Atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during chimney sweeping

Air sampled from the breathing zone of chimney sweeps during "dirty work" and soot samples were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). A total of 20 PAH were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 115 air samples and 18 soot samples. These included benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene, all of which are animal carcinogens. The summed atmospheric concentration of these compounds depended on the type of fuel used and averaged 2.27 micrograms/m3 for oil fuel. If a mixture of oil and solid fuel was used the concentration was 5.06 micrograms/m3; pure solid fuel heating yielded 5.08 micrograms/m3. The air concentrations of BaP were 0.36, 0.83, and 0.82 micrograms/m3 respectively. The soot samples recovered after using the three different fuel types were 10.50, 109.10, and 51.25 mg BaP/kg. The maximum total concentrations of the five carcinogenic PAH were 243.70, 691.06, and 213.94 mg/kg respectively. The time weighted, shift mean concentrations of 0.02 to 0.21 micrograms/m3 benzo(a)pyrene obtained on 11 days form the basis for the industrial medical estimation of risk.     

Atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during chimney sweeping.

Air sampled from the breathing zone of chimney sweeps during "dirty work" and soot samples were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). A total of 20 PAH were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 115 air samples and 18 soot samples. These included benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene, all of which are animal carcinogens. The summed atmospheric concentration of these compounds depended on the type of fuel used and averaged 2.27 micrograms/m3 for oil fuel. If a mixture of oil and solid fuel was used the concentration was 5.06 micrograms/m3; pure solid fuel heating yielded 5.08 micrograms/m3. The air concentrations of BaP were 0.36, 0.83, and 0.82 micrograms/m3 respectively. The soot samples recovered after using the three different fuel types were 10.50, 109.10, and 51.25 mg BaP/kg. The maximum total concentrations of the five carcinogenic PAH were 243.70, 691.06, and 213.94 mg/kg respectively. The time weighted, shift mean concentrations of 0.02 to 0.21 micrograms/m3 benzo(a)pyrene obtained on 11 days form the basis for the industrial medical estimation of risk.     

Sexual risk behaviors of male current and ex-opiate users in Chiang Rai,Thailand

Injecting drug use and unsafe sexual practice are both considered major risk factors for HIV infection. This study reports sexual behaviors among male "current" (i.e. using heroin and/or opium at least once in the past 3 months) and "ex-" opiate users in Chiang Rai province in Northern Thailand. Between January 1999 and August 2000, 206 male opiate users were recruited by mail callback. Of the 206 drug users, 89 (43.2%) could be classified as current users. Current users did not differ from ex-users, except for educational level and ethnicity. Current and ex-opiate users showed no difference in number of regular sexual partners, proportion of having sex with commercial and non-commercial sex partners, and reported histories of sexually transmitted diseases. This study suggests that the importance of sexual risk behaviors in HIV transmission cannot be ignored in both current and ex-opiate users.     

Food Consumption and Accessibility in Hill Tribe and Urban Women,Chiang Rai Province,Northern Thailand

This analytical cross-sectional study aimed to examine the associations between setting and food consumption and accessibility in two districts of Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand. 128 women (65 in hill tribe setting and 63 in urban setting) were surveyed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Traditional and mobile markets were well utilized in both settings, in spite of the growth of multinational retailers. Consumption of ready-to-eat food and home-grown/reared or wild foods was associated with socioeconomic status. Fewer hill tribe women had eaten ready-to-eat food, although some reported fairly regular consumption. Consumption of home-grown/reared or wild foods was more evident in the hill tribe group, showing their continued utilization of traditional food resources.     

重庆市某区小学女生多环芳烃内暴露水平及其与青春发动时相的关系

目的建立同时测定尿中4种多环芳烃(PAHs)代谢物的检测方法,研究重庆市某区女童青春发动时相提前与体内多环芳烃暴露水平的关系。方法研究对象采用目的性抽样,对重庆市某区4所小学1~4年级女生进行一般情况的问卷调查、生长发育的体格检查、并收集尿液,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(HPLC-MS)对样品中4种PAHs代谢物进行定性和定量检测。结果 4种PAHs代谢物标准曲线相关性高,方法检出限为0.1 ng/mL。研究共调查女童737名,青春发动时相提前组209人,正常组528人。尿液检测结果显示4种PAHs代谢物检出率为100%,4种代谢物的检出浓度范围分别为1-羟基芘0.01~4.77 ng/mL,2-羟基萘0.15~50.00ng/mL,2-羟基芴0.06~12.59 ng/mL及9-羟基菲0.29~23.17 ng/mL。青春发动时相提前组和正常组在2-羟基芴(Z=-1.996)和9-羟基菲(Z=-3.161)暴露水平上差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),控制了肥胖因素后,青春发动时相提前组9-羟基菲(Z=-3.012)暴露水平仍高于正常组(P<0.05)。结论该方法适用于4种PAHs代谢物的同时检测,研究地区女童青春发育早期均有PAHs暴露,且PAHs暴露可能是女童青春发动时相提前的因素之一。     

Dietary Iron Intake and Availability in Hill Tribe and Urban Women,Chiang Rai Province,Northern Thailand

ABSTRACT

Data were collected as part of a cross-sectional study. The objectives were to compare dietary intakes of iron and enhancers and inhibitors of non-heme iron absorption in hill tribe and urban women of Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand, and compare iron- and vitamin C- containing foods sold in markets in both settings. Dietary data were collected using three 24- hour recalls from 128 women aged 19–50 years (hill tribe: n = 65; urban n = 63), and proportions of low-, medium- and high-iron/vitamin C containing foods were surveyed in local markets. Hill tribe women consumed less iron, animal protein, vitamin C and calcium, but market availability of iron/vitamin C foods was similar. Future interventions should focus on food choice modification, to improve intakes of iron and foods that enhance its absorption, especially among hill tribe women.     

Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafoods from Lake Timsah

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrpcarvons (PAHs) in some seafoods caught from Lake Timsah were determined. The tested samples were tilapia fish (Oreochromis aureus), crabs (Portuns pelagicus), bivalves (Venerupis decussata), clams (Strombus tricornis) and gastropods (Munes Sp.). Where these seafoods are locally and favorite consumed foods in the area around the lake (Ismailia governorate). Results showed that crabs contained significantly higher concentrations of both total and carcinogenic PAHs ranging from 1318.6 to 3767.4 and 1230.3 to 3442.2 microg kg(-1), respectively. Meanwhile, clams contained significantly lower levels with mean value of 28.4 microg kg(-1) for total and 24.4 microg kg(-1) for carcinogenic PAHs. The most frequently detected PAHs in the tested samples were indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene followed by benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene which are characterized as carcinogenic compounds.     

天津市老年人群大气多环芳烃暴露与尿中多环芳烃羟基代谢物的关联研究

目的 同时测定尿中多种羟基多环芳烃(OH-PAHs),以期发现适于联合评价多环芳烃(PAHs)内暴露水平的OH-PAHs.方法 于2011年6月采集112名研究对象24 h的个体颗粒物暴露和晨尿样本,用气相色谱-质谱法检测个体颗粒物样本载带的PAHs及尿样中OH-PAHs.结果 尿样中共检出7种OH-PAHs,其中1-羟基萘(1-OHNap)检出浓度最高[(20.54±28.94) μmol/mol Cr],1-羟基芘(1-OHP)检出浓度最低[(0.73±0.63) μmol/mol Cr].各种OH-PAHs的浓度按照1-OHNap＞9-羟基芴(9-OHFlu) ＞2-羟基萘(2-OHNap)＞3-羟基芴(3-OHFlu)＞2-羟基芴(2-OHFlu)＞6-羟基屈(6-OHChr)＞1-OHP的顺序递减,性别和吸烟对研究对象尿液中OH-PAHs的浓度没有显著影响.总羟基萘(∑OHNap)与1-OHNap具有良好的相关性(r=0.948),总羟基芴(∑OHFlu)与9-OHFlu具有良好的相关性(r=0.975),1-OHNap与颗粒物载带的萘的相关性优于2-OHNap,9-OHFlu与颗粒物载带的芴的相关性优于3-OHFlu和2-OHFlu,∑OHNap、∑OHFlu和6-OHChr与1-OHP的r值分别为0.427、0.543和0.655.结论 仅用1-OHP作为机体PHAs的生物标志物并不能反映人体的内暴露水平,1-OHNap和9-OHFlu对∑OHNap和∑OHFlu暴露水平有较好的预测效果;1-OHNap、9-OHFlu结合1-OHP联合测定可以更为准确和全面地评价PAHs内暴露水平.     

Sources, distribution, and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants released from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and are always found as a mixture of individual compounds. Due to economic growth and a sharp increase in energy consumption in recent years, large quantities of PAHs have been released into the environment worldwide. Because many PAHs and their derivatives are strongly potent carcinogens, or mutagens, PAHs have been extensively studied recently. The authors reviewed the origin and distribution of PAHs in atmosphere, soil, and sediment in natural environments. PAHs represent a class of toxicological compounds that can create a variety of hazardous effects in vivo/in vitro, including genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and carcinogenesis, which the authors also describe.     

多环芳烃的皮肤毒性及损伤机制研究进展

多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons，PAHs）是广泛存在于人类生存环境中的一种持久性有机物，结构稳定且难以降解，对生物体和周围环境造成极大的威胁，是国内外广泛关注的有机污染物之一。研究发现，PAHs在多种皮肤疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用，如导致皮肤过早老化、色素沉着、痤疮、肿瘤以及特应性皮炎。研究表明，PAHs的慢性暴露干扰皮肤的正常屏障功能，进而导致皮肤病的发生；但确切机制目前尚不完全明确。本文拟就PAHs所致皮肤毒性及可能的损伤机制进行综述，以期为PAHs所致皮肤疾病的预防和诊疗提供一些研究思路。     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the lung

Polycyclie aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in human lung samples from men (n = 236) and women (n = 128) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to examine their association with lung cancer. The mean values for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) in lungs (ng/g dry lung) of Japanese autopsied patients were 0.54, 0.44, and 0.87, respectively. The modal values were 0.3, 0.3 and 0.5, respectively. Each of the PAH concentrations was highly correlated with the others (r > 0.83). PAH concentrations in the lungs showed age-related increases with low correlation-coefficient values. BaP, BkF and BghiP concentrations in lungs of various subgroups were in the following order: male > female; and lung cancer > all cancers > non-cancer among male not female group. Only BghiP concentration in the lungs of the male smoker group is significantly higher (P < 0.10) than that of the male non-smoker group. Even among non-smoker groups, PAH concentrations in the lungs of male group were significantly higher than those of female group. In the male population, excess exposure to PAHs together with fine carbon particles, such as tobacco smoke or diesel exhaust, correlated with increased prevalence of lung cancer.     

5种多环芳烃化学物的雌激素样作用研究

目的 评价5种多环芳烃化学物的雌激素样作用。方法 采用大鼠子宫增生实验和MCF—7细胞增殖实验。结果 苯并(a)芘、7，12—二甲基苯并蒽和2，3，6，7—二苯并蒽不仅引起大鼠子宫湿重明显增加(P＜0．01，P＜0．05)，而且能明显诱导MCF—7细胞增殖(P＜0．01)。苯并(a)蒽和1，2—苯并菲既不能导致大鼠子宫湿重明显增加(P＞0．05)，也不能诱导MCF—7细胞增殖(P＞0．05)。结论 苯并(a)此、7，12—二甲基苯并蒽和2，3，6，7—二苯并蒽具有明显的雌激素样作用，而苯并(a)蒽和1，2—苯并蒽没有检测到雌激素样作用。