学华西第二医院1999年1月至2003年2月的15例正常宫颈、25例宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)以及61例浸润性宫颈鳞癌组织标本进行FHIT蛋白、HPV16E6、HPV16 E7蛋白表达的检测.结果 (1)在正常宫颈上皮、CINI～II、CINⅢ及浸润性宫颈鳞癌中,FHIT 蛋白阳性表达率分别为100%(15/15)、71.43%(10/14)、36.36%(4/11)、14.75%(9/61),P＜0.05;HPV16E6蛋白阳性表达率分剐为0(0/15)、7.14%(1/14)、36.36%(4/11)、59.02%(36/61),P＜0.05;HPV16E7蛋白阳性表达率分别为20.00%(3/15)、42.86%(6/14)、63.64%(7/11)、57.38%(35/61),P＞0.05.(2) 宫颈病变组织中FHIT蛋白的阳性表达与HPV16E6蛋白阳性表达呈负相关(P＜0.0l,r=-0.449),与HPV16E7蛋白表达无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 宫颈癌中FHIT 蛋白的异常表达与HPV16 E6蛋白表达有关,FHIT蛋白和HPV16E6蛋白的联合检测可能可作为宫颈癌前病变转归的指标.     

宫颈癌及癌前病变组织中Notch1及HPV16 E6/E7表达的研究

目的 探讨Notch1受体和人乳头瘤病毒16感染在宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌发生发展中的作用。方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测18例宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN）和35例宫颈癌标本中Notch1受体及HPV16E6/E7蛋白的表达,以34例正常宫颈组织及慢性宫颈炎组织作为对照。比较各组间Notch1及HPV16E6/E7表达的差异,并分析Notch1与HPV16E6/E7表达的关系。结果 Notch1蛋白在细胞胞浆、胞核及胞膜中表达,HPV16E6/E7在细胞核中表达。从对照组到CIN组到宫颈癌组,Notch1及HPV16E6/E7的表达均逐渐增强（P〈0.01）。Notch1的阳性表达与宫颈癌不同分期、分化程度、淋巴结是否转移无关（P〉0.05）。在宫颈癌组中Notch1与HPV16E6/E7的表达均呈正相关性（P〈0.01）。结论 Notch1表达与HPV16E6/E7感染可能与CIN及宫颈癌的发生密切相关,两者在宫颈癌的发病机制中可能协同发挥作用。     

干扰素α-2b对宫颈癌细胞HPV16 E6E7基因抑制作用的研究

目的研究干扰素α-2b对宫颈癌SiHa细胞生长的调节作用，从细胞生物学及分子生物学水平探讨干扰素α-2b对宫颈癌细胞SiHa的作用机制。应用RT-PCR半定量检测细胞内HPV16 E6E7 mRNA表达，观察干扰素α-2b对宫颈癌SiHa细胞中HPV16 E6E7 mRNA表达的影响。方法以不同浓度的人重组干扰素α-2b含药培养液作用于感染HPV16的人宫颈癌细胞系——SiHa细胞，并设立无药对照，通过MTT及流式细胞分析技术检测该药对细胞生长及增殖的影响；进行细胞凋亡检测并用RT—PCR法半定量检测对HPV16 E6E7基因表达的影响。结果经含有干扰素α-2b的培养液作用后，细胞数量减少，1000IU／ml的干扰素α-2b对细胞抑制作用最强；细胞周期各时相中，S期细胞所占比例明显减少；均可诱导细胞凋亡；均使细胞中HPV16 E6E7mRNA表达明显减少。结论干扰素α-2b不仅可直接抑制宫颈癌细胞的生长，并可能通过抑制HPV16 E6E7基因表达的分子机制，达到抑制肿瘤目的。     

Human papillomavirus type 16 E2 and E6/E7 variants

OBJECTIVES: Polymorphisms in human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 have been shown to be related to geographic areas and are broadly classified as European (E), African (Af), Asian (As), or Asian-American (AA). Certain variants have been reported as being more likely to cause cervical disease; our objectives were to identify new HPV16 polymorphisms, to determine the linkage of the E2 and E6/E7 regions and to determine the minimum sequence necessary to classify variants. METHODS: We sequenced the complete E2, E6, and E7 regions in all HPV16-positive cervical samples identified in a case-control study of pre-invasive cervical disease. RESULTS: In the 100 samples analyzed, only one new polymorphism was identified, a synonymous change, T3205A, in region E2. The frequency distribution of variants in the sample set was 37 European prototypes and 27 E-G350, 16 AA, 5 Af1, 2 Af2, 8 E-C109G, 3 E-G131G, and 2 As. As shown by others, region E7 varied much less than E6 and E2. CONCLUSIONS: In each case, E2 changes were linked to the expected E6/E7 changes, and there was no evidence for recombination. The linkage between E2 and E6/E7 allows variant classification to be based on a short E6 sequence (nt 109-350).     

hrHPV E6/E7 mRNA检测用于宫颈癌联合筛查的横断面研究

目的:研究hrHPV E6/E7 mRNA在宫颈癌联合筛查中的准确性,探索其用于宫颈癌联合筛查的临床价值。方法:选取2013年1月至2015年12月在青岛市市立医院和青岛市城阳区人民医院妇科门诊行宫颈癌机会性筛查的女性共6223例。根据宫颈筛查方法分组:宫颈液基薄层细胞学检查(LBC)+HC2组(LBC+HC2组);LBC+HPV分型组;LBC+hrHPV E6/E7 mRNA(LBC+E6E7组)。比较3种HPV+细胞学联检策略和细胞学单独筛查的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阴道镜转诊率、CIN2+/CIN3+检出率及曲线下面积(AUC)。结果:LBC+E6E7联检CIN2+的灵敏度、特异度、PPV、NPV、阴道镜转诊率、CIN2+/CIN3+检出率分别为91.28%、95.50%、56.07%、99.43%、9.64%和5.40%;CIN3+分别为93.10%、92.06%、19.29%、99.85%、9.64%和1.86%。3种联合筛查策略之间比较,上述指标均无统计学差异(P0.05)。LBC+E6E7联检CIN2+/CIN3+的AUC分别为0.969和0.973,大于LBC单筛,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:hrHPV E6/E7 mRNA与细胞学联合筛查的准确性与HC2、HPV分型+LBC联检无明显差异,可作为HPV-DNA的替代用于宫颈癌机会性筛查的联检方案。     

Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 gene variations in Indian cervical cancer

OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus type 16 is a causative factor for development of cervical cancer. The E6 and E7 genes of HPV 16 are critical to the process of immortalization and transformation of host cells. Recent reports suggest that variants of these two genes may contribute to the risk of malignant progression of cancer in the uterine cervix. However, no data exist on sequence variations of HPV 16 E6 and E7 genes that may exist in India. Therefore, we examined intratype variations in the E6 and E7 viral genes in DNA isolated from HPV 16-positive cervical scrapes and biopsies. METHODS: The open reading frames of the E6 and E7 genes were amplified by PCR and then directly sequenced by the fluorescent dye dideoxy termination method.Results. In addition to the prototype E6 gene sequence, five sets of mutations of the E6 gene were identified. The European prototype (350T) was detected in 9.1% of the study group while the European variant (350G) was seen in 28% of patients. The remaining variants (a combination of the 350G mutation with 335T, 145T, or 419G) were significantly associated with cases compared to controls. The 350G + 145T variant was found at much higher incidence in cases in younger women, suggesting that this variant may be associated with aggressive tumor behavior. Interestingly the 350G + 419G combination was found only in controls. There was no significant association between the four genotypes of E7 and any stage of tumor progression or age. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that specific mutations in the E6 gene are found in young Indian women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cancer, suggesting that these mutations represent more oncogenically active HPV 16. Whether this increased oncogenecity is due to differences in p53 inactivation, ineffective keratinocyte differentiation, and/or altered response to the immune system by these oncogenic E6 mutants remains to be clarified.     

Quantification of intracellular HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression increases the specificity and positive predictive value of cervical cancer screening compared to HPV DNA

Objectives

Current methods for HPV screening rely on the detection of L1 DNA from high risk genotypes (HRHPV). These assays have very high negative predictive values (~ 99%), however, the specificity and positive predictive value of HPV DNA tests for pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions (CIN 2+) is less than 50%. The purpose of this study was to compare HPV DNA with intracellular HPV E6, E7 mRNA quantification in an effort to improve the performance of cervical cancer screening.

Methods

Liquid-based cervical cytology specimens collected in either PreservCyt or SurePath were processed for routing cytology, HPV HRDNA detection by Hybrid Capture 2 and HPV E6, E7 mRNA quantification in cells using the same sample. We analyzed a total of 2049 samples including 73 with CIN 2, CIN 3, or squamous cell carcinoma by biopsy and 1694 samples from women with normal cytology.

Results

The positive predictive value of HPV E6, E7 mRNA quantification in cells for CIN2+ was 78% which was greater than HPV DNA alone (43%). The specificity of HPV E6, E7 mRNA quantification was 96% based on normal cytology compared to 82% for HC2 while the specificity of HPV E6, E7 mRNA quantification based on CIN 2− histology was 85% compared to 35% for HC2.

Conclusions

With similar sensitivity and greater specificity/positive predictive value, HPV E6, E7 mRNA quantification in cells is an improvement over HPV DNA for cervical cancer screening.     

APTIMA HPV E6/E7 mRNA和MALDI-TOF-MS HPV基因分型检测宫颈高度病变效果评价

目的:以HC-Ⅱ法HPV DNA为对照,评价APTIMA法HPV E6/E7 mRNA检测(A-HPV)和MALDI-TOF-MS HPV分型检测技术(M-HPV)用于宫颈癌与癌前病变筛查的临床价值。方法:深圳市25~59岁、3年内未行宫颈癌筛查、未接受过子宫切除和盆腔放疗的2095例未孕妇女参加了本次筛查。医生于患者宫颈外口处直接收集2份宫颈脱落细胞标本,一份用于液基细胞学检查,一份用于HC-Ⅱ、A-HPV和M-HPV检测。宫颈细胞学≥ASCUS及3种方法 HPV检测任一阳性结果者均回叫行阴道镜下定点或四象限活检及宫颈管诊刮(ECC)。以病理诊断为标准评价各种HPV检测方法用于宫颈癌筛查的价值。结果:2095例研究对象中各项检测数据齐全者1970例。1970例患者的平均年龄为(35.89±7.655)岁。细胞学≥ASCUS者占6.4%(127/1970),CINⅡ+者占1.3%(26/1970),CINⅢ+者占0.76%(15/1970)。HC-Ⅱ、A-HPV和M-HPV总的HPV阳性率分别是19.4%、12.1%和14.8%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HC-Ⅱ、A-HPV和M-HPV对检出CINⅡ+病变的敏感性分别为88.5%(95%CI为68.7~97.0)、100%(95%CI为84.0~100)和92.3%(95%CI为73.4~98.7),特异性分别为81.5(95%CI为79.7~83.2)、89.1%(95%CI为87.6~90.4)和86.3%(95%CI为84.6~87.8);A-HPV与HC-Ⅱ相比敏感性稍高(P0.05),M-HPV敏感性和HC-Ⅱ相同(P0.05),三者比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:A-HPV和M-HPV用于宫颈癌筛查都有很好的敏感性和准确性,两者活检率明显低于HC-Ⅱ,可减少医疗负担和花费。HPV亚型分型和HPV E6/E7 mRNA结合有更好地预测宫颈癌患病风险的作用。     

HPV16/18E6蛋白和PKR/p-PKR在宫颈病变的表达及意义

目的:探讨宫颈病变组织HPV16/18感染对蛋白激酶R(PKR)激活的影响及两者在宫颈癌形成、演进过程中的作用和对宫颈癌患者预后的影响。方法:用免疫组化SP法检测HPV16/18型E6蛋白(E6)、PKR、磷酸化型PKR(p-PKR)在63例宫颈癌、114例宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CINⅠ~Ⅲ)、15例正常宫颈组织的表达。结果:E6蛋白与PKR在各组的阳性表达率与宫颈病变级别呈正相关(P<0.05,P<0.05),E6蛋白与PKR在各组的阳性表达率呈正相关(P<0.05);宫颈癌组PKR阳性表达率明显高于p-PKR(P<0.01);E6、PKR阳性表达率与肿瘤大小有关(P<0.05,P<0.05);宫颈癌患者病情进展与临床分期显著相关(P<0.01),病情进展与E6、p-PKR阳性表达率相关(P<0.05,P<0.05)。结论:HPV16/18感染可阻碍PKR激活,突破机体防御HPV16/18感染的机制,在宫颈癌的发生及演进过程中可能起了重要作用,对宫颈癌患者预后不利;p-PKR能抑制宫颈癌患者病情进展,可能改善其预后。     

HPV16 E7 siRNA表达载体对宫颈癌CaSki细胞增殖及成瘤性的影响

目的:通过载体介导的RNA干扰技术干扰E7癌基因的表达,探讨HPV16E7小干扰RNA(siRNA)表达载体对宫颈癌CaSki细胞增殖及成瘤性的影响,以及成为宫颈癌基因治疗新策略的可行性。方法:利用脂质体将HPV16E7特异性siRNA表达载体、空载体转染CaSki细胞,分别命名为CaSki-S、CaSki-P。通过荧光定量RT-PCR及流式细胞仪检测CaSki、CaSki-S、CaSki-P3种细胞E7mRNA和蛋白的变化,通过流式细胞仪及MTT法检测3种细胞的细胞周期及生长曲线变化,并检测3种细胞在裸鼠体内成瘤性及生长活性的差异。结果:荧光定量RT-PCR及流式细胞仪检测显示,CaSki-S细胞E7基因mRNA和蛋白的表达明显低于CaSki细胞,抑制率分别为92.86%、84.21%。MTT法检测显示,CaSki-S细胞生长明显慢于CaSki细胞。流式细胞仪检测细胞周期显示,CaSki-S细胞与未转染组CaSki细胞比较,G1期细胞比例明显增加,S期细胞比例则明显减少。裸鼠体内成瘤性及生长活性显示CaSki-S细胞显著低于CaSki细胞。而CaSki-P细胞无论是在E7mRNA和蛋白的表达,还是在肿瘤细胞生长、细胞周期的改变及成瘤性方面都与CaSki细胞无明显差异。结论:HPV16E7siRNA表达载体能有效地抑制宫颈癌CaSki细胞E7基因的表达,部分逆转其恶性表型。因此它有望成为宫颈癌基因治疗的新策略之一。     

Quantity estimation of the E2/E6 HPV gene products ratio can be a prognostic marker for the stage of the cervical cancer carcinogenesis

Cervical cancerogenesis is presently considered to be connected with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of cervical epithelial cells. Genomic integration of an HPV DNA into epithelial cells is a probable factor increasing cervical carcinoma incidence. THE AIM: Of the study was to evaluate the calculated ratios of HPV 16 gene amplification products with multiplex PCR. We estimated quantitive ratios of HPV 16 genes: E6, E1, E2, and L1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety three cervical carcinoma cases were included into the analysis after detecting DNA HPV16 presence in primary lesion. We isolated DNA from cervical smears. RESULTS: We discovered statistically significant difference in low E2/E6 (< 0.4) amplification ratio patients staged IIa and in stages more advanced than IIa (p = 0.03). Moreover, we observed high E2/E6 amplification ratio in patients negative for lymph-node metastases (according to postoperative pathological report).     

A DNA vaccine constructed with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 and E6 genes induced specific immune responses

OBJECTIVE: Cervical cancer is found highly associated with human papillomaviruses type 16 (HPV16). HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes are important transforming genes which have become the main focus of anti-cervical cancer therapy. In this study, a recombinant DNA vaccine candidate, termed HPV16-DNA-E6E7, constructed with HPV16 E7 and E6 genes was generated and used to against HPV16-induced tumors. METHODS: We inserted an E7 DNA fragment into E6 gene to produce a recombinant gene (E6E7-DNA). The E6E7-DNA gene was inserted into a mammalian expression vector, pcDNA 3.1+, to construct the DNA vaccine candidate. Animals (C57BL/6 mice) were immunized with the vaccine candidate with various concentrations (50 microg, 100 microg or 200 microg, respectively), and cytotoxicity measurement and tumor protection assay were carried out to examine the immunological effects of the vaccine candidate. RESULTS: Immunization of with HPV16-E6E7-DNA induced HPV16-specific immune response and also conveyed protection against TC-1 induced tumor in vivo. A survival rate (90%) after 45 days of tumor challenge was observed. The animals injected with a higher dosage of the vaccine (200 microg) exhibited prolonged survival duration of more than 55 days. No transforming activity of the vaccine candidate was detected, as determined by focus formation and degradation of endogenous p53. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that the HPV16-E6E7-DNA compound might become a candidate for HPV16 precautionary and immunotherapy.     

两种HPV检测方法在宫颈癌筛查中准确性比较的Meta分析

目的:评价HPV E6/E7 mRNA(Aptima)和HPV DNA二代杂交捕获(HC2)检测对宫颈上皮内瘤变2级(CIN2)及以上病变(≥CIN2)的诊断价值。方法:检索Cochrane图书馆、Pubmed、Embase、中国知网和万方数据库,收集Aptima和HC2用于宫颈癌筛查的研究数据。通过meta分析合并诊断效应量,比较Aptima和HC2对≥CIN2的诊断效能。结果:共纳入13篇文献,初筛人群累计31523例(其中Aptima 15767例,HC2 15756例)。转诊人群累计13982例(其中Aptima 7004例,HC2 6978例)。初筛人群中,Aptima和HC2诊断≥CIN2的汇总敏感度分别为0.95(95%CI为0.91~0.98)和0.95(95%CI为0.90~0.97),汇总特异度分别为0.90(95%CI为0.90~0.98)和0.85(95%CI为0.84~0.86)。转诊人群中,Aptima和HC2诊断≥CIN2的汇总敏感度分别为0.93(95%CI为0.92~0.94)和0.95(95%CI为0.93~0.96),汇总特异度分别为0.47(95%CI为0.45~0.48)和0.38(95%CI为0.36~0.39)。初筛人群中,Aptima和HC2诊断≥CIN2的AUC分别是0.9672和0.8888,Q*统计量分别为0.9154和0.8194;转诊人群中,Aptima和HC2诊断≥CIN2的AUC分别是0.8389和0.8766,Q*统计量分别为0.7708和0.8070,差异均无统计学意义。结论:Aptima与HC2对≥CIN2病变的诊断敏感度和诊断效能相当,但Aptima的特异度相对更高。     

Evaluation of E6 and E7 mRNA expression in HPV DNA positive breast cancer

Several studies have suggested a possible role for HPV in the pathogenesis of the breast cancer. We investigated the presence of the HPV DNA in breast cancers and non malignant disease breast tissues by the use of a standard HPV detection method (INNO-Lipa HPV), in order to detect HPV DNA in metastatic nodes, to investigate a possible cervical HPV co-infection, and to evaluate the E6/E7 mRNA expression in HPV DNA positive breast cancer tissues. The rate of HPV infection was significantly higher in the cancer group than in controls (9/31 vs. 0/12, p = 0.04). One out of eight metastatic axillary nodes was positive for HPV infection; 2/3 of the positive HPV breast cancer patients were co-infected at the cervical site. The role of the virus in breast oncogenesis is still unclear, since our analysis failed in demonstrating the expression of viral E6 and E7 in positive HPV positive breast tumor tissues.