多胎妊娠延迟分娩的研究现状

多胎妊娠延迟分娩(DID)是指多胎中的一胎(胎儿1)在中孕期,特别是胎龄≤24周时发生流产或早产后,孕妇子宫收缩逐渐减弱,宫口逐渐回缩,甚至宫颈管闭合,若及时采取措施,则可使宫内留存胎儿在宫腔内继续妊娠数天,甚至数周,待其各器官进一步成熟后再娩出。目前,随着女性受孕年龄增加及辅助生殖技术的应用,多胎妊娠发生率逐年上升,多胎妊娠发生胎儿1流产或早产后,对宫内留存胎儿实施DID的成功率也逐渐增高。多胎妊娠DID的适应证包括胎儿1于胎龄≤24周时分娩后,母体宫缩消退,不伴胎膜早破(PROM)、绒毛膜羊膜炎、严重阴道流血、可疑胎盘早剥及其他严重内科与外科合并症,宫内留存胎儿无胎儿宫内窘迫、先天畸形等。目前,DID临床处理措施包括:高位结扎胎儿1脐带,采取宫缩抑制剂抑制母体宫缩、抗菌药物预防母胎感染、宫颈环扎术及对母胎进行严密监护,必要时使用糖皮质激素促胎肺成熟。对宫内留存胎儿实施DID后,分娩时机掌握,非常重要。笔者拟就多胎妊娠胎儿1于胎龄≤24周时分娩后,对宫内留存胎儿实施DID的必要性、适用人群、临床管理、临床处理流程及多胎妊娠DID胎儿妊娠结局等最新研究进展进行阐述,旨在为相关临床研究提供参考。     

单绒毛膜双胎妊娠诊断及并发症预测可能性研究进展

正随着辅助生殖技术的快速发展,双胎妊娠的发生率也大大增加。双胎妊娠中绒毛膜性的不同,其围生结局也不同,单绒毛膜双胎比双绒毛膜双胎有更高的围生儿发病率与死亡率,因此确定绒毛膜性是双胎妊娠产前诊断和妊娠监测的重要前提。超声评估绒毛膜性在早孕期有更高的敏感性,ISUOG关于超声在双胎妊娠中作用的实践指南指出应该在双胎妊娠孕13周前确定绒毛膜性与羊膜性~([1])。     

单绒毛膜性与双绒毛膜性双胎妊娠结局比较分析

目的 比较单绒毛膜性与双绒毛膜性双胎对妊娠结局的影响。方法 选取2017年6月—2020年6月于厦门大学附属第一医院双胎住院的产妇158例,其中单绒毛膜性28例(单绒毛膜组),双绒毛膜性130例(双绒毛膜组)。记录两组临床资料,比较两组孕妇分娩情况、分娩孕周情况、围生儿结局及围生儿并发症情况。结果 单绒毛膜组妊娠剖宫产率(92.86%)高于双绒毛膜组(75.38%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单绒毛膜分娩孕周≥37周(28.57%)少于双绒毛膜组(49.23%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组胎儿窘迫发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);单绒毛膜组双胎生长不一和胎儿畸形发生率高于双绒毛膜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单绒毛膜组新生儿缺血缺氧脑病、呼吸窘迫综合征及低出生体质量发生率高于双绒毛膜组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);而两组颅内出血和新生儿死亡发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论 单绒毛膜性较双绒毛膜性围生儿并发症较多,且围生儿结局不良,故而应对单绒毛膜性双胎妊娠加强管理,降低围生儿不良结局。     

98例辅助生育多胎妊娠减胎术临床分析

目的 探讨多胎妊娠早期经阴道减胎术的临床价值及妊娠结局的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析多胎妊娠行孕早期经阴道减胎术的98例患者的临床资料,观察妊娠的结局.结果 共减灭107胎,胚胎和胎儿分别为75和32个,减胎成功率100 %.术后流产比例10.2 %.分娩88例,共获活婴165个;平均孕周(37.0±3.2)周; 42.0 %孕周＜37周、58.0 %为足月产.新生儿平均体质量(2505.9±532.1)g.9例患者术后出现宫腔积血,6例术后反复间断少量阴道出血,与无出血组比较,出血组流产率明显增加.结论 对于多胎妊娠,早期经阴道减胎术简单、有效,其妊娠结局与胚胎数目、减胎术的操作及是否出现并发症相关.     

多胎妊娠中自然减胎的研究进展

辅助生殖技术的应用带来最突出的问题之一就是多胎妊娠率增高(较正常妊娠高10倍),导致相应妊娠并发症增多,严重危及母子健康和安全。选择性减胎术的应用虽然降低妊娠并发症的发生,但减胎术导致的并发症不容忽视。自然减胎(SPR)是指妊娠过程中胚胎数目自然减少,有研究证实,自然减胎多发生在妊娠早期,其发生原因可能与胚胎数量、妊娠年龄及胚胎质量有关,并且常并发妊娠期缩短,新生儿出生体质量降低及阴道流血等。对自然减胎发生机制、发生时间及其对妊娠结局的影响作较全面综述。     

多胎妊娠中自然减胎的研究进展

辅助生殖技术的应用带来最突出的问题之一就是多胎妊娠率增高(较正常妊娠高10倍),导致相应妊娠并发症增多,严重危及母子健康和安全.选择性减胎术的应用虽然降低妊娠并发症的发生,但减胎术导致的并发症不容忽视.自然减胎(SPR)是指妊娠过程中胚胎数目自然减少,有研究证实,自然减胎多发生在妊娠早期,其发生原因可能与胚胎数量、妊娠年龄及胚胎质量有关,并且常并发妊娠期缩短,新生儿出生体质量降低及阴道流血等.对自然减胎发生机制、发生时间及其对妊娠结局的影响作较全面综述.     

长、短促排卵方案对IVF-ET妊娠及分娩结局的影响

目的:探讨不同促排卵方案对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)的妊娠及分娩结局的影响。方法:选取因输卵管因素行IVF-ET的患者1104例,随机分组采用不同促排卵方案(长方案组和短方案组),统计临床妊娠、妊娠丢失、分娩结局等。结果:长方案组临床妊娠率(45.1%)高于短方案组(33.9%),分娩率(35.7%)高于短方案组(24.8%)(P0.01);早产率、卵巢过度刺激综合征发生率两组比较无差异(P0.05)。长方案组双胎61.1%、单胎5.5%,短方案组中双胎45.2%、单胎7.9%,多胎妊娠者中早产率均高(P0.01)。分娩方式及胎儿性别比两组未见差异(P0.05)。结论:IVF-ET中采用长方案促排卵可获得较高的临床妊娠率、活胎分娩率和较低的妊娠丢失率;单胎妊娠优于多胎妊娠,提示单胚胎移植极其重要。     

IVF-ET后3胎变4胎行MFPR并成功妊娠1例

近年来,由于诱导排卵药的应用及辅助生育技术（ART）行多胚胎或配子移植,使得多胎妊娠的发生率增高,妊娠母亲并发症的发生率也随之升高。这在一定程度上影响了妊娠的最终结局,易对母亲及胎儿产生严重影响,尤其怀四胎及四胎以上者并发症更为严重。对妊娠小于12周经超声证实为多胎者,我中心采用经阴道超声引导下抽吸胚胎行MFPR,取得了较好的效果。本例IVF-ET3个胚胎,移植后28天B超见3个妊娠囊,其中一个妊娠囊1周后发育为2个胚胎（单卵双胎）。经减胎治疗后成功妊娠双胎,现报道如下。     

24例双胎之一胎死宫内妊娠结局分析

目的探讨影响双胎之一胎死宫内妊娠结局的相关因素。方法对2006年1月-2014年1月在该院住院分娩的24例双胎之一胎死宫内的病例进行回顾性分析。结果双胎之一胎死宫内的发生率为5.7%,单绒毛膜性(MC)双胎9例,双绒毛膜性(DC)双胎15例。一胎胎死宫内发生在早期5例,中期10例,晚期9例。期待治疗中,孕27周放弃治疗引产1例,孕29~34周终止妊娠8例,34~37周终止妊娠6例,37周终止妊娠9例。双绒毛膜性、孕早期发生一胎胎死宫内、孕34周后终止妊娠的围生儿病死率均低于单绒毛膜性、孕中、晚期发生一胎胎死宫内、小于孕34周终止妊娠的患者;双胎之一胎死宫内对母亲的凝血功能、妊娠期高血压疾病及感染风险无明显影响。结论在双胎之一胎死宫内的孕妇中,绒毛膜性、死胎发生的时间、终止妊娠的时间是影响妊娠结局的重要因素,在孕早期B超了解绒毛膜性质,及早发现一胎胎死宫内的时间,加强孕期母儿监测,尽可能延长孕周,有利于改善围产儿结局。     

多胎妊娠的介入性产前诊断及染色体核型分析

目的分析多胎妊娠的介入性产前诊断方法的选择及胎儿染色体异常情况。方法选取该院2011年1月-2014年12月32例多胎妊娠病例为研究对象,分析其介入性产前诊断方法的选择及胎儿染色体异常情况。结果 32例多胎妊娠(66例胎儿),其中65个胎儿行产前诊断染色体核型分析。32例多胎妊娠包括单绒毛膜双羊膜囊(Monochorionic diamniotic,MCDA)双胎12例、单绒毛膜三羊膜囊(Monochorionic triamniotic,MCTA)三胎1例、双绒毛膜双羊膜囊(Dichorionic diamniotic,DCDA)双胎18例、三绒毛膜三羊膜囊(Trichorionic triamniotic,TCTA)三胎1例,根据孕周及绒毛膜性质为每个胎儿选择不同的介入性产前诊断。其中,1例(8.33%,1/12)MCDA双胎之一染色体异常(46,XY和45,X),2例(11.76%,2/17)DCDA双胎之一染色体异常(46,XY和45,X;46,XY和47,XY,+18),其余胎儿核型正常。结论胎儿超声检出异常的多胎妊娠应根据绒毛膜性质的不同,选择适合的介入性产前诊断方法,为每例胎儿分别取样行染色体核型分析。对于MCDA双胎,双胎羊水染色体核型分析相对于绒毛或脐血染色体核型分析而言,能更好地反映各个胎儿的染色体核型。     

Multiple Gestations: Some Public Policy Issues

Multiple gestations, or multifetal pregnancies,raise a number of significant policy questionsconcerning the well being of women and the wellbeing of the children fetuses might become.Important questions for feminists pertain notonly to multifetal pregnancy itself, but alsoto the medical interventions associated withthese pregnancies. In this paper, we addressthe questions of how many embryos should betransferred in assisted reproduction, how manyfetuses should remain in a multiple gestation,who should make these decisions, and the needto protect women from overexposure to exogenoushormones. Although we focus on assistedreproduction in the United States, we believethat our suggestions are applicable to othercountries where the technology is comparable.     

The maternal and fetal outcome of 122 triplet pregnancies

INTRODUCTION: The wide use of infertility drugs and assisted reproduction has resulted in 4- to 5-fold increase in the incidence of triplet pregnancies, which carry an extremely high risk of maternal complications and adverse perinatal outcome. In Hungary, reduction of multifetal pregnancies is available for all pregnant women with multifetal gestation since 1998. The goal of the procedure is to ensure better outcome for surviving fetuses. Counseling of pregnant patients should include the maternal and fetal risks of triplet gestation without multifetal pregnancy reduction. AIM: To assess the risk of maternal complications, stillbirth, perinatal and neonatal mortality rates, and risk of neonatal morbidity in non-reduced triplets in a large case series, representing the Hungarian triplet population. METHODS: The study population consisted of triplets delivered between July 1st, 1990 and June 30th, 2006, at the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. All three fetuses had to be alive on the 18th-week ultrasound scan to be eligible. RESULTS: Out of the 122 cases, 8 (6.6%) ended in midtrimester miscarriage, 114 (93.4%) ended in delivery. There were no maternal deaths. The most common antepartum maternal complications were pregnancy-induced hypertension (16.7%), gestational diabetes mellitus (18.4%), thrombocytopenia (20.2%), anemia (16.7%) and intrahepatic cholestasis (9.7%). Preterm labor requiring tocolysis occurred in 57.9%, preterm premature rupture of membranes in 32.5%. Prophylactic cerclage was performed in 15.8% of cases, and 69.3% of patients received steroid prophylaxis. The mean gestational age at delivery was 32.3 +/- 3.2 weeks. The rates of very early (<28 weeks) and early (<32 weeks) preterm deliveries were 8.8% and 42.1%, respectively. The mean 5-minute Apgar score was 9.2 +/- 0.8, and the mean birth weight at delivery was 1664 +/- 506 g. 38.0% of infants were very low birth weight (<1500 g). Stillbirth, crude perinatal mortality and corrected perinatal mortality rates were 23.4 per thousand, 64.3 per thousand and 27.4 per thousand, respectively. 11.7 per thousand of infants had some major congenital anomaly. 54.4% of infants required ventilation or oxygen therapy or both. The most common neonatal complication were respiratory distress (17.1%), transitory tachypnea (5.2%), sepsis or pneumonia (25.5%), intraventricular hemorrhage (4.3%) and jaundice (11.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Both the maternal and neonatal risks should be considered when patients with triplets are counseled before the decision to continue the triplet gestation or to choose multifetal pregnancy reduction is made.     

超声介导下减胎的应用进展

超声介导下减胎包括选择性终止异常妊娠 ,保留正常妊娠继续进行的减胎术和多胎妊娠减胎术。超声介导下选择性减胎是一种安全、有效的微创操作技术。但减胎操作仍有可能造成全部胎儿流产。如何改进减胎技术 ,减少减胎相关并发症及流产率尚需进一步研究     

提倡规律产前检查降低多胎妊娠围产儿死亡率

目的:分析并总结多胎妊娠围产儿死亡高危因素。方法:收集1986年1月~2003年3月间的285例多胎妊娠(双胎妊娠275例,3胎妊娠10例)共580例围产儿,总结其围产期主要并发症及围产儿预后;并以1993年和2002年共计2 453例单胎妊娠的并发症作为对照,分析多胎妊娠围产儿死亡的相关因素。结果:①多胎妊娠并发症高,主要为早产、胎膜早破、妊高征及贫血,与单胎对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01);②多胎妊娠围产儿死亡发生率是58.6‰(34/580),较同期的单胎妊娠围产儿死亡率明显升高。死胎与早期新生儿死亡各占50.0%。死胎中有致死性畸形4例,双胎输血综合征死亡3例,原因不明10例;新生儿死亡中有2例致死性畸形,其余15例均为早产儿,平均孕周为31.5周,新生儿死亡主要原因:早产儿肺出血、新生儿肺透明膜病(RDS)、感染、心衰;除外畸形,围产儿体重与围产儿死亡关系最为密切。③规律产前检查与无规律产前检查组比较,妊娠并发症的发生率无明显差异,但围产儿死亡率差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:多胎妊娠并发症较单胎妊娠并发症明显增加,早产是多胎妊娠围产儿死亡的主要影响因素,加强产前保健对延长孕周、增加胎儿体重、减少新生儿并发症,从而降低多胎围产儿死亡率有重要意义。     

Nutrition and multifetal pregnancy

Largely because of assisted reproduction, the rate of multifetal pregnancy is rising rapidly in the United States. Accordingly, dietitians are increasingly being called upon to provide nutrition services for these high-risk pregnancies. This article gives an overview of the incidence of and risks associated with multifetal pregnancy and reviews studies that contribute to our knowledge of nutrition and multifetal pregnancy. Practice guidelines for promoting healthy outcomes based on the best available scientific data are suggested. Guidelines for weight gain for twin and triplet pregnancy, dietary intake, and supplement use are included. Suggested practice guidelines for multifetal pregnancy include a positive rate of weight gain early in pregnancy, the use of prepregnancy weight status to determine total weight gain goals in twin pregnancy, a 50-lb weight gain goal for triplet pregnancy, and higher minimal number of servings of foods from several of the Food Guide Pyramid groups. The need for additional information on the effects of nutritional status on the course and outcome of multifetal pregnancy is critical. Preliminary evidence of the benefits of nutrition services suggests that both the incorporation of dietetics services into care programs and additional research on nutrition and multifetal gestation are warranted.     

多胎妊娠减胎术的临床应用

目的:分析多胎妊娠早期减胎术的可行性、安全性及对妊娠的影响,决定合适的手术时机、手术方法。方法:多胎妊娠孕妇,于孕早期在腹部B超引导下,将穿刺针选择性进入1～2个胚胎的心管搏动处注射氯化钾,或经阴道B超引导下,将穿刺针选择性进入胚胎心管搏动处,反复抽吸至胎心消失或负压吸出胚胎。结果:84例中78例经阴道减胎术单次成功,6例减胎2次成功。5例经腹胎心注射氯化钾减胎术,60例经阴道抽吸胚胎法,19例经阴道机械破坏法。26例足月剖宫产,10例足月顺产,24例早产,6例早期流产,4例晚期流产,无1例因感染而于术后第3～7天流产,现14例继续妊娠。59例减胎术后为双胎妊娠,25例减胎术后为单胎妊娠。多胎妊娠的减胎术成功率88.1%,总流产率11.9%。已分娩的112个新生儿均健康。结论:超声引导下经阴道多胎妊娠早期选择性减胎术是安全、有效和简便的治疗方法,选择妊娠7～8周经阴道抽吸胚胎法进行效果较好。     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症孕妇的胎儿不良结局的危险因素分析

目的 探讨妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)孕妇的胎儿不良结局的危险因素.方法 将2014年1月至2016年6月在成都市妇女儿童中心医院产科住院治疗的471例ICP孕妇纳入研究,采取回顾性分析方法 分析ICP孕妇的胎儿不良结局的危险因素.结果 单因素分析中,ICP孕妇的孕周(χ2=38.834,P=0.000)、发病时间(χ2=21.470,P=0.000)、多胎妊娠(χ2=19.529,P=0.000)、合并高血压(χ2=10.963,P=0.001)、合并糖尿病(χ2=7.098,P=0.008)、合并乙肝(χ2=5.879,P=0.015)、ICP既往史(χ2=7.193,P=0.007)、生化指标(TBA:χ2=23.410,P=0.000;ALT、AST:χ2=6.114,P=0.013;TBIL:χ2=8.204,P=0.004;DBIL:χ2=5.361,P=0.021)水平与胎儿不良结局的发生率具有相关性;进一步经多因素Logistic回归分析,孕妇发病时间(OR=2.92,95%CI=1.37~6.22)、多胎妊娠(OR=2.29,95%CI=1.42~3.71)、合并高血压(OR=2.41,95%CI=1.09~5.33)、合并糖尿病(OR=1.95,95%CI=1.07~3.56)、TBA水平(OR=2.05,95%CI=1.05~4.01)是ICP孕妇的胎儿不良结局的高危因素,其中发病孕周是ICP最重要的危险因素.结论 孕妇发病时间、多胎妊娠、合并高血压、合并糖尿病、TBA水平是ICP孕妇的胎儿不良结局的高危因素,早期发现,对ICP孕妇的胎儿加强监护及采取治疗,结合孕周、病情变化评估是否需要终止妊娠和合适的分娩方式,可改善孕产妇及围产儿结局.     

Sometimes doing the right thing sucks: frame combinations and multi-fetal pregnancy reduction decision difficulty

Data are analyzed for 54 women who made an appointment with a North American Center specializing in multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) to be counseled and possibly have a reduction. The impact on decision difficulty of combinations of three frames through which patients may understand and consider their options and use to justify their decisions are examined: a conceptional frame marked by a belief that life begins at conception; a medical frame marked by a belief in the statistics regarding risk and risk prevention through selective reduction; and a lifestyle frame marked by a belief that a balance of children and career has normative value. All data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and observation during the visit to the center over an average 2.5h period. Decision difficulty was indicated by self-assessed decision difficulty and by residual emotional turmoil surrounding the decision. Qualitative comparative analysis was used to analyze the impact of combinations of frames on decision difficulty. Separate analyses were conducted for those reducing only to three fetuses (or deciding not to reduce) and women who chose to reduce below three fetuses. Results indicated that for those with a non-intense conceptional frame, the decision was comparatively easy no matter whether the patients had high or low values of medical and lifestyle frames. For those with an intense conceptional frame, the decision was almost uniformly difficult, with the exception of those who chose to reduce only to three fetuses. Simplifying the results to their most parsimonious scenarios oversimplifies the results and precludes an understanding of how women can feel pulled in different directions by the dictates of the frames they hold. Variations in the characterization of intense medical frames, for example, can both pull toward reduction to two fetuses and neutralize shame and guilt by seeming to remove personal responsibility for the decision. We conclude that the examination of frame combinations is an important tool for understanding the way women carrying multiple fetuses negotiate their way through multi-fetal pregnancies, and that it may have more general relevance for understanding pregnancy decisions in context.     

Influences on fetal and placental weights during mid to late gestation in prolific ewes well nourished throughout pregnancy

This study investigated associations between fetal and placental weights from 85 to 130 days gestation in 49 fetuses from 21 ewes of a prolific genotype used as an experimental model of intrauterine growth retardation. The proportion of variation in fetal weight explained by placental weight increased from zero at 85 days to 91% (residual standard deviation (RSD) = 260 g) at 130 days. Overall, stage of pregnancy plus placental weight accounted for 96% of fetal weight variation (RSD = 212 g). Litter size and number of fetuses per uterine horn also influenced individual fetal weights. Gestational age, litter size, placental weight per ewe, and liveweight and condition score of ewes during early to mid gestation (initial LW and CS) explained 99.5% of the variation in fetal weight per ewe (RSD = 236 g). Most variation (86%) in placental weight was explained by stage of pregnancy, litter size, number of placentomes, and initial LW and CS (RSD = 53 g). Placental weight per ewe was influenced by stage of pregnancy, litter size and initial ewe LW and CS (R2 = 0.97; RSD = 89 g). The association of fetal and placental weights with initial ewe LW was positive, and with initial CS was negative. The results show that in the absence of overt nutritional restriction of pregnant ewes, fetal and placental weights are tightly coupled during late gestation and ewe fatness during early pregnancy is inversely related to placental and fetal weights. They demonstrate that placental weight explains most of the variation in fetal weight in the present intrauterine growth retardation model.