1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病及2型糖尿病伴动脉硬化患者外周血白细胞端粒长度的研究

目的:检测1型糖尿病(T1DM)、2型糖尿病(T2DM)、2型糖尿病伴动脉硬化(DAS)患者外周血白细胞端粒长度,分析糖尿病患者端粒长度变化的因素。方法:选择T1DM患者30例、T2DM患者60例、DAS患者40例和健康对照(NC组)40例,分别提取外周血白细胞,然后提取基因组DNA进行real-time PCR检测端粒长度。利用多元线性回归分析影响端粒长度变化的因素。结果:T1DM组、T2DM组和DAS组的端粒长度均小于NC组(P0.05);T1DM组端粒长度短于T2DM组和DAS组;DAS组较T2DM组更短。多元线性回归分析显示,T1DM组中,年龄与端粒长度呈负相关(P0.05);T2DM组中,年龄、体重指数(BMI)与端粒长度呈负相关(P0.05);DAS组中,患病时间、BMI与端粒长度呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:糖尿病患者的外周血白细胞端粒长度明显短于正常人,并且T1DM患者端粒长度短于T2DM;在2型糖尿病的对比中,DAS患者的端粒长度明显短于T2DM。患者的年龄、患病时间、BMI与端粒长度的缩短有密切的关系。     

利用人外周血白细胞端粒长度推断年龄

目的：探讨人外周咀白细胞端粒长度与供体年龄的关系,为法医学通过微量软组织推断年龄提供依据。方法：选取105例0～81岁健康人外周血样本,采用Southern印迹法检测其端粒限制性片段(terminal restriction fragment,TRF)平均长度,并作相关及回归分析。结果：外周血白细胞TRF长度随年龄增长逐渐缩短,并呈不均衡趋势;端粒DNA平均每年缩短51bp;得到推断年龄回归方程：Y=-16．539X 236．287±9．832。结论：人外周血白细胞TRF长度与年龄呈负相关,此规律为通过端粒DNA长度推断个体年龄提供了可能。     

正常人淋巴细胞端粒酶活性的观察

目的：探讨正常人外周血淋巴细胞端粒酶活性表达情况。方法：采用聚合酶链反应－酶联免疫吸附（ＰＣＲ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）法测定正常人淋巴细胞经植物血凝素（ＰＨＡ）刺激前后端粒酶的活性水平及重组人白细胞介素１２（ｒｈＩＬ－１２）对端粒酶活性的影响。结果：正常人外周血静息淋巴细胞有低水平的端粒酶活性表达,但经ＰＨＡ刺激后活性明显升高,没有发现ｒｈＩＬ－１２对端粒酶活性的影响。结论：正常人外周血淋巴细胞可表达端粒酶     

慢性疲劳综合征患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群及CD25^＋调节性T细胞表达的研究

研究慢性疲劳综合征（CFS）患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群及CD25＋调节性T细胞的表达情况。使用流式细胞仪检测84例CFS患者（CFS组）、50例健康体检者（健康对照组）外周血淋巴细胞亚群（T细胞、CD4＋T细胞、CD8＋T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞）及CD25＋调节性T细胞的表达情况。结果显示,CFS组与健康对照组的T细胞、CD8＋T细胞百分率以及CD4＋/CD8＋比值无显著差别（P〉0.05）;而CFS组NK细胞、CD4＋T细胞及CD25＋调节性T细胞百分率显著增高,B细胞百分率显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论：慢性疲劳综合征患者外周血淋巴细胞各亚群比例异常,提示其免疫功能失衡,而CD25＋T调节性细胞可能在该病进程中有重要意义。     

2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群分析及临床护理对策

目的 探讨2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的特点,为临床护理提供证据支持.方法 利用流式细胞术对41例2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者（DM＋ LTB组）及60例单纯肺结核患者（LTB组）的外周血淋巴细胞亚群进行检测,并以健康成年人为对照组,对检测结果进行统计学分析.结果 DM＋ LTB组和LTB组的外周血淋巴细胞亚群绝对值均显著低于正常对照组（P＜0.05）,DM＋ LTB组CD3＋CD4＋/CD3＋CD8＋比值显著高于LTB组（P＜0.05）.结论 2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者存在比较严重的细胞免疫功能紊乱.护理人员应从加强健康教育、心理及饮食等方面加强护理,提高患者的机体免疫力.     

生物反馈放松训练对2型糖尿病患者T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的：了解生物反馈放松训练对2型糖尿病患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群比例的影响。方法：59例2型糖尿病（NIDDM）患者随机分为对照和实验两组，对照组（32例）仅用常规糖尿病药物治疗，实验组（27例）加用生物反馈放松训练，两组在治疗前作状态－特质焦虑评定，治疗1个月后再次评定状态焦虑；所有入组者在治疗前、治疗1个月时分别测定外周血的T淋巴细胞亚群。结果：治疗前、后两组的T淋巴细胞亚群比例无明显差异。实验组治疗后状态焦虑明显下降，对照组下降不明显；治疗后CD3＋比例的变化程度与治疗后的状态焦虑呈负相关，CD4 、CD4＋／CD8＋比例的变化程度与特质焦虑呈正相关；状态焦虑的下降程度与放松程度呈正相关。结论：生物反馈放松训练能减轻焦虑情绪，焦虑情绪与机体细胞免疫功能有一定的联系。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者外周血骨桥蛋白与IL-18水平变化的临床意义

目的：探讨慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者外周血细胞因子骨桥蛋白与IL-18水平变化的临床意义。方法：应用ELISA法对102例慢性乙型肝炎、34例乙型肝炎肝硬化、95例HBV携带者及20名健康献血者（对照组）外周血细胞因子骨桥蛋白与IL-18表达水平进行了测定。结果：慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化患者组外周血骨桥蛋白及IL-18表达水平明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）;肝硬化患者组骨桥蛋白、IL-18水平明显高于慢性乙型肝炎组（P〈0.05）;慢性乙型肝炎重型组骨桥蛋白、IL-18水平明显高于慢性乙型肝炎轻型组（P〈0.05）;慢性乙型肝炎患者血清总胆红素水平与骨桥蛋白和IL-18表达水平呈正相关关系（r=0.71,P〈0.05;r=0.78,P〈0.05）。结论：乙肝病毒感染性慢性肝脏疾病发生发展与细胞因子骨桥蛋白及IL-18水平变化相关,慢性乙型肝炎、肝炎后肝硬化患者外周血骨桥蛋白与IL-18表达水平呈正相关关系（r=0.74,P〈0.05）。     

文摘

正常人外周血细胞端粒长度和端粒酶活性随年龄的变化［英］／ＩｗａｍａＨ…∥ＨｕｍＧｅｎｅｔ．－１９９８，１０２（２）．－３９７～４０２１２４名健康者，年龄４～９５岁。取外周血２０ｍｌ，用Ｆｉｃｏｌ－ｈｙｐａｑｕｅ法分离出单核细胞。对９５例个体的血细胞测...     

甲状腺功能异常患者T细胞亚群水平观察

本文对甲亢与甲减患者进行外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群水平测定 ,旨在观察Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群水平在甲状腺功能异常患者中的动态变化。现将结果报告如下。对象和方法一、对象 :甲状腺功能异常患者共６５例（男３０ ,女３５） ,年龄１６～５９岁 ,为本院专科门诊的甲亢与甲减患者。其中甲亢组４０例 ,甲减组２５例。甲亢缓解后组２５例（他巴唑治疗１２～２４个月 ,临床症状缓解 ,甲状腺功能亢进的体征消失）。健康对照组３０例（男１６,女１４） ,年龄２０～５２岁。二、方法 :（一）采取受试者清晨空腹１２小时以上静脉血３ｍｌ,分离血清 ,低温保存 ,…     

不稳定型心绞痛急性T细胞激活

作者探讨循环淋巴细胞是否参与不稳定型心绞痛（UA）事件相关的炎症反应。将研究对象分为三组：UA组（29例）,稳定型心绞痛（SEA）组（36例）及健康对照组（30例）。UA组与SEA组经冠脉造影证实冠脉病变严重程度和狭窄范围无显著差异。UA患者第一次心绞痛发作到第一次采血时间平均相距65士5．gb。将鼠单克隆抗体（MAB）鉴定淋巴细胞免疫表现,以ELISA法检测可溶白介素一2受体（SIL一ZR）,分析淋巴细胞活性。有18例SEA患者,15例对照者及未经血管再通术的UA患者于7、15、30、60、90d随访淋巴细胞活性。结果UA组表达IL-ZR。…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.