脑膜瘤的DSA及术前栓塞治疗

目的探讨脑膜瘤血管造影表现及手术前栓塞治疗的应用。方法36例经病理确诊的脑膜瘤,术前全部行全脑血管DSA造影,将其中主要由颈外动脉供血的22例患者用PVA栓塞,栓塞治疗后3～10d行手术切除。结果36例患者中,单纯由颈外动脉供血的9例,颈外动脉和颈内动脉供血的25例,颈内动脉供血2例。22例行肿瘤供血动脉栓塞的患者中,栓塞后肿瘤血管染色完全消失16例,染色明显减轻6例。栓塞后行手术切除的22例脑膜瘤患者,病灶被全部切除,术中平均出血150～500ml。结论脑膜瘤可由颈内、颈外动脉单独或混合供血,脑膜瘤的术前颈外动脉栓塞有利于减少术中出血及肿瘤的完整切除。     

52例蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的DSA分析及术前栓塞

目的探讨蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤血液供应的特点及其术前栓塞对手术切除的意义.方法52例蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤患者中,发生于右侧者31例,左侧者21例;52例患者全部行DSA造影,30例患者行颈外系统供血动脉栓塞治疗,栓塞治疗后5～7 d行手术切除.结果 (1)脑膜瘤的占位改变可导致邻近周围脑血管的异常改变.(2)52例患者中,单纯由颈外动脉系统分支供血的有11例,颈外动脉分支和颈内动脉分支双重供血的29例,单纯由颈内动脉系统供血的12例.(3)30例行肿瘤供血动脉栓塞的患者中,25例采用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞,5例采用丝线栓塞.栓塞的颈外供血动脉主要为脑膜中动脉18例,脑膜中动脉与脑膜副动脉同时被栓塞者10例.栓塞后肿瘤染色明显减轻者20例,染色消失者5例,肿瘤染色减轻不明显者5例.(4)栓塞后行手术切除的30例患者中,24例被完整切除,而未行栓塞的22例患者中,仅10例被全切除,二者统计学上差异具有显著性意义(χ2=3.86,P<0.05).结论蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的术前造影和栓塞有利于肿瘤的完整切除.     

术前超选择性栓塞高血运脑膜瘤的临床意义

目的　探讨术前超选择性血管内栓塞对高血运脑膜瘤的疗效和临床意义。方法　在术前3～ 9d ,对 98例高血运脑膜瘤行DSA检查和微导管超选择栓塞肿瘤供血动脉 ,栓塞材料包括PVA颗粒、明胶海绵和真丝线段等。栓塞后行手术切除肿瘤。结果　高血运脑膜瘤主要由脑膜中动脉、咽升动脉、枕动脉、颌内动脉及副脑膜动脉供血。栓塞后 ,4 2例肿瘤染色在影像学上完全消失 ,5 6例肿瘤染色大部分或部分消失。绝大部分患者均在栓塞后的 3～ 9d进行了开颅手术切除肿瘤。全切除肿瘤 6 4例 ,术中平均出血 95 0ml;次全切除 34例 ,术中平均出血 15 0 0ml。结论　最佳手术时机是栓塞后 7～ 9d。高血运脑膜瘤的术前栓塞能明显减少术中出血 ,提高手术安全性及全切率 ,是一种安全、有效的微创方法。     

颅内脑膜瘤的术前栓塞

笔者用冻干硬脑膜微体对６例脑膜瘤的颈外动脉供血分支进行术前栓塞，栓塞后造影５例显示肿瘤血管明显减少或消失，肿瘤染色明显变淡或消失，供血动脉闭塞，手术切除肿瘤容易，术中出血量减少５０％～６０％。笔者认为术前栓塞是手术切除脑膜瘤有效的辅助手段。     

脑膜瘤的数字减影血管造影和术前栓塞

脑膜瘤患者行数字减影血管造影及术前栓塞已成为脑膜瘤诊治的重要手段之一。对于颅底部位较大的脑膜瘤和累及静脉窦的脑膜瘤，多行DSA检查。其血管造影成像特点是呈放射状影像，其供血动脉多为颅内外的脑膜支。术前栓塞可使脑膜瘤变小、变软、血供减少，因此，可使手术时间缩短，术中出血减少，减少由于牵拉和操作脑组织而引起的对脑组织的损伤。应用的栓塞剂多为多聚乙醇(polyvinyl alcohol，PVA)颗粒，直径多为255-350μm，目的是栓塞肿瘤的血管床而非仅仅栓塞肿瘤的供血动脉。只要避开颅内外危险吻合和颅内正常分支，脑膜瘤的术前栓塞是安全有效的。     

鼻咽部纤维血管瘤血管造影及术前超选择栓塞治疗

目的探讨鼻咽部纤维血管瘤术前超选择栓塞的临床价值方法14例经CT和MRI诊断并为手术病理证实的鼻咽部纤维血管瘤患者,术前全部行双侧颈内外动脉及椎动脉血管造影肿瘤颈外系统供血动脉术前使用100～300μm明胶海绵颗粒或聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒超选择性栓塞治疗,栓塞后1～3d行手术切除结果14例患者,颌内动脉分支供血9例,颌内动脉和咽升动脉分支供血4例,颌内动脉、咽升动脉和颈内动脉分支供血1例所有患者颈外动脉供血分支微导管超选择性栓塞均获得成功栓塞后,8例肿瘤染色完全消失,6例肿瘤染色大部分消失手术全切率92.8%(13/14),手术平均出血约420m,l手术时间平均150min所有患者栓塞后均未发生严重并发症结论使用微导管术前血管内超选择栓塞鼻咽部纤维血管瘤,是一种安全有效的辅助治疗方法     

巨型富血供脑膜瘤术前栓塞的临床应用

目的 探讨巨型富血供脑膜瘤术前栓塞的的临床应用价值.方法 选择2013年4月至2014年8月收治的71例巨大脑膜瘤(最大径＞5 cm)患者,术前MRI提示均强化明显,血供丰富,分成术前栓塞组(研究组)38例和未栓塞(对照组)33例,术前DSA造影确定血供分型为Ⅰ及Ⅱ型脑膜瘤,研究组予以PAV颗粒(200～300μm)栓塞,对照组仅行脑血管造影,未予以栓塞,观察两组术中出血、肿瘤切除时间及栓塞并发症情况;术后复查MRI观察切除程度.结果 研究组及对照组术中出血量(ml)(562±178)比(833±234)、肿瘤切除时间(h)(5.45±2.13)比(7.23±2.45)、肿瘤切除程度Simpson分级(Ⅲ及Ⅲ以下)27例(27/38,71％)比19例(19/33,57.6％),P＜0.05,差异均有统计学意义,7例出现栓塞后脑水肿加重,2例出现头皮缺血性坏死,1例出现术中癫痫发作,对症治疗后均缓解.结论 巨型富血供脑膜瘤术前栓塞可以明显减少术中出血、缩短手术时间,提高脑膜瘤的切除程度,值得在临床推广及应用.     

富血供巨大脑膜瘤术前栓塞的临床应用

目的评价经动脉栓塞术（TAE）对巨大富血供脑膜瘤术前栓塞的临床意义。方法 32例巨大富血供脑膜瘤患者（男性18例,女性14例,年龄38～65岁,平均56.5岁）为确认肿瘤供血动脉,先经选择性血管造影（DSA）,随后又经术前TAE。全部TAE操作是采用Seldinger技术将150～300μm的聚乙烯醇（PVA）微粒或海藻酸钠（KMG）微球超选择地注入病灶血管床及供血动脉完成。对全部患者获自DSA与TAE的资料进行了回顾性分析。结果 DSA证实,在32例脑膜瘤患者的肿瘤供血动脉中,主要为颈外动脉分支供血者见于22例,颈内、外动脉供血各占50%者6例,颈内动脉供血者占90%以上者4例;脑膜瘤供血动脉大部分栓塞者15例,部分栓塞10例,未栓塞7例。在肿瘤大部分栓塞患者的切除术中,出血量明显减少,手术时间显著缩短,肿瘤易被彻底切除。未发生与栓塞操作有关的严重并发症。结论脑膜瘤术前介入栓塞能减少术中出血,降低手术难度,可作为富血供脑膜瘤切除术前的一项重要的、常规性辅助措施。     

脑膜瘤数字减影血管造影的诊断价值

目的 探讨脑膜瘤数字减影血管造影(DsA)的诊断价值。方法 115例脑膜瘤行股动脉穿刺插管脑血管DSA。有76例行选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术。结果 分布在大脑凸面、矢状窦旁、大脑镰旁等较表浅部位的脑膜瘤主要以颈外动脉系统供血为主，颌内动脉的脑膜中动脉参与供血最多。分布在嗅沟、前颅凹、鞍区、蝶骨嵴、中颅凹、后颅凹等颅底部位的脑膜瘤主要以颈内动脉供血为主，颈内动脉的分支眼动脉和海绵窦段参与供血最多。颈外动脉、颈内动脉和椎基动脉之间可有危险吻合存在。结论掌握脑膜瘤的DsA特点对于脑膜瘤的手术和术前血管内栓塞治疗有重要意义。     

颅底高血运脑膜瘤外科手术前栓塞术——有效性及安全性

目的 回顾性分析颅底高血运脑膜瘤患者外科手术前瘤体供血动脉栓塞术,评估其有效性及安全性.方法 收集2008年至2015年6月接受全脑DSA检查并证实血运丰富的73例颅底脑膜瘤患者临床资料,就外科手术前瘤体供血动脉栓塞及栓塞相关并发症,瘤体切除术中出血量、手术时间进行分析.结果 外科手术前31例患者(栓塞组)中接受Glubran胶栓塞16例,聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒栓塞14例,Glubran胶联合PVA颗粒栓塞1例;42例患者未接受栓塞(未栓塞组).外科手术中平均出血量在栓塞组为693 ml,未栓塞组为903 ml,差异有统计学意义(P=0.047);瘤体完全切除率在栓塞组为87.1％,未栓塞组为66.7(P=0.134).栓塞组无栓塞相关并发症发生.结论 颅底高血运脑膜瘤外科手术前栓塞可有效地降低术中出血量,是安全有效的辅助治疗方法.     

Preoperative embolization of intracranial meningiomas

The goal of preoperative embolization of intracranial meningiomas is to facilitate their surgical removal by reducing tumor vascularity and decreasing blood loss during surgery. This study is based on personal experience with about 100 embolized meningiomas and on the experience of others. Embolization is performed during the same session as diagnostic angiography. The appropriate embolic materials (absorbable or nonabsorbable) are chosen according to the location of the tumor, the size of the feeding arteries, the blood flow, and the presence of any potentially dangerous vessels (dangerous anastomoses between external carotid artery and internal carotid or vertebral arteries, arteries supplying the cranial nerves). Preoperative embolization appeared to be very useful in large tumors with pure or predominant external carotid artery supply (convexity meningiomas), in skull-base meningiomas, and in middle fossa and paracavernous meningiomas. It was also useful in falx and parasagittal meningiomas receiving blood supply from the opposite side and in posterior fossa meningiomas. CT low densities demonstrated after embolization did not always correlate with necrosis on microscopic examination, and large areas of infarction could be found despite normal CT. Embolic material was found on pathologic examination in 10%-30% of cases; fresh or recent ischemic and/or hemorrhagic necrosis consistent with technically successful embolization was demonstrated in 40%-60% of cases. With careful technique complications are rare.     

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: Comparison of blood loss during removal in embolized group versus nonembolized group

Purpose This retrospective study was performed to assess the beneficial effect of preoperative embolization of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNA) in terms of blood loss during surgery.Methods Intraoperative blood loss in a group of 7 patients who underwent 10 procedures for JNA without preoperative embolization was compared with the blood loss of 13 patients who underwent 16 procedures after embolization of one or both external carotid arteries.Results Mean blood loss was 5380 ml in patients with-out embolization and 1037.5 ml in those with embolization. This difference was not statistically significant because of the high standard deviation in the nonembolized group. However, when data were analyzed by tumor stage, a significant difference was noted between the embolized and the nonembolized patients with high-grade tumors but not between those with low-grade tumors.Conclusion Preoperative embolization of the branches of the external carotid appears to facilitate removal of high grade tumors. The benefit of embolization in those with low-grade tumors is less clear cut, probably because there is less vascularity in low-grade tumors and so removal is easier.     

选择性鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞的应用

目的 探讨选择性鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞的应用价值。方法 对15例鼻咽纤维血管瘤行数字减影血管造影(DsA)检查和栓塞治疗。供血动脉主要为颈外动脉的颌内动脉和(或)咽升动脉，栓塞材料用明胶海绵。结果15例在选择性颈外动脉栓塞后行手术治疗，13例术中出血量明显减少，2例由颈外动脉，颈内动脉系统同时供血，仅选择性颈外动脉栓塞，术中出血量较多。栓塞后2～5d手术最为理想。结论鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞是临床有效的治疗方法之一。     

Clinical evaluation of cellulose porous beads for the therapeutic embolization of meningiomas

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cellulose porous beads (CPBs) are a new, exceptionally uniformly sized, nonabsorbable embolic agent. We evaluated their efficacy in the preoperative embolization of meningiomas. METHODS: In 141 consecutive patients, we used CPBs (200-microm diameter) for the preoperative embolization of meningiomas. We selected patients whose tumors were > or =4 cm with 50% of blood to the tumor supplied by the external carotid artery (ECA). All patients underwent a provocation test before embolization. The percentage of blood supplied to the tumor by the internal carotid artery and ECA was determined angiographically. Nonenhanced areas on postembolization MR imaging were calculated. Intraoperative blood loss, units of blood transfusion, and hemostasis at the time of surgery were recorded for each patient. The interval between embolization and surgery was intentionally longer than 7 days. RESULTS: Of the 141 patients, 128 underwent CBP embolization. Eleven patients had positive provocation test results, and 2 had vasospasm; they were not CBP embolized. In 72% of the patients CBP embolization achieved reduction in the flow of the feeding artery by more than 50%. The nonenhanced area on MR imaging was not significantly correlated with the degree of ECA supply or devascularization. The interval between embolization and surgery was 8-26 days (mean, 9.9 days). The longer this interval, the greater was the tumor-softening effect and the rate of tumor removal. CONCLUSIONS: CPBs may be useful for the preoperative embolization of meningiomas. To increase the efficacy of CPB embolization, the interval to surgery should be at least 7 days.     

Appropriate interval between embolization and surgery in patients with meningioma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The best time for surgery after embolization of meningiomas remains unclear. We used the tumor-softening effect of embolization to determine this time. METHODS: Forty-two patients with intracranial meningiomas that received more than 50% of their blood supply from the external carotid artery underwent embolization before surgery. The interval between embolization and surgery and the tumor consistency at the time of surgery were recorded. The interval between embolization and surgery was divided into 3-day segments, and an average tumor consistency score was obtained in segments. Patients were assigned to two groups: group 1 underwent surgery on a specified day after embolization; group 2 underwent surgery at a later date. We compared tumor consistency, blood loss, length of hospitalization, surgical resection time, Simpson grade at surgery, and complication rate in both groups. RESULTS: On the polynomial regression curve, greatest tumor softening occurred 7-9 days after embolization. When the postembolization interval exceeded 10 days, no further softening occurred. Compared with group 1 patients, group 2 patients did not have an increased blood loss, a longer hospitalization, or a higher complication rate. In group 2, the surgical procedure required less time, and the Simpson grades were lower. CONCLUSION: In meningiomas that receive more than 50% of their blood supply from the external carotid artery, the optimal interval between embolization and surgery is 7-9 days. This interval allows the greatest degree of tumor softening, which makes it possible to remove the tumor more safely and easily.     

选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术在口腔深部肿瘤切除术前的应用

目的　探讨口腔深部肿瘤术前介入治疗方法及并发症。方法　采用Seldinger’s法 ,以明胶海绵为栓塞材料 ,对 18例口腔深部肿瘤患者进行手术前肿瘤供血动脉选择性栓塞术。结果　 18例患者在栓塞术后手术切除过程中出血明显减少 ,肿瘤切除率提高 ,并发症率降低。结论　选择性颈外动脉分支术前栓塞术操作简便 ,效果可靠 ,使口腔深部肿瘤手术切除更为安全     

Preoperative embolization of angiomas of the face. Remote angiographic results

Preoperative embolization was performed on 27 patients with facial angiomas supplied by the external carotid branches. Sixteen were males and 11 females; 13 of these angiomas were high-flow arteriovenous (A-V), 14 were low-flow capillary malformations. Fourteen patients underwent surgical removal after preoperative embolization; in this group embolization was carried out with Spongel in 3 cases and with Lyodura in 11 cases. In 12 of these patients the last angiographic examination was performed 3-6 years later: angiography evidenced no recurrence in 8 cases (67%), while in 3 cases (25%) there was capillary residual angioma of negligible size. Treatment was unsuccessful in one patient only, due to the large recurrent A-V angioma. Thirteen patients underwent embolization only, which was carried out with Lyodura in 10 cases, and with Ivalon in 3 cases. On 12 of these patients the last angiographic study was performed 2-14 months later: there was recurrent A-V angioma in 5 patients (42%), who underwent a subsequent embolization; angiography evidenced no recurrence in the other 7 patients (58%). In both series, the best results were obtained in the patients with low-flow capillary angiomas. Embolization and subsequent surgical removal are the treatment of choice for facial angiomas; embolization alone is useful in the management of surgically inaccessible vascular malformations, and it can be the only treatment in patients with small low-flow angiomas when distal occlusion of the feeding vessels with Lyodura or Ivalon particles is performed.