超声造影在肝移植术后血管源性并发症中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在检测肝移植术后血管源性并发症中的应用价值。方法对肝移植术后经彩色多普勒血流显像检查疑肝血管血流异常患者行超声造影检查，观察肝动脉、门静脉、下腔静脉及肝实质的血流灌注，对其中29例经数字减影血管造影（DSA）或CT血管造影（CTA）／MR血管造影（MRA）证实的病例进行分析。结果术后血管源性并发症患者28例，其中肝动脉狭窄22例，肝动脉血栓闭塞3例（肝动脉血栓闭塞合并肝梗死2例），门静脉狭窄2例，下腔静脉狭窄1例，另1例为肝门部血肿并肝动脉、门静脉受压狭窄。超声造影可明确诊断肝动脉血栓闭塞，显示肝动脉、门静脉及下腔静脉狭窄，与DSA或CTA／MRA结果符合率分别为100％（3／3）、90．9％（20／22）、100％（2／2）及100％（1／1）。结论超声造影对肝移植术后血管源性并发症的诊断具有较高的准确率，对指导临床诊断及治疗具有重要的临床应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植血管并发症中的应用价值

目的 确定彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)技术在肝移植血管并发症中应用价值。方法 应用彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒技术对26例肝移植病例(7例小儿部分肝移植及19例成人肝移植)进行术前评价，术中指导及术后监测，重点观察受体术后至少180d内肝血流动力学各项参数及肝脏动、静脉及门静脉血流频谱形态变化，及时发现血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症。结果 26例肝移植病例，术后CDFI及时发现肝动脉狭窄(HAS)1例及肝动脉血栓(HAT)1例，经过血管造影证实。发现门静脉血栓1例，肝静脉狭窄2例，经过再次手术取栓及狭窄处球囊扩张后，血流灌注恢复正常。结论 应用CDFI监测各项血流指标，对于术后早期发现肝脏血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症具有较高的敏感性和特异性，提高了手术的成功率和患者的生存率。     

彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析和总结26例肝移植术后并发症的彩色多普勒超声检查资料,检测指标包括肝动脉及左右分支的峰值速度（HAPV）、阻力指数（RI）、加速度及加速时间,门静脉平均流速,肝实质及胆管回声。结果6例经手术或造影证实为血管并发症（肝动脉血栓形成1例,肝动脉狭窄2例,肝动脉痉挛1例,门静脉狭窄2例）,彩色多普勒超声表现有肝动脉狭窄处的高速高阻血流并伴有湍流,而狭窄远端峰值速度〈40cm／s,RI〈0．5,加速时间〉0．08s,加速度〈300cm／s^2,1例肝动脉血栓形成肝门部无动脉血流信号;6例急性排斥反应,3例胆管结石并扩张。结论彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断具有重要的指导意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在小儿部分肝移植血管并发症中的应用

目的：正确评价彩色多普勒超声成像(CDFI)技术在围手术期小儿部分肝移植血流动力学监测中价值，寻找可靠的方法及早发现肝移植血管并发症。方法：应用彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒技术对5例小儿部分肝移植病例的受体及供体进行术前评价，术中指导及术后监测，参照国外文献标准，重点观察受体术后肝血流动力学各参数包括肝脏动、静脉及门静脉血流频谱形态变化，及时发现血管狭窄及血栓等严重并发症。结果：5例小儿部分肝移植病例，手术顺利，术后CDFI即时发现门静脉血栓1例，肝静脉狭窄1例，经过再次手术取栓及狭窄处球囊扩张后，两例血流灌注恢复正常，未发现肝动脉狭窄及血栓。结论：应用CDFI监测各项血流指标，可以确定活体肝移植手术适应症，术中指导手术方式并实时观察血管吻合情况和血流灌注情况，术后及早发现多种并发症，尤其是肝脏血管狭窄及血栓形成等严重并发症，具有较高的敏感性和特意性，提高了手术的成功率和生存率，成为肝移植手术非常关键的检查方法之一。     

磁共振血管成像评价肝移植术后血管形态：11例分析

背景:多数学者认为超声发现血栓形成和血管狭窄的灵敏度比较高,但对血管吻合口的直接显示较困难,磁共振血管造影对血管解剖的显示及并发症的诊断优于多普勒超声。目的:观察磁共振血管造影对肝移植术后血管形态的显示及其对并发症的评估。设计:观察对比实验。单位:南方医科大学附属南方医院影像中心。对象:选择2004-01/2006-12于南方医科大学附属南方医院影像中心收治的11例男性原位肝移植术后患者。年龄40～58岁,平均49岁。术前临床诊断为原发性肝癌2例,重症肝硬化9例,均经病理组织学检测证实,其中9例行原位经典式肝移植,2例行背驮式原位肝移植术。所有患者均对检测项目知情同意。方法:对11例原位肝移植术后患者均用磁共振快速自选回波序列及快速小角度激发梯度回波序列常规扫描、钆喷替酸葡甲胺动态增强3D磁共振血管造影检查,在MRA成像后,迅速采用与平扫FLASH T1WI抑脂序列完全相同参数行轴面和冠状面扫描。根据ECST法计算血管直径狭窄率S(S=[(D-d)/D]×100%),d为最狭窄处内径,D为该处正常管径。判断狭窄的程度:直径狭窄率S在0～30%为正常范围;31%～50%为轻度狭窄;51%～85%为中度狭窄;86%～100%为重度狭窄。分析各序列图像特点。同时行多普勒超声检查。主要观察指标:①磁共振血管造影观察肝移植术后血管形态及对并发症的评估结果。②多普勒超声检查结果。结果:纳入患者11例全部进入结果分析。①磁共振血管造影:显示3例肝动脉、门静脉和下腔静脉吻合口通畅,其中1例供体门静脉管径略小于受体门静脉,1例肝移植术后早期MRT2WI图像见到门静脉周围高信号,持续3周后消失。其余8例中,2例肝动脉过长迂曲,2例肝动脉供体端瘤样轻度扩张,2例门静脉轻度狭窄,位于吻合口,且门静脉供体段与受体段的管径不相等,门静脉肝内分支均正常,2例肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张,而其下腔静脉未见异常。1例下腔静脉血栓,磁共振血管造影表现为高信号血管腔内椭圆形低无信号区。2例肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张患者半年后肝静脉末梢分支扩张程度降低,但仍有轻度扩张,下腔静脉血栓治疗1月后复查血栓消失。②多普勒超声检测:1例肝动脉过长迂曲合并肝动脉供体端瘤样轻度扩张诊断为肝动脉过长迂曲,例门静脉轻度狭窄1例诊断为正常,1例诊断为可疑狭窄。未发现肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张。其余诊断与磁共振血管造影相符。结论:磁共振血管造影可清楚显示肝移植术后血管解剖并准确、快速诊断肝移植术后出现的血管并发症。     

肝门部胆管癌的血管造影表现分析

目的 通过总结肝门部胆管癌的血管造影表现。评价血管造影对胆管癌的诊断价值。方法 肝门部胆管癌患者20例，共32人次行肝动脉和间接门静脉血管造影。观察造影图像中肝总动脉，肝固有动脉，胃十二指肠动脉，肝右及肝左动脉，门静脉主干及其左右分支，肝静脉。结果 将20例共32人次的血管造影表现分为正常15.625%(5/32)，肿瘤染色15.625%(5/32)。血管受侵68.75%(22/32)三种。其中，以动脉血管（18/22）和门静脉（12/22）的受侵最常见，在动脉血管受侵中（18/32），动脉血管狭窄的发生率最高，为37.5%(12/32)。结论 在肝门部胆管癌的血管造影中，血管的不同程度受侵具有一定的特征性，可以作为其诊断的依据。同时，也为外科手术切除及临床预后判定提供了帮助。     

Doppler evaluation of arterial complications of adult orthotopic liver transplantation

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the role of the resistance index (RI), systolic acceleration time (SAT), and spectral waveform's morphologic characteristics in the sonographic evaluation of the hepatic artery for early detection of stenosis or thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. METHODS: Arterial Doppler sonograms of 174 transplanted livers in 150 patients were analyzed for presence or absence of blood flow, RI, SAT, and peak systolic velocity. A qualitative evaluation of the spectral waveform morphologic characteristics was also made. In patients who had had abnormal findings on sonography, we compared those results with results obtained on multislice helical CT or angiography. RESULTS: At least 1 of the Doppler criteria for hepatic artery stenosis or thrombosis was identified in 25 of the transplants. The findings on multislice helical CT, angiography, or both confirmed the diagnosis of stenosis or thrombosis in 20 of the 25 cases: in 9 of 10 cases of absent hepatic arterial blood flow, 5 of 9 with an RI lower than 0.5, 6 of 7 cases with an SAT longer than 0.08 second, 10 of 11 cases of changes to a tardus-parvus-like spectral waveform, and in the 1 case of a peak systolic velocity greater than 2 m/second. CONCLUSIONS: The most accurate indicator of hepatic arterial stenosis or thrombosis was a change in the spectral waveform to a tardus-parvus pattern, with 91% sensitivity and 99.1% specificity. Among the other parameters, an increase of the SAT value (> 0.08 second), when associated with the morphologic modification of the systolic peak, is a more reliable parameter than the RI for early detection of artery stenosis, especially when the type of anastomosis is unknown.     

Vascular complications after liver transplantation: evaluation with Doppler US

Purpose To demonstrate the spectral and color Doppler ultrasonography (US) findings that would indicate vascular complications after liver transplantation and to report our single center results of vascular complications detected in liver transplant recipients. Materials and methods Our study was consisted of 326 patients who underwent liver transplantation procedures between November 1997 and May 2004. The records of all patients were reviewed retrospectively for the details of each patient’s post-transplant Doppler US examinations, visceral angiographic examinations, and/or surgical procedures. Doppler US findings were correlated with angiographic results or surgery. Sensitivity and specificity of Doppler US parameters for the diagnosis of vascular complications of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic veins were calculated. Results Vascular complications occurred in 47 patients (14%). Eight instances of vascular complications were detected intraoperatively by Doppler US at the time of transplantation. For hepatic artery complications, use of a Doppler US criteria resulted in a sensitivity and a specificity of 92% and 97%, respectively. Doppler US parameters also resulted in a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% in detecting portal vein complications, and resulted in a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 100% in detecting hepatic vein complications. Conclusion Although it is clear that Doppler US evaluation is an effective choice for diagnosing vascular complications after liver transplantation, we also observed that Doppler US examination plays an important role in detecting vascular complications intraoperatively and improving the patient’s chance for a successful outcome.     

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: demonstration of portosystemic venous shunts using power Doppler sonography and sonographically guided percutaneous transhepatic portovenography.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease associated with vascular abnormalities, which may occur in any organ. Cases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia accompanied by intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts, however, have rarely been described. We report a case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in which intrahepatic portosystemic shunts were detected using power Doppler sonography and portovenography with percutaneous transhepatic contrast agent injection. On gray-scale sonography, the common hepatic artery was dilated, and dilated tubular structures mimicking dilated biliary tracts were found. Power Doppler sonography demonstrated the continuity of tortuous vascular channels connecting a branch of the right portal vein to a branch of the right hepatic vein. The dilated vascular channels and tributaries of the right hepatic vein showed a monophasic waveform pattern on spectral analysis. Portovenography showed a tangle of vascular structures connecting with a branch of the right hepatic vein.     

彩超诊断肝移植术后肝动脉血栓和狭窄的价值

目的:探讨彩超对肝移植术后肝动脉血栓和狭窄的诊断价值。方法:彩超检查135例肝移植术后患者的肝实质回声、肝动脉血流、肝动脉阻力指数、收缩期加速度时间、频谱流速曲线形态。结果:彩超发现肝动脉血栓7例。4例出现肝内单发或多发低回声区,6 例显示肝门或肝内无动脉血流,1例表现为肝动脉阻力指数降低和收缩期加速度时间延长,肝动脉狭窄2例,肝动脉阻力指数降低和收缩期加速度时间延长。结论:彩超对肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的检测具有重要价值。     

“一站式”MRI在活体肝移植术前评估中的价值

目的：探讨“一站式”MRI在活体肝移植供肝术前影像评估中的价值。方法：61例行活体半肝移植的供体术前行“一站式”MRI检查,后处理重建肝血管及胆道系统,并与手术所见对照。结果：61例活体供肝中,MichelⅠ型肝动脉48例,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅷ型2例,Ⅸ型1例,2例Ⅳ段肝动脉起自肝右动脉（RHA）,1例RHA起自腹腔干（CT）。58例正常门静脉解剖,3例“三分叉”型门静脉。41例正常肝静脉解剖,18例肝左静脉（LHV）和肝中静脉（MHV）形成共干后汇入IVC;2例肝右下静脉（IRHV）汇入下腔静脉（IVC）。58例正常肝管解剖,2例“三分叉＇型胆管,1例肝右后叶胆管（RPHD）起自左肝管（LHD）。术前MR对供体肝动脉、门静脉和肝静脉解剖的诊断正确率分别为96.7%,100%,95.1%。MRCP结合增强MR胆管造影联合显示胆道系统解剖的准确率为93.4%。结论：“一站式”MRI检查方案能够显示活体肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉及胆道系统的解剖及变异,可以作为活体肝移植的术前评估方式。     

多层螺旋CT肝脏血管成像最佳扫描时间的研究

目的对比传统方法与自动团注追踪法在确定肝脏多期扫描动脉早期时间上的价值,探讨多层螺旋CT肝脏血管成像的最佳扫描时间.方法将66例行腹部CT扫描的患者(男50例,女16例,年龄15～73岁,中位年龄49.5岁)分为三组,均行动脉早期、动脉晚期及肝实质期三期扫描,动脉早期的扫描时间分别采用常规延迟方法(20 s)及两种不同阈值/间隔时间(100 Hu/3 s;75 Hu/6 s)的团注追踪延迟方法确定.利用动脉早期及晚期数据分别进行肝动脉及门静脉的CT血管成像(CTA),并评价三组间图像质量的差异.结果两组团注追踪法及一组传统方法扫描获得的肝动脉及门静脉CTA三组间无显著差异.肝动脉及门静脉CTA质量最佳组延迟时间分别为(23.74±4.32) s及(41.78±3.68) s.结论团注追踪法确定扫描时间在获得血管成像方面与传统方法间尚无显著差异,传统延迟方法仍然是一种简便、可行的方法.动脉早期及动脉晚期的扫描时间可分别定为注药后22～25 s及41～43 s.     

Ultrasonographic anatomy of the caudate lobe.

The caudate lobe, like the other segments and lobes of the liver, can be defined anatomically as well as pathologically utilizing gray-scale ultrasonography. It is anatomically distinct from the left and right lobes as it has its own portal veins, hepatic arteries, hepatic veins, and bile ducts. Sonographically the limits of the caudate lobe can be defined using readily identifiable vascular landmarks such as the proximal left portal vein anteriorly, the inferior vena cava posteriorly, and the main portal vein inferiorly A wide variety of pathologic conditions that affect the caudate lobe, including cirrhosis, infection, and neoplastic lesions, can be demonstrated by ultrasonography.     

肿瘤与血管接触三级评价法在胰腺癌术前评价中的价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT(multidetector CT,MDCT)肿瘤与血管接触(tumor vessel contact,TVC)三级评价法在胰腺癌术前评价中的应用价值.方法 选取2017年1月至2019年3月在河南省南阳市中心医院行手术治疗的胰腺癌患者80例,术前给予MDCT检查,比较TVC三级评价法与手术探查结...     

Doppler in hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.

Doppler ultrasound and color Doppler are being used routinely in the study of vascular structures of the abdomen, and more particularly the liver. Reports published in the literature to date have shown that all patients with hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis should be studied in the first stage of their illness and in follow-up by using Doppler techniques. With new ultrasound software and the latest generation of contrast agents, we can obtain a better and more complete vascular study of the liver, which previously could be achieved only with triple-phase CT. Therefore, hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, as well as their vascular complications, can be followed up more closely. The vascular complications include flow alterations in the hepatic artery and veins, portal hypertension, portal vein thrombosis, portosystemic shunts, and vascularization associated with liver tumors.     

多层螺旋CT血管成像评价肝移植受者移植前后血管结构

背景:多层螺旋CT具有先进的扫描技术和强大的图像后处理功能,其亚秒级的扫描速度及各向同性的成像功能,在血管成像上有很多优势.目的:探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像技术对肝移植受者移植前后血管结构评价的应用价值.设计、时间及地点:回顾性分析,以肝移植受者肝脏血管为观察对象,自身对照观察,于2003-10/2006-12在中山大学附属第五医院放射科完成.对象:选择拟行原位肝移植患者27例,年龄31～67岁,男17例,女10例.方法:轴位螺旋扫描范围为膈顶上方2 cm至双肾下极以下.电压120 kV,动脉期准直0.75 mm,平扫、门脉期、肝静脉期准直1.5 cm;使用非离子型对比剂优维显,注射速度为3 mL/s,三期增强扫描延迟时间分别为20～25 s,50～55 s,75～80 s.重建增强的薄层图像序列,动脉期层厚1 mm,间隔0.7 mm;门脉期、肝静脉期层厚2 mm,间隔1 mm.将图像序列传入后处理工作站,以MIP、VR等方式显示腹腔干系、门脉系、肝静脉及下腔静脉血管的三维结构.主要观察指标:肝移植前后患者血管三维结构.结果:移植前所有患者腹腔干系均得到良好显示,21例肝动脉走形正常,6例患者肝动脉变异,其中门静脉海绵样变2例,门脉多发血栓1例,因不适宜手术此3例未进行肝移植.24例患者第二肝门及下腔静脉肝内段血管结构显示清楚,肝右静脉单独汇入下腔静脉、肝左静脉和肝中静脉先汇合后再注入下腔静脉18例,肝有静脉、肝中静脉及肝左静脉分别单独汇入下腔静脉6例,下腔静脉肝后段狭窄2例.17例肝移植后CT血管成像发现肝动脉吻合口部狭窄2例,门脉高压侧支迂曲缓解10例,另7例患者因检查费用问题选择B超检查.结论:多层螺旋CT血管成像能够清晰显示肝移植患者移植前后血管结构,对适宜手术的病例筛选、指导手术方案及移植后血管结构的评价具有重要意义.     

超声造影、术中超声在肝移植术后血管并发症中的应用

目的探讨超声造影、术中超声在肝移植术后血管并发症中的诊断价值。方法对CDFI检查疑有肝动脉、门静脉及下腔静脉狭窄或血栓形成的9例患者进行超声造影检查,对疑有门静脉血栓的3例患者进行术中超声检查;检查结果与数字减影血管造影(DSA)进行对照分析。结果超声造影提示门静脉血栓形成3例,并经术中超声检查证实肝动脉血栓形成3例,下腔静脉狭窄1例,均经DSA证实。另2例超声造影提示肝动脉未见明显异常的患者中,1例DSA诊断为肝动脉狭窄,1例肝动脉无明显异常;超声造影诊断符合(7/9)。结论超声造影可确诊门静脉、肝动脉血栓,但对准确诊断肝动脉狭窄仍有一定困难。     

Value of Doppler sonography in assessing the progression of chronic viral hepatitis and in the diagnosis and grading of cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of Doppler sonography in assessing the progression of chronic viral hepatitis and in the diagnosis and grading of cirrhosis. METHODS: Abdominal sonographic and liver Doppler studies were performed in 3 groups: 36 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 63 patients with cirrhosis, and 30 control subjects with no evidence of liver disease. A series of Doppler indices of hepatic vascularity, including portal vein velocity, portal vein pulsatility score, flow volume of the portal vein, resistive and pulsatility indices of the hepatic artery, modified hepatic index, hepatic vascular index, waveform of the hepatic vein, and focal acceleration of flow, were measured and correlated with liver and spleen size, portal and splenic vein diameter, and presence of ascites and collateral vessels. These indices were compared across the 3 study groups and within the patient groups with respect to presence of inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis, as determined by histologic evaluation. RESULTS: The most useful indices were portal vein velocity, the modified hepatic index, and nontriphasic flow in the hepatic vein, which were helpful in distinguishing patients from control subjects. Hepatic vascular and modified hepatic indices were useful for differential diagnosis of cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis. However, all measurements were limited in their ability to determine the severity of chronic hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler sonography is sensitive to hemodynamic alterations resulting from inflammation and fibrosis, and if sonography is the study of choice to follow the progression of hepatitis, it will not be adequate without Doppler imaging. Doppler sonography has high diagnostic accuracy in cirrhosis despite some false-positive conditions. However, it has a limited role in clinical grading.     

“Bright Band Sign” A Grayscale Ultrasound Finding in Hepatic Infarction

Hepatic infarction is infrequent due to the dual blood supply of the liver and the compensatory relationship between the hepatic artery and portal vein. Most cases occur in liver transplants due to vascular complications. Grayscale sonography combined with color and spectral wave Doppler can assess for vessel patency and parenchymal abnormalities. Liver infarctions appear as hypoechoic nonvascular regions on conventional and Doppler sonography. Here, we describe a grayscale ultrasound feature within liver infarctions in 2 liver transplants and in 1 native liver due to iatrogenic complication. This feature is similar to those described recently in the literature within splenic infarcts.     

肝移植术后肝实质缺血性损伤的多层CT诊断及病因学分析

目的探讨移植术后肝实质缺血性损伤的多层CT表现及CT诊断价值。方法多层CT检查发现43例肝动脉或门静脉狭窄或血栓,其中23例接受血管造影（DSA）检查,17例经病理组织学或随访复查诊断肝实质缺血或梗死。分析肝实质缺血或梗死的CT表现;并以DSA为对照分析CTA的病因学诊断价值。结果所有肝实质缺血或梗死区位于肝包膜下,平扫呈片状或楔形低密度灶,增强后缺血区强化减低,梗死区不强化,相应部位肝动脉或门静脉分支稀少、纤细或不强化。所有肝实质缺血或梗死患者CTA均发现不同程度血管病变,其中肝动脉病变占70.59%,门静脉病变5.88%,肝动脉合并门静脉病变23.53%,缺血性损伤分布与血管病变部位有关。以DSA为对照,CTA诊断肝动脉主干及门静脉狭窄和血栓的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均为100%;诊断肝动脉分支病变上述值分别为100%、80.00%、72.73%、100%。结论多层CT动态增强结合CTA不仅能正确诊断移植肝缺血性损伤,还能准确评价导致移植肝缺血的血管病变,肝动脉病变为移植肝缺血性损伤的主要原因。