小剂量托吡酯联合奥卡西平治疗小儿癫痫的疗效观察

目的研究小剂量托吡酯联合奥卡西平治疗小儿癫痫的临床效果。方法选取60例小儿癫痫患儿为研究对象,随机分为2组各30例,所有患儿给予奥卡西平治疗,在此基础上,对照组加用常规剂量托吡酯治疗,观察组加用小剂量托吡酯治疗,治疗6个月后,比较2组临床疗效、住院时间、不良反应发生率、癫痫发作次数。结果观察组总有效率96%,对照组为90%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组住院时间显著少于对照组,不良反应发生率显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗6个月后,2组癫痫发作次数均较治疗前明显减少(P0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用小剂量托吡酯联合奥卡西平治疗小儿癫痫临床疗效显著,可有效减少药物不良反应,缩短患儿住院治疗时间,是一种高效安全的治疗方案。     

卡马西平与托吡酯联合左乙拉西坦治疗创伤性难治性癫痫临床研究

目的探讨托吡酯、卡马西平及左乙拉西坦联合治疗创伤性难治性癫痫患者的疗效及对其认知功能的影响。方法选取2014-01—2016-06平煤神马医疗集团总医院收治的74例难治性癫痫患者,依据建档顺序分为2组,各37例。对照组采用卡马西平联合托吡酯治疗,研究组联合采用卡马西平、托吡酯及左乙拉西坦治疗;2组均持续治疗4个月。统计对比2组临床疗效、入院时及疗程结束后认知功能评分(MoCA)及癫痫发作次数。结果研究组总有效率89.19%(33例)高于对照组70.27%(26例),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前2组癫痫发作次数及MoCA评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后研究组癫痫发作次数少于对照组,MoCA评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论托吡酯联合卡马西平及左乙拉西坦治疗创伤性难治性癫痫效果显著,可有效减少癫痫发作次数,提高患者认知功能。     

卡马西平托吡酯与丙戊酸钠治疗脑炎继发癫痫的疗效分析

目的探讨卡马西平、托吡酯与丙戊酸钠治疗脑炎继发癫痫的临床疗效。方法将126例脑炎继发癫痫患者随机分为观察A组(n=42)、观察B组(n=42)及观察C组(n=42),分别给予卡马西平、托吡酯及丙戊酸钠治疗,对比3组患者临床效果。结果观察A、B、C 3组治疗总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(73.8%,76.2%,78.6%)(P0.05);观察B组不良反应发生率为14.3%,显著低于观察A组的45.2%和观察C组的30.9%(P0.05);观察组A组对PS型发作的疗效显著优于观察组B、C组(P0.05)。结论卡马西平、托吡酯、丙戊酸钠对于脑炎继发癫痫患者均具有确切疗效,但托吡酯不良反应发生率相对较低,可作为治疗首选临床用药。     

卡马西平 托吡酯与丙戊酸钠治疗脑炎继发癫痫的疗效分析

目的观察卡马西平、托吡酯与丙戊酸钠治疗脑炎继发癫痫的疗效。方法选取60例脑炎继发癫痫患者为研究对象,随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组20例,A组给予卡马西平治疗,B组给予丙戊酸钠治疗,C组给予托吡酯治疗。对3组疗效进行评价;对3组患者治疗期间不良反应的发生情况进行观察。结果 3组临床有效率分别为70%、70%和75%,差异无统计学有意义(P0.05),且3组各项疗效评价结果差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);3组治疗期间不良反应的发生率分别为55%、45%和15%,A组或B组不良反应发生率显著高于C组(P0.05),A组皮疹发生率显著高于B组与C组(P0.05)。结论卡马西平、丙戊酸钠、托吡酯治疗脑炎继发癫痫的疗效基本相当,但托吡酯的不良反应较少,有助于提高患者的依从性。     

托呲酯不同起始剂量治疗枕神经痛的疗效观察

目的　观察托吡酯不同起始剂量治疗枕神经痛的疗效。方法　由成都市 5家医院神经内科组成协作组 ,将 133例枕神经痛患者随机分为托吡酯A、B组 (起始剂量分别为 5 0mg/d和 2 5mg/d)及卡马西平组。托吡酯A、B组在治疗后第 2d开始每天加 2 5mg,最大剂量 2 0 0mg/d,卡马西平组为 0 1每日 3次 ,共治疗3周。对 3组患者每周进行自评、医评 ,并比较其疗效和不良反应。结果　治疗第 1周卡马西平组疗效优于托吡酯A、B组 (均P <0 0 5 ) ,而A组疗效又优于B组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,第 2周和第 3周 3组间疗效无差异 (均P >0 0 5 )。 3组患者出现的不良反应轻 ,发生率亦无差异。结论　用托吡酯治疗枕神经痛起始剂量 5 0mg/d比 2 5mg/d起效快 ,无严重不良反应。     

小剂量托吡酯联合复方氨基丁酸维E治疗小儿癫痫部分发作的疗效及神经功能保护作用

目的探讨小剂量托吡酯联合复方氨基丁酸维E治疗小儿癫痫部分性发作(PS)的疗效及其对神经功能的影响。方法将120例PS癫痫患儿随机分为两组:对照组(n=60)采用小剂量托吡酯治疗,观察组(n=60)在对照组基础上使用复方氨基丁酸维E,治疗12周。比较两组临床疗效、脑电图以及治疗前后交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)。结果观察组的总有效率和脑电图缓解率分别为95.00%、85.00%,显著高于对照组的83.33%、71.67%(P0.05);治疗后观察组SSR潜伏期较对照组明显缩短而波幅明显升高(P0.05)。结论小剂量托吡酯联合复方氨基丁酸维E治疗PS癫痫患儿可有效控制癫痫发作,改善脑电图并保护神经功能。     

卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗额叶癫痫的疗效研究

目的 研究丙戊酸钠和卡马西平联合治疗对额叶癫痫的临床疗效和安全性.方法 将额叶癫痫患者随机分为联合用药组(86例)和对照组(83例),联合用药组给予丙戊酸钠和卡马西平联合治疗,剂量分别为20mg(kg·d)-1、10 mg(kg·d)-1;对照组给予卡马西平治疗,随访半年.结果 联合用药组的疗效为:显效率54.7%、有效率30.2%、无效率15.1%;对照组的疗效为:显效率42.2%、有效率14.5%、无效率43.3%.两组的疗效有统计学差异.结论 丙戊酸钠和卡马西平联合治疗额叶癫痫能够明显地提高疗效,并且不良反应无明显增加,值得临床作为首选治疗方案推广应用.     

托吡酯治疗小儿癫痫104例临床研究

目的观察托吡酯添加或单一治疗小儿癫痫,特别是对癫痫部分性发作及继发性全身性发作、Lennox-Gastaut综合征(LGS)和West综合征的疗效和不良反应.方法对癫痫部分性发作或继发性全身性发作32例、 LGS 47例及West综合征25例病例中已应用传统抗癫痫药物治疗,但控制不理想的病例添加托吡酯治疗,而新诊断的病例应用托吡酯单一治疗,并进行开放性自身对照研究.治疗剂量一般由0.5～1 mg*kg-1*d-1开始,每周增加0.5～1 mg*kg-1*d-1.部分性发作及继发性全身性发作组平均剂量为(6.2±2.2) mg*kg-1*d-1; LGS组平均剂量为(7.4±3.5) mg*kg-1*d-1;West综合征组<6个月的患儿由12.5 mg/d开始,≥6个月的患儿由25 mg/d开始,每2～3 d增加12.5～25 mg/d,平均剂量为(8.1±4.1) mg*kg-1*d-1.结果 (1)托吡酯治疗小儿癫痫104例,疗程均在6个月以上,总疗效为:发作减少≥50%的患者80例(76.9%),发作停止42例(40.4%);(2)添加托吡酯治疗对卡马西平和丙戊酸钠的血浓度没有明显影响;(3)不良反应:嗜睡18例(17.3%),反应淡漠7例(6.7%),思维缓慢3例(2.8%),纳差25例(24.0%),类暑热症8例(7.7%),体重下降12例(11.5%).结论托吡酯治疗部分性发作及继发性全身性发作、LGS和West综合征安全、有效,不良反应轻.     

托吡酯治疗小儿癫痫104例临床研究

目的观察托吡酯添加或单一治疗小儿癫痫,特别是对癫痫部分性发作及继发性全身性发作、Lennox-Gastaut综合征(LGS)和West综合征的疗效和不良反应.方法对癫痫部分性发作或继发性全身性发作32例、LGS47例及West综合征25例病例中已应用传统抗癫痫药物治疗,但控制不理想的病例添加托吡酯治疗,而新诊断的病例应用托吡酯单一治疗,并进行开放性自身对照研究.治疗剂量一般由0.5～1mg*kg-1*d-1开始,每周增加0.5～1mg*kg-1*d-1.部分性发作及继发性全身性发作组平均剂量为(6.2±2.2)mg*kg-1*d-1;LGS组平均剂量为(7.4±3.5)mg*kg-1*d-1;West综合征组<6个月的患儿由12.5mg/d开始,≥6个月的患儿由25mg/d开始,每2～3d增加12.5～25mg/d,平均剂量为(8.1±4.1)mg*kg-1*d-1.结果(1)托吡酯治疗小儿癫痫104例,疗程均在6个月以上,总疗效为发作减少≥50%的患者80例(76.9%),发作停止42例(40.4%);(2)添加托吡酯治疗对卡马西平和丙戊酸钠的血浓度没有明显影响;(3)不良反应嗜睡18例(17.3%),反应淡漠7例(6.7%),思维缓慢3例(2.8%),纳差25例(24.0%),类暑热症8例(7.7%),体重下降12例(11.5%).结论托吡酯治疗部分性发作及继发性全身性发作、LGS和West综合征安全、有效,不良反应轻.     

卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠与单用卡马西平治疗癫痫的疗效及不良反应对比

目的比较卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠与单用卡马西平治疗癫痫的临床疗效及不良反应。方法选择2013-01—2014-01我院收治的癫痫患者90例,随机分为观察组和对照组各45例。对照组给予单纯卡马西平治疗,观察组给予卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗。对比2组患者的临床疗效及不良反应发生率。结果 (1)观察组总有效率(95.6%)明显高于对照组(82.2%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)观察组头晕、皮疹及白细胞减少的发生率均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而2组患者的纳差、嗜睡、脱发及耳鸣的发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗癫痫,可明显提高临床疗效,减轻不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.