超声造影在肝移植术后血管源性并发症中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在检测肝移植术后血管源性并发症中的应用价值。方法对肝移植术后经彩色多普勒血流显像检查疑肝血管血流异常患者行超声造影检查，观察肝动脉、门静脉、下腔静脉及肝实质的血流灌注，对其中29例经数字减影血管造影（DSA）或CT血管造影（CTA）／MR血管造影（MRA）证实的病例进行分析。结果术后血管源性并发症患者28例，其中肝动脉狭窄22例，肝动脉血栓闭塞3例（肝动脉血栓闭塞合并肝梗死2例），门静脉狭窄2例，下腔静脉狭窄1例，另1例为肝门部血肿并肝动脉、门静脉受压狭窄。超声造影可明确诊断肝动脉血栓闭塞，显示肝动脉、门静脉及下腔静脉狭窄，与DSA或CTA／MRA结果符合率分别为100％（3／3）、90．9％（20／22）、100％（2／2）及100％（1／1）。结论超声造影对肝移植术后血管源性并发症的诊断具有较高的准确率，对指导临床诊断及治疗具有重要的临床应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植血管并发症中的应用价值

目的 确定彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)技术在肝移植血管并发症中应用价值。方法 应用彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒技术对26例肝移植病例(7例小儿部分肝移植及19例成人肝移植)进行术前评价，术中指导及术后监测，重点观察受体术后至少180d内肝血流动力学各项参数及肝脏动、静脉及门静脉血流频谱形态变化，及时发现血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症。结果 26例肝移植病例，术后CDFI及时发现肝动脉狭窄(HAS)1例及肝动脉血栓(HAT)1例，经过血管造影证实。发现门静脉血栓1例，肝静脉狭窄2例，经过再次手术取栓及狭窄处球囊扩张后，血流灌注恢复正常。结论 应用CDFI监测各项血流指标，对于术后早期发现肝脏血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症具有较高的敏感性和特异性，提高了手术的成功率和患者的生存率。     

彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析和总结26例肝移植术后并发症的彩色多普勒超声检查资料,检测指标包括肝动脉及左右分支的峰值速度（HAPV）、阻力指数（RI）、加速度及加速时间,门静脉平均流速,肝实质及胆管回声。结果6例经手术或造影证实为血管并发症（肝动脉血栓形成1例,肝动脉狭窄2例,肝动脉痉挛1例,门静脉狭窄2例）,彩色多普勒超声表现有肝动脉狭窄处的高速高阻血流并伴有湍流,而狭窄远端峰值速度〈40cm／s,RI〈0．5,加速时间〉0．08s,加速度〈300cm／s^2,1例肝动脉血栓形成肝门部无动脉血流信号;6例急性排斥反应,3例胆管结石并扩张。结论彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断具有重要的指导意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在小儿部分肝移植血管并发症中的应用

目的：正确评价彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)技术在围手术期小儿部分肝移植血流动力学监测中价值，寻找可靠的方法及早发现肝移植血管并发症。方法：应用彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒技术对5例小儿部分肝移植病例的受体及供体进行术前评价，术中指导及术后监测，参照国外文献标准，重点观察受体术后肝血流动力学各参数包括肝脏动、静脉及门静脉血流频谱形态变化，及时发现血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症。结果：5例小儿部分肝移植病例，手术顺利，术后CDFI即时发现门静脉血栓1例，肝静脉狭窄1例，经过再次手术取栓及狭窄处球囊扩张后，两例血流灌注恢复正常，未发现肝动脉狭窄及血栓。结论：应用CDFI监测各项血流指标，可以确定活体肝移植手术适应症，术中指导手术方式并实时观察血管吻合情况和血流灌注情况，术后及早发现多种并发症，尤其是肝脏血管狭窄及血栓形成等严重并发症，具有较高的敏感性和特意性，提高了手术的成功率和生存率，成为肝移植手术非常关键的检查方法之一。     

磁共振血管成像评价肝移植术后血管形态：11例分析

背景:多数学者认为超声发现血栓形成和血管狭窄的灵敏度比较高,但对血管吻合口的直接显示较困难,磁共振血管造影对血管解剖的显示及并发症的诊断优于多普勒超声。目的:观察磁共振血管造影对肝移植术后血管形态的显示及其对并发症的评估。设计:观察对比实验。单位:南方医科大学附属南方医院影像中心。对象:选择2004-01/2006-12于南方医科大学附属南方医院影像中心收治的11例男性原位肝移植术后患者。年龄40～58岁,平均49岁。术前临床诊断为原发性肝癌2例,重症肝硬化9例,均经病理组织学检测证实,其中9例行原位经典式肝移植,2例行背驮式原位肝移植术。所有患者均对检测项目知情同意。方法:对11例原位肝移植术后患者均用磁共振快速自选回波序列及快速小角度激发梯度回波序列常规扫描、钆喷替酸葡甲胺动态增强3D磁共振血管造影检查,在MRA成像后,迅速采用与平扫FLASH T1WI抑脂序列完全相同参数行轴面和冠状面扫描。根据ECST法计算血管直径狭窄率S(S=[(D-d)/D]×100%),d为最狭窄处内径,D为该处正常管径。判断狭窄的程度:直径狭窄率S在0～30%为正常范围;31%～50%为轻度狭窄;51%～85%为中度狭窄;86%～100%为重度狭窄。分析各序列图像特点。同时行多普勒超声检查。主要观察指标:①磁共振血管造影观察肝移植术后血管形态及对并发症的评估结果。②多普勒超声检查结果。结果:纳入患者11例全部进入结果分析。①磁共振血管造影:显示3例肝动脉、门静脉和下腔静脉吻合口通畅,其中1例供体门静脉管径略小于受体门静脉,1例肝移植术后早期MRT2WI图像见到门静脉周围高信号,持续3周后消失。其余8例中,2例肝动脉过长迂曲,2例肝动脉供体端瘤样轻度扩张,2例门静脉轻度狭窄,位于吻合口,且门静脉供体段与受体段的管径不相等,门静脉肝内分支均正常,2例肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张,而其下腔静脉未见异常。1例下腔静脉血栓,磁共振血管造影表现为高信号血管腔内椭圆形低无信号区。2例肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张患者半年后肝静脉末梢分支扩张程度降低,但仍有轻度扩张,下腔静脉血栓治疗1月后复查血栓消失。②多普勒超声检测:1例肝动脉过长迂曲合并肝动脉供体端瘤样轻度扩张诊断为肝动脉过长迂曲,例门静脉轻度狭窄1例诊断为正常,1例诊断为可疑狭窄。未发现肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张。其余诊断与磁共振血管造影相符。结论:磁共振血管造影可清楚显示肝移植术后血管解剖并准确、快速诊断肝移植术后出现的血管并发症。     

肝门部胆管癌的血管造影表现分析

目的 通过总结肝门部胆管癌的血管造影表现。评价血管造影对胆管癌的诊断价值。方法 肝门部胆管癌患者20例，共32人次行肝动脉和间接门静脉血管造影。观察造影图像中肝总动脉，肝固有动脉，胃十二指肠动脉，肝右及肝左动脉，门静脉主干及其左右分支，肝静脉。结果 将20例共32人次的血管造影表现分为正常15.625%(5/32)，肿瘤染色15.625%(5/32)。血管受侵68.75%(22/32)三种。其中，以动脉血管（18/22）和门静脉（12/22）的受侵最常见，在动脉血管受侵中（18/32），动脉血管狭窄的发生率最高，为37.5%(12/32)。结论 在肝门部胆管癌的血管造影中，血管的不同程度受侵具有一定的特征性，可以作为其诊断的依据。同时，也为外科手术切除及临床预后判定提供了帮助。     

Doppler evaluation of arterial complications of adult orthotopic liver transplantation

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the role of the resistance index (RI), systolic acceleration time (SAT), and spectral waveform's morphologic characteristics in the sonographic evaluation of the hepatic artery for early detection of stenosis or thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. METHODS: Arterial Doppler sonograms of 174 transplanted livers in 150 patients were analyzed for presence or absence of blood flow, RI, SAT, and peak systolic velocity. A qualitative evaluation of the spectral waveform morphologic characteristics was also made. In patients who had had abnormal findings on sonography, we compared those results with results obtained on multislice helical CT or angiography. RESULTS: At least 1 of the Doppler criteria for hepatic artery stenosis or thrombosis was identified in 25 of the transplants. The findings on multislice helical CT, angiography, or both confirmed the diagnosis of stenosis or thrombosis in 20 of the 25 cases: in 9 of 10 cases of absent hepatic arterial blood flow, 5 of 9 with an RI lower than 0.5, 6 of 7 cases with an SAT longer than 0.08 second, 10 of 11 cases of changes to a tardus-parvus-like spectral waveform, and in the 1 case of a peak systolic velocity greater than 2 m/second. CONCLUSIONS: The most accurate indicator of hepatic arterial stenosis or thrombosis was a change in the spectral waveform to a tardus-parvus pattern, with 91% sensitivity and 99.1% specificity. Among the other parameters, an increase of the SAT value (> 0.08 second), when associated with the morphologic modification of the systolic peak, is a more reliable parameter than the RI for early detection of artery stenosis, especially when the type of anastomosis is unknown.     

Preoperative assessment of the portal vein and hepatic artery in children with end-stage liver disease: is selective angiography still necessary?

Background: Selective angiography involves increased risk for children and may cause vascular complications. The aim of this study was to determine whether selective angiography is still necessary for viewing the portal vein and hepatic artery. Methods: Doppler ultrasound, abdominal aortography, and selective angiography were performed and interpreted independently in 62 children (median age = 1 year 3 months), with end-stage liver disease, who were candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation. Results: Selective angiography agreed with the Doppler ultrasound findings of patency, flow direction, and diameter of the extrahepatic portal vein in 84%, 73%, and 79% of the children, respectively. Important additional information was obtained from selective angiography in only five of the 62 children (8%). Selective angiography showed an anomaly of the hepatic artery in 21 of the 62 children (33%). In 18 out of these 21 children (85%), an anomaly of the hepatic artery was already visible on the abdominal aortogram. Conclusion: Selective angiography did not play any significant role in the detection of an anomaly of the hepatic artery and should only be done if the Doppler ultrasound findings of the portal vein are inconclusive or if abdominal aortography cannot provide reliable information about the hepatic artery. For the evaluation of the portal vein and hepatic artery, we recommend Doppler ultrasound and abdominal aortography, a less invasive angiographic procedure. Received: 12 May 1995/Accepted: 26 June 1995     

Ultrasound examination of the liver: Normal vascular anatomy

Various treatments for liver diseases, including liver transplant (particularly partial liver resection from a living donor), treatment of liver tumors, and TIPS, require detailed knowledge of the complex vascular anatomy of the liver. The hepatic artery and portal vein provide the organ with a double blood supply whereas venous drainage is furnished by the hepatic veins.Multislice computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide undeniably excellent information on these structures. On ultrasound, the inferior vena cava, the openings of the hepatic veins, and the main branch of the portal vein can always be visualized, but intrasegmental vessels (portal, arterial, accessory hepatic venous branches) can be only partially depicted and in some cases not at all.In spite of its difficulty and limitations, hepatic sonography is frequently unavoidable, particularly in critically ill patients, and the results are essential for defining diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. For this reason, a thorough knowledge of the sonographic features of hepatic vascular anatomy is indispensable.     

Doppler sonographic diagnosis of severe portal vein pulsatility in constrictive pericarditis: Flow normalization after pericardiectomy

This case report describes the noninvasive assessment of hepatic and portal vein hemodynamics in a patient with constrictive pericarditis before and after pericardiectomy. Doppler sonography of the hepatic veins demonstrated a typical W‐shaped pattern with pronounced late diastolic flow reversal that disappeared after surgery. Preoperatively, we observed severe pulsatility of the portal vein with flow reversal in systole; after pericardiectomy, portal venous flow was normal. We concluded that the high right atrial pressure in this patient might have led to increased hepatic venous outflow resistance, with subsequent trans‐sinusoidal shunting between the hepatic artery and portal vein causing severe portal vein pulsatility. After pericardiectomy and a decrease in right atrial pressure, portal vein flow normalized. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 27:84–88, 1999.     

Visualization of blood flow in hepatic vessels and hepatocellular carcinoma using B-flow sonography

PURPOSE: A B-flow sonographic technique was recently developed to provide direct visualization of blood flow with gray-scale sonography. Compared with color Doppler sonography, B-flow imaging has wideband resolution and a high frame rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of B-flow sonography for visualizing blood flow in hepatic vessels and tumor vascularity in patients with liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with liver cirrhosis, including 15 with HCC, were studied by B-flow and color Doppler sonography. Blood-flow detection rates in portal veins and hepatic arteries and tumor vascularity in HCC were analyzed, and the 2 methods were compared. RESULTS: Using B-flow, blood flow was visualized in the portal vein in 23 (92%) of 25 patients and was visualized in the hepatic artery separately from the portal vein in 9 (36%) of 25 patients. The blood-flow signals were visualized only within vessels, never "bleeding" outside the vessel's lumen. Blood flow in the portal vein was observed with color Doppler sonography in all 25 patients, but the hepatic artery was never clearly separated from the portal vein. Vascularity within the HCC tumor was detected in 9 (60%) of 15 nodules with B-flow imaging, and fine arteries flowing into the tumor were observed in 6 nodules. Color Doppler sonography detected blood flow in 13 (87%) of the 15 HCC nodules. CONCLUSIONS: Blood flow in hepatic vessels and tumor vessels of HCC were visualized with B-flow sonography. B-flow sonography is a potentially useful technique for the evaluation of liver vascularity and intratumoral vessels.     

Doppler sonographic findings in children with idiopathic portal vein cavernous deformity and variceal hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the flow patterns in the portal vascular territory in children with portal vein cavernous deformity. METHODS: The study included 12 children (age 4-10 years) with hematemesis, melena, or both in whom B-mode gray scale sonography revealed small anechoic spaces replacing the site of the portal vein. The portal vein cavernous deformity was present either alone (in 8 patients) or with congenital hepatic fibrosis (in 4). Doppler sonography (color and spectral) was performed to assess the flow in the portal vascular territory, splenic vein, intrasplenic veins, and abdominal collaterals. RESULTS: Doppler sonography confirmed the venous flow waveform in the cavernous portal vein in all children with normal flow direction in the few intrahepatic portal vein branches and also in the intrahepatic veins. Splenomegaly was present in all. The intrasplenic veins were dilated in all but had normal flow direction except in 2 with spontaneous trans-splenic shunts. Gallbladder varices were shown in 4 patients, and perisplenic collaterals were shown in 3. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler sonography is a valuable noninvasive imaging technique for assessment of the portal hemodynamic profile in patients with portal vein cavernous deformity, which can affect subsequent treatment decision making. Trans-splenic shunts are uncommon, but this Doppler sonographic report documents such shunts in children with portal hypertension.     

Vascular complications after liver transplantation: evaluation with Doppler US

Purpose To demonstrate the spectral and color Doppler ultrasonography (US) findings that would indicate vascular complications after liver transplantation and to report our single center results of vascular complications detected in liver transplant recipients. Materials and methods Our study was consisted of 326 patients who underwent liver transplantation procedures between November 1997 and May 2004. The records of all patients were reviewed retrospectively for the details of each patient’s post-transplant Doppler US examinations, visceral angiographic examinations, and/or surgical procedures. Doppler US findings were correlated with angiographic results or surgery. Sensitivity and specificity of Doppler US parameters for the diagnosis of vascular complications of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic veins were calculated. Results Vascular complications occurred in 47 patients (14%). Eight instances of vascular complications were detected intraoperatively by Doppler US at the time of transplantation. For hepatic artery complications, use of a Doppler US criteria resulted in a sensitivity and a specificity of 92% and 97%, respectively. Doppler US parameters also resulted in a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% in detecting portal vein complications, and resulted in a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 100% in detecting hepatic vein complications. Conclusion Although it is clear that Doppler US evaluation is an effective choice for diagnosing vascular complications after liver transplantation, we also observed that Doppler US examination plays an important role in detecting vascular complications intraoperatively and improving the patient’s chance for a successful outcome.     

动态增强MRA诊断活体肝移植术后血管并发症

目的 评估钆贝葡胺动态增强磁共振血管成像(DCE MRA)对活体肝移植术后肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉血管并发症的诊断价值. 方法 34例活体肝移植受体,术后均接受MR扫描.经静脉注入1 ml钆贝葡胺注射液后同时启动testbolus测出循环至腹主动脉时间.后行冠状位三维T1加权快速扰相小角度梯度回波(3D-FLASH)序列扫描,自动脉期开始连续扫描4期,每期相隔10 s,获得肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉期图像.两名放射科医师观察原始及最大密度重建(MIP)图像.并把MRA图像质量定为5级.观测肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉及下腔静脉吻合口与邻近血管的相对大小、血管的显示程度,并将结果与同期进行的数字减影血管造影(DSA)、超声和临床综合资料的结果对照. 结果 MRA对于肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉系统的显示均较好.肝动脉狭窄4例,门静脉狭窄6例,门静脉栓塞2例,肝中静脉重度狭窄1例.其中DSA证实10例,手术证实4例,其余均经超声、随访等证实. 结论 钆贝葡胺动态增强MRA安全无创,对肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉显示清楚,对于血管并发症的诊断准确率较高,有可能成为活体肝移植术后诊断血管并发症首选的影像学检查手段.     

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: demonstration of portosystemic venous shunts using power Doppler sonography and sonographically guided percutaneous transhepatic portovenography.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease associated with vascular abnormalities, which may occur in any organ. Cases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia accompanied by intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts, however, have rarely been described. We report a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in which intrahepatic portosystemic shunts were detected using power Doppler sonography and portovenography with percutaneous transhepatic contrast agent injection. On gray-scale sonography, the common hepatic artery was dilated, and dilated tubular structures mimicking dilated biliary tracts were found. Power Doppler sonography demonstrated the continuity of tortuous vascular channels connecting a branch of the right portal vein to a branch of the right hepatic vein. The dilated vascular channels and tributaries of the right hepatic vein showed a monophasic waveform pattern on spectral analysis. Portovenography showed a tangle of vascular structures connecting with a branch of the right hepatic vein.     

彩超诊断肝移植术后肝动脉血栓和狭窄的价值

目的:探讨彩超对肝移植术后肝动脉血栓和狭窄的诊断价值。方法:彩超检查135例肝移植术后患者的肝实质回声、肝动脉血流、肝动脉阻力指数、收缩期加速度时间、频谱流速曲线形态。结果:彩超发现肝动脉血栓7例。4例出现肝内单发或多发低回声区,6 例显示肝门或肝内无动脉血流,1例表现为肝动脉阻力指数降低和收缩期加速度时间延长,肝动脉狭窄2例,肝动脉阻力指数降低和收缩期加速度时间延长。结论:彩超对肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的检测具有重要价值。     

“一站式”MRI在活体肝移植术前评估中的价值

目的：探讨“一站式”MRI在活体肝移植供肝术前影像评估中的价值。方法：61例行活体半肝移植的供体术前行“一站式”MRI检查,后处理重建肝血管及胆道系统,并与手术所见对照。结果：61例活体供肝中,MichelⅠ型肝动脉48例,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅷ型2例,Ⅸ型1例,2例Ⅳ段肝动脉起自肝右动脉（RHA）,1例RHA起自腹腔干（CT）。58例正常门静脉解剖,3例“三分叉”型门静脉。41例正常肝静脉解剖,18例肝左静脉（LHV）和肝中静脉（MHV）形成共干后汇入IVC;2例肝右下静脉（IRHV）汇入下腔静脉（IVC）。58例正常肝管解剖,2例“三分叉＇型胆管,1例肝右后叶胆管（RPHD）起自左肝管（LHD）。术前MR对供体肝动脉、门静脉和肝静脉解剖的诊断正确率分别为96.7%,100%,95.1%。MRCP结合增强MR胆管造影联合显示胆道系统解剖的准确率为93.4%。结论：“一站式”MRI检查方案能够显示活体肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉及胆道系统的解剖及变异,可以作为活体肝移植的术前评估方式。     

多层螺旋CT肝脏血管成像最佳扫描时间的研究

目的对比传统方法与自动团注追踪法在确定肝脏多期扫描动脉早期时间上的价值,探讨多层螺旋CT肝脏血管成像的最佳扫描时间.方法将66例行腹部CT扫描的患者(男50例,女16例,年龄15～73岁,中位年龄49.5岁)分为三组,均行动脉早期、动脉晚期及肝实质期三期扫描,动脉早期的扫描时间分别采用常规延迟方法(20 s)及两种不同阈值/间隔时间(100 Hu/3 s;75 Hu/6 s)的团注追踪延迟方法确定.利用动脉早期及晚期数据分别进行肝动脉及门静脉的CT血管成像(CTA),并评价三组间图像质量的差异.结果两组团注追踪法及一组传统方法扫描获得的肝动脉及门静脉CTA三组间无显著差异.肝动脉及门静脉CTA质量最佳组延迟时间分别为(23.74±4.32) s及(41.78±3.68) s.结论团注追踪法确定扫描时间在获得血管成像方面与传统方法间尚无显著差异,传统延迟方法仍然是一种简便、可行的方法.动脉早期及动脉晚期的扫描时间可分别定为注药后22～25 s及41～43 s.     

Ultrasonographic anatomy of the caudate lobe.

The caudate lobe, like the other segments and lobes of the liver, can be defined anatomically as well as pathologically utilizing gray-scale ultrasonography. It is anatomically distinct from the left and right lobes as it has its own portal veins, hepatic arteries, hepatic veins, and bile ducts. Sonographically the limits of the caudate lobe can be defined using readily identifiable vascular landmarks such as the proximal left portal vein anteriorly, the inferior vena cava posteriorly, and the main portal vein inferiorly A wide variety of pathologic conditions that affect the caudate lobe, including cirrhosis, infection, and neoplastic lesions, can be demonstrated by ultrasonography.     

肿瘤与血管接触三级评价法在胰腺癌术前评价中的价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT(multidetector CT, MDCT)肿瘤与血管接触（tumor vessel contact, TVC）三级评价法在胰腺癌术前评价中的应用价值。方法 选取2017年1月至2019年3月在河南省南阳市中心医院行手术治疗的胰腺癌患者80例,术前给予MDCT检查,比较TVC三级评价法与手术探查结果的一致性。结果 80例患者,手术中共探查408支胰周血管,其中腹腔干81支,肝总动脉87支,肠系膜上动脉82支,肠系膜上静脉76支,门静脉81支;与TVC三级评价法分析一致性κ检验结果分别为0.770、0.731、0.697、0.509和0.688,P<0.05;TVC三级评价法显示侵犯的周围器官主要为十二指肠,诊断胰周血管侵犯可切除的灵敏性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100.00%、62.50%、96.07%和100.00%。肿物侵犯周围器官主要为十二指肠;CT诊断肿物可切除的灵敏性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为78.00%、79.50%、80.00%和77.50%。结论 进行TVC三级评价法在可手术胰腺癌患者术前评价中有较好的应用价值,值...