Ventilation-perfusion pulmonary scintigraphy for diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism

Ventilation-perfusion pulmonary scintigraphy with analysis ofventilation-perfusion ratio, apex-base ventilation and perfusion gradient, pulmonary perfusion, and the condition of alveolar permeability at the 10th and 30th min after inhalation of radiopharmaceutical was carried out in 16 patients with clinical and scintigraphic signs of thromboembolism of distal pulmonary artery branches and 10 controls. Thromboembolism of distal pulmonary artery branches was manifested by an increase in apex-base ventilation and perfusion gradient in both involved and intact lungs vs. the same parameters in healthy people. Patients with bilateral thromboembolism of distal pulmonary artery branches were characterized by an increase in ventilation-perfusion ratio and retardation of alveolar permeability.     

光谱CT肺动脉成像定性诊断肺动脉栓塞及定量评估肺组织灌注

目的 观察光谱CT肺动脉成像(SCTPA)定性诊断肺动脉栓塞(PE)和定量评估肺组织灌注的价值。方法 回顾性分析37例临床诊断PE患者的CTPA资料,观察常规CTPA及SCTPA后处理图像,后者包括40 keV虚拟单能量图(VMI_{40 keV})、碘密度图(IDI)与有效原子序数(Z-eff)图的融合图及电子密度图(EDI);记录2种图像中肺段动脉、肺亚段及以下动脉内的栓子数量和位置,对比其中相应肺灌注缺损区与对侧相应正常肺实质区常规CT值、碘密度(ID)、Z-eff及电子密度(ED)的差异;针对差异有统计学意义的sCTPA参数绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),评估其区分PE肺灌注缺损区与正常肺实质的效能。结果 37例中,仅以常规CTPA检出37个栓子,其中26个位于肺段动脉、11 个位于肺亚段及以下动脉;之后结合SCTPA后处理图像额外检出1个肺段动脉和2个肺亚段以下动脉内栓子。全部40个栓子对应肺灌注缺损区常规CT值高于、ID及Z-eff均低于对侧正常肺实质区(P均<0.01),而ED与正常肺实质区差异无统计学意义(P=0.54)。以常规CT值区分肺灌注缺损区与正常肺实质区的敏感度、特异度分别为42.50%及87.50%,以ID及Z-eff区分的敏感度分别为95.00%、97.50%,特异度均为100%。ID及Z-eff的AUC均为0.99,均高于常规CT值(0.65,Z=5.56、5.53,P均<0.01),而 ID与Z-eff的AUC差异无统计学意义(Z=0.71,P=0.48)。结论 利用SCTPA可提高PE检出率及定量评估肺组织灌注;根据ID及Z-eff可有效区分肺灌注缺损区与正常肺实质。     

Primary pulmonary carcinoma in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

OBJECTIVE: To identify distinguishing characteristics between patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and primary lung carcinoma and patients with either IPF or carcinoma alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 24 patients with histologically proven usual interstitial pneumonia and lung carcinoma identified through a search of the Rochester Mayo Clinic database for 1990 to 1998. Medical records, radiographs, and histological slides were reviewed. Several variables including survival were compared in 2 control groups, IPF only and carcinoma only, by using various statistical methods. RESULTS: Our study group included 21 men and 3 women (mean age, 72.3 years). Twenty-two were past or current smokers. Approximately half of the lung carcinomas were incidental findings. Of the 14 patients with preoperative computed tomographic scans, 12 had peripheral tumors situated in areas of fibrosis. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type, accounting for 16 cases. Almost all patients underwent surgical treatment; nearly 40% developed postoperative complications, and 3 died within 30 days of surgery. The ratio of men to women in patients with IPF and carcinoma was 7:1 compared with 1:1 in patients with IPF only (P=.003). Patients with IPF and carcinoma were also older, with a mean age of 72.3 years compared with 64.4 years (P=.001), and were more often smokers (P=.002). Carcinomas involved the lower lobes in 42% of patients with IPF and carcinoma compared with 29% of patients with carcinoma only (P=.004) and were mainly composed of squamous cell carcinoma (P=.004). Mean survival in patients with IPF and lung carcinoma was 2.3 years after the diagnosis of IPF and 1.6 years after that of carcinoma. This finding did not differ significantly from survival of patients with either IPF or carcinoma alone. However, statistical power was limited. CONCLUSION: Carcinoma in patients with IPF arises in older male smokers and usually presents as peripheral squamous cell carcinoma. The prognosis is poor.     

急性肺栓塞CT肺动脉成像的研究进展

目前,CT肺动脉成像（CTPA）被认为是临床诊断急性肺栓塞（PE）的“金标准”。CTPA为诊断急性外周性PE提供了多方面的依据。但CTPA诊断急性外周性PE仍存在较大困难。目前CT辐射剂量及对比剂负荷为研究热点。本文对急性PE的CTPA诊断（尤其是外周性PE）、预后评估、CTPA技术进展等进行综述。     

Selective pulmonary vasodilatory effect of ZSY-27 in dogs with pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary embolism

The pulmonary vasodilator effect of ZSY-27, a newly synthesized phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was studied in dogs with pulmonary hypertension resulting from autologous muscle-induced pulmonary embolism (PE). A bolus injection of ZSY-27 (1 mg/kg) significantly decreased mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 32 +/- 4 to 24 +/- 5 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance index from 415 +/- 60 to 316 +/- 94 dyne.sec/cm5.m2. ZSY-27 did not change mean arterial pressure. The cardiac index was slightly increased and the systemic vascular resistance index was slightly decreased after ZSY-27 injection, but these changes were not statistically significant. This study suggests that ZSY-27 is a possible therapeutic agent for pulmonary hypertension secondary to PE.     

肺灌注断层显像评价肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术对慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的疗效

目的 采用⁹⁹Tc^m-人体大颗粒聚合白蛋白（⁹⁹Tc^m-MAA）肺灌注断层显像评价肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术（PTE）对慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压（CTEPH）的疗效。方法 对16例CTEPH患者分别于术前、术后6~12个月行肺灌注断层显像,观察术前、术后肺叶、肺段灌注病变及改善情况,计算全肺灌注缺损百分比（PPDs%）,并采用超声心动图观察术前、术后肺动脉收缩压（SPAP）的变化。结果 16例患者术后SPAP[（36.56±8.47） mmHg]较术前[（90.52±14.55） mmHg]明显减低（t=14.14,P<0.001）。PTE术前16例患者的96个肺叶中有86个（86/96,89.58%）存在灌注异常,术后完全改善、部分改善的肺叶分别为21个（21/86,24.42%）、65个（65/86,75.58%）;术前16例患者的304个肺段中,230个（230/304,75.66%）肺段灌注异常,术后完全改善、部分改善和未改善的肺段分别为73个（73/230,31.74%）、74个（74/230,32.17%）和83个（83/230,36.09%）。术前PPDs%为（56.79±14.54）%,术后6~12个月降低为（28.20±15.24）%（t=8.13,P<0.001）。PPDs%与同期SPAP呈正相关（r=0.68,P<0.001）。结论 PTE可使CTEPH患者的SPAP明显降低,肺血流灌注明显改善,肺灌注显像可有效评价PTE疗效。     

肺血管疾病螺旋CT肺动脉造影诊断

目的探讨螺旋CT肺动脉造影(SCTPA) 在肺血管疾病诊断中的临床应用价值.方法对65例肺血管疾病行SCTPA检查,包括先天性肺血管疾病(肺动静脉瘘6例,特发性肺动脉扩张8例,肺动脉发育不全3例,一侧肺动脉缺如1例及肺静脉畸形引流5例)、获得性肺血管疾病(肺动脉栓塞41例,大动脉炎累及肺动脉1例).SCTPA扫描层厚3 mm,螺距1～1.5,亚秒级扫描时间0.8秒,重建层厚1 mm,重建方法包括MIP、MPR和SSD.结果 SCTPA对6例肺动静脉瘘共显示供血动脉13条、引流静脉9条和瘤囊8个,漏诊1例多发性肺动静脉中的小瘤囊;特发性肺动脉扩张、肺动脉发育不全、一侧肺动脉缺如者SCTPA均能明确诊断;5例肺静脉畸形引流中的心外畸形部分SCTPA与手术对照良好;45例肺动脉栓塞,SCTPA诊断中心型肺栓塞35例,周围型肺栓塞6例.结论 SCTPA既可以显示肺血管的形态、结构与走行,又可显示肺血管内特征,对肺血管疾病的诊断有较高的临床实用价值,可大部分取代有创性肺血管造影.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺间质纤维化的临床研究

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并肺间质纤维化的临床特点及意义,并探讨其临床诊断要点.方法对近8年来临床确诊的36例COPD合并肺间质纤维化病例进行临床与影像学的回顾性分析研究,其中肺气肿合并肺纤维化11例,肺心病合并肺纤维化25例.结果 COPD合并肺间质纤维化的临床表现多数界于上述两种病变之间,胸部X线及CT兼具二者特点,肺纤维化病变在肺心病组多见.结论 COPD合并肺间质纤维化具有其独特的临床与影像学特征,其中临床症状及胸片是诊断的重要线索,高分辨率CT是临床确诊的最佳方法.     

Normal pulmonary artery and branch pulmonary artery sizes in children

To establish standards for pulmonary artery and branch pulmonary artery (PA and BPA) effective diameter (ED) and cross-sectional area (CSA) by using computed tomography (CT) data in children of a wide range of sizes and investigate the roundness of arteries. The ED (average of short and long axes) and CSA for the PA and BPA were measured using 1-mm collimation double-oblique reconstructions. Ordinary least squares regression was used to investigate models with various functional forms that related ED and CSA to patient size. Aspect ratio (AR), the short axis divided by long axis, was measured to evaluate roundness. The ideal diameter derived from CSA measurements was compared to ED, short axis, and long axis measurements. 108 CT examinations were analyzed in children without reason for abnormal PA size who ranged in age from 0 to 18 years (mean, 10.9 years; SD, 5.9 years). Interrater reliability was excellent. Data were modeled using a natural log-transformed response variable and a linear term for height as the independent variable. AR for the PA, right pulmonary artery, and left pulmonary artery measured <?0.9 for 38, 55, and 37%, respectively, indicating that many arteries are not round. Ideal diameter was not significantly different than ED but was for short- and long-axis diameter measurements. Normal ED and CSA for PA and BPA were determined for children of different sizes. Measurements outside of the normal range are consistent with dilatation or stenosis. Single diameter techniques are likely to introduce error.     

Computed tomography angiographic parameters of pulmonary artery as prognostic factors of residual pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary endarterectomy

ObjectivesThis study aimed to retrospectively assess using computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for predicting residual pulmonary hypertension (RPH) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) after pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data of 131 patients with CTEPH who underwent PEA in our center (2008–2015). We measured several diameters of the pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta preoperatively. We evaluated the relationship between these measurements (and their indices) and signs of RPH represented by pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) estimated by echocardiography.ResultsSignificant correlations were observed between the aortopulmonary index and prediction of any residual hypertension and moderate/severe hypertension 1 year after PEA, and any residual hypertension and severe hypertension 2 years after PEA. The aortopulmonary index was significantly related to a reduction in PASP 1 year after the operation. A lower aortopulmonary index (≤0.88 for the ascending aorta and ≤0.64 for the descending aorta) predicted lower RPH.ConclusionsPreoperative CTPA parameters can be used to assess the risk of RPH after PEA. The aortopulmonary index has significant predictive value for RPH and a reduction in PASP after PEA. Lower values of the aortopulmonary index suggest a better outcome after PEA.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺康复治疗新进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是全球患病率及死亡率较高的重要疾病。肺康复治疗通过肺康复计划改善患者的呼吸困难,提高运动耐力及生活质量,改善患者心理障碍及社会适应能力。本文就有关肺康复治疗进展综述如下。