1例同时伴有t(15;17)和t(8;11)易位的早幼粒细胞白血病的临床和实验室观察

典型的早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)患者有t(15;17)(q22;q12)染色体易位和PML-RARα融合基因存在,临床上对全反式维甲酸(ATRA)敏感,治疗后大多能获完全缓解(CR).但有学者报道,伴有额外染色体异常者不但容易误诊,而且预后不良[1].新近我院也遇到1例APL,除有t(15;17)易位外还同时存在t(8;11)(p23;q14)易位,其白血病细胞形态不典型,缺乏嗜天青颗粒和Auer小体,以致初诊时误诊为急性髓细胞白血病(AML)M1型,且经ATRA、DA(柔红霉素、阿糖胞苷)方案和三氧化二砷(As2O3)治疗难以获得CR,现报道如下.     

伴t(8;21)(q22;q22)易位的急性双表型白血病的临床研究

目的:报道新发现4例伴t(8;21)(q22;q22)易位的急性双表型白血病(biphenotypic acute leukemia,BAL),分析其细胞形态学、免疫表型、染色体核型分型及临床特征。方法:将4例伴t(8;21)(q22;q22)易位的BAL(A组),与随机挑选同期发现的伴其他克隆性染色体改变的BAL(B组)和伴t(8;21)(q22;q22)的M2b(C组)病例对照,对染色体核型分型及临床特点比较分析。结果:伴t(8;21)(q22;q22)易位的BAL特点如下:①无显著男女性别差异;②发病年龄较轻;③外周血白细胞计数不增高;④骨髓细胞形态学显示为粒细胞白血病,且原始细胞显著增多;⑤免疫表型均为B淋巴系和髓系共表达的BAL,CD34表达阳性,且为高表达;⑥染色体改变除t(8;21)(q22;q22)易位外,亦常见性染色体缺失,与(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)AML-M2b的特点相符;亦出现复杂染色体改变,符合BAL的特点。⑦对兼顾髓系和淋巴系的联合治疗方案反应较好,与B组的BAL类似,1例单用AML方案(MA)治疗者NR,后死亡。结论:报道新发现的一组伴t(8;21)(q22;q22)易位的BAL,提示此类患者的白血病细胞克隆起源可能较早。     

伴t(11;19)(q23;p13.1)恶性血液病的临床和实验室特征

目的 探讨伴t(11;19) (q23;p13.1)恶性血液病的临床及实验室特征.方法 分析1例血液病患者资料,其骨髓细胞24 h培养后按常规方法制备染色体,用R显带技术进行细胞遗传学分析.结果 该例患者核型为t(11;19) (q23;p13.1),确诊为急性髓系白血病(AML)-M4c.应用MA方案化疗后患者未获完全缓解.结论 t(11;19)(q23;p13.1)是一类很独特的白血病亚型有关的易位,为少见的非随机染色体易位,其临床预后差.     

急性髓系白血病伴新的t(8;21)变异易位——t(7;21)(p21;q22)易位

目的:探讨1例急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)伴新的t(8; 21)变异易位即t(7; 21)(p21;q22)易位患者的临床与分子生物学特点.方法:将AML患者的骨髓细胞经短期培养后按常规方法制备染色体,R显带进行核型分析;利用AML1/ETO双色双融合探针进行荧光原位杂交检测;实时荧光定量PCR法检测AML1/ETO融合基因的转录本拷贝数.结果:患者的常规细胞遗传学分析结果显示为t(7; 21)(p21;q22)易位.86％的骨髓细胞为AML1/ETO融合基因阳性,融合基因转录本为51 440个拷贝/10 000个内参Ab1基因拷贝.结论:t(7;21)(p21; q22)是一种新的t(8; 21)(q22; q22)变异易位,与其他类型的t(8; 21)变异易位相似,预示有良好预后.     

伴有t(8;21)变异易位的急性髓系白血病患儿二例遗传学研究

 【摘要】　目的　报道2例分别伴有t(8;20)(q22;q13)和t(1;8;21) (q32;q22;q22)的t(8;21)变异易位的M2型急性髓系白血病（AML-M2）。方法　骨髓细胞短期培养法制备染色体标本,应用反带和吉姆萨显带技术进行核型分析;双色双融合AML1-ETO探针进行间期及中期双色荧光原位杂交（D-FISH）检测AML1-ETO融合信号;多重巢式反转录-聚合酶链反应（ RT-PCR）技术检测AML1-ETO融合基因转录本。结果　例1 核型为45,X,-Y, t (8;20)(q22;q13) [12]／46,XY[3],例2 核型为46,XX,t(1;8;21)(q32;q22;q22)[18]／46,XX[2];间期和中期FISH证实了AML1-ETO融合基因和变异易位的存在;多重巢式RT-PCR检测到AML1-ETO融合基因转录本。结论　t(8;20)(q22;q13)和t(1;8;21)(q32;q22;q22)实质上都是t(8;21)的变异型易位;核型分析联合D-FISH、多重巢式RT-PCR对确定伴有变异型t(8;21)易位的AML患者的性质和预后是重要的。     

伴有t(4;12)(q11-12;p13)易位的急性微分化型髓系白血病1例

目的 报道1例罕见的伴有t(4;12)(q11．12;p13)易位的急性微分化型髓系白血病(AMI—M0)病例。方法 应用流式细胞仪检测患者白血病细胞的胞质抗原MPO,CyCD79a;采用骨髓短期培养法,按常规制备染色体,应用R显带技术进行核型分析及应用4号和12号全染色体涂染探针对该病例进行分析。结果 形态学和免疫表型检测证实该病例为．AML-M0;染色体核型分析揭示该病例伴有t(4;12)(q11．12;p13)易位;全染色体涂抹分析证实1条4号染色体和12号染色体之间发生了相互易位。结论 t(4;12)(q11．12;p13)易位与AML-M0有着一定的相关性;具有该种易位的病例生存期短,预后差;全染色体涂抹技术是一种有效的检测手段。     

261例急性髓系白血病的WHO分型

目的对急性髓系白血病(AML)患者的WHO分型系统进行评价。方法对按FAB标准确诊并进行了染色体核型分析和/或AML特异相关融合基因检测的259例AML和21例RAEB蛳t患者,重新分类计数其血片和骨髓片,按WHO标准回顾性进行分型诊断,并进行了按WHO标准分型诊断后各亚型之间的诱导化疗疗效比较。结果21例RAEB蛳t患者中2例按WHO标准重新诊断为AML。AML伴(t8;21)/AML1蛳ETO与按国内AML标准确诊的M2b、AML伴t(15;17)/PML蛳RARα与M3/M3v、AML伴inv(16)(p13q22)或t(16;16)(p13;q22)/CBFB蛳MYH11与M4Eo的吻合率为100%。21例(11.2%)的患者重新归入AML伴有多系发育异常。AML伴t(8;21)/AML1蛳ETO和AML伴inv(16)(p13q22)或t(16;16)(p13;q22)/CBFB蛳MYH11患者的诱导化疗CR率显著高于不另做分类的AML患者(P<0.05)。有多系增生异常患者的诱导化疗CR率明显低于无多系增生异常患者(P<0.05)。结论AML的WHO分型各亚型的一致性及与临床疗效相关性较FAB分型更好。     

伴t（16;21）（p11;q22）急性髓系白血病二例并文献复习

目的 探讨伴有t（16;21） （p11;q22）急性髓系白血病（AML）的临床及实验室检查特征.方法 对2例伴t（16;21）（p11;q22） AML患者分别进行骨髓形态学瑞特-吉姆萨染色、细胞化学染色、免疫学表型检测、常见基因筛查及遗传学检查,分析其临床及实验室检查的异同点,并复习相关文献.结果 例1 FAB形态学分型为AML-M4,其遗传学改变为：46,XY,t（16;21）（p11;q22） [16]/47,XY,t（16;21）（p11;q22）,＋21[4];例2为AML-M1,遗传学改变为46,XX,t（16;21）（p11;q22） [20].2例患者原始细胞均高表达CD56,均可见原始细胞吞噬自身血细胞现象.2例患者均于发病2年内死亡.结论 伴t（16;21）（p11;q22） AML有其独特的形态学、免疫表型、遗传学异常和临床表现,预后差,造血干细胞移植可能为其首选的治疗方法.     

伴有t(8;21)的急性髓系白血病研究进展

伴有染色体t(8;21)(q22;q22)易位及AML1-ETO融合基因是急性髓系白血病(AML)的独立亚型,预后较好.虽然以大剂量阿糖胞苷(HD Ara-C)为主的联合化疗在t(8;21)-AML取得了较高的缓解率,但是特异性靶向AML1-ETO的治疗方案可能是治愈该类AML的有效策略.现就AML1-ETO融合基因相关研究及其靶向治疗的研究进展进行综述.     

232例急性髓细胞白血病免疫表型及与细胞遗传学关系分析

目的探讨初治成人急性髓细胞性白血病（acute myeloid leukemia,AML）的免疫表型特征,并对其与FAB分类、细胞遗传学的关系进行分析。方法采用CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门方法、三色流式细胞术对232例急性髓细胞白血病细胞进行免疫表型分析,染色体G显带技术对其中的172例进行核型分析。结果AML患者中,CD38、CD33和CD13的表达最常见,CD117、CD11b分别有助于区分髓系和淋系白血病,在淋系抗原中,以CD9、CD7较常见。CD7可能是一个独立的预后因素。某些免疫表型特征与FAB分类具有相关性,包括M3中缺乏表达HLA-DR和CD34,而CD9表达增加。CD11b有助于M5与M1、M2、M3的区分,M5中CD14的表达率增加,其阳性率明显高于M2。CD15可能有助于M5亚型的鉴别。本组AML核型异常率为71.6%,t（8;21）（q22;q22）主要见于M2（79.0%）,还见于M5。单纯t（8;21）（q22;q22）易位10例（52.6%）,伴其它染色体异常的为9例（47.4%）,主要附加异常染色体类型为性染色体的丢失。CD13、CD9的表达与染色体异常显著性相关。CD117、CD15同时表达的AML少有预后较差染色体的异常。伴t（8;21）（q22;q22）异常的AML表达CD15、CD33、CD38显著增加。结论白血病免疫表型的检测有助于AML的诊断和分类。免疫表型与细胞遗传学的相关性提示AML抗原的异常表达可能与基因的异常改变密切相关。     

Hemophagocytosis by leukemic blasts in 7 acute myeloid leukemia cases with t(16;21)(p11;q22): common morphologic characteristics for this type of leukemia

BACKGROUND: In a previous study of a case of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with t(16;21)(p11;q22), which displayed hemophagocytosis by leukemic blasts, the authors mentioned that the same type of morphology had been cited in the literature for 4 other cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with the same translocation. This observation prompted the authors to examine more cases of AML with t(16;21)(p11;q22) for this morphology. METHODS: The authors reviewed bone marrow smears for the presence of hemophagocytosis in 7 patients with AML identified as having t(16;21)(p11;q22). RESULTS: The leukemias belonged to the FAB-M1/M7 (n = 5), M5b (n = 2), and contained phagocytic blasts in various percentages (< 0.2-36.7%). The blasts contained either single or multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, in some of which the phagosomes were visible. The engulfed hemopoietic cells (red cells, erythroblasts, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes) were also noted in their cytoplasm. These observations confirmed that hemophagocytosis by leukemic blasts is a common and characteristic feature of this type of leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: The study of 12 cases (the 7 cases described here and the previous 5 cases) strongly supports the hypothesis that hemophagocytosis by leukemic blasts is common and characteristic in this type of leukemia, which may be related to the specific chromosome aberration of t(16;21)(p11;q22).     

Three way translocation in a new variant of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia involving Xp22

The t(8;21)(q22;q22) is one of the most frequent chromosomal abnormality associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) M2 sub type. The additional chromosomal abnormalities including structural and numerical are frequently reported with the translocation, t (8;21)(q22;q22). We report a case of AML-M2 with t(X;8;21)(p22;q22;q22) associated with loss of Y chromosome. Using a dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with ETO and AML1 probes, we demonstrated an ETO/AML1 fusion signal on the derivative chromosome 8 and one ETO signal on derivative Chromosome Xp22. The patient did not respond to therapy and follow-up of cytogenetics revealed same chromosome abnormality. Hence, this three way translocation involving X chromosome might be associated with poor prognosis.     

Childhood acute leukemia with t(11;19) (q23;p13).

From 583 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 181 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in childhood, seven patients were identified to have t(11;19) (q23;p13) by sequential cytogenetic analyses. The t(11;19) was associated with B-precursor ALL at diagnosis in three patients and at relapse in one patient. All four tested patients with B-precursor failed to express the CD10 antigen when the t(11;19) was detected, and one of three patients tested expressed myeloid-associated markers. In three other patients the translocation was detected either at lineage conversion from ALL to M5 AML (n = 2) or from AML to CD10- B-precursor ALL (n = 1). Leukemic blasts of four patients had an entirely different karyotype at the time of lineage conversion or loss of CD10 expression, suggesting an induction of a second neoplasm. Thus the t(11;19) can be found in de novo or secondary acute leukemia with lymphoid (CD10-) or myeloid (monoblastic) phenotype. Further investigation of the gene(s) involved in the 11q23 chromosomal region and the breakpoints in the 19p13 region is needed to understand the leukemogenesis of this apparently heterogeneous group of disorders.     

伴t(8;21)(q22;q22)易位的急性双表型白血病的临床研究

Objective： To report 4 cases of biphenotypic acute leukemia （BAL） with t（8;21）（q22;q22）, and analyze the characteristics of morphology, immune phenotype, chromosome karyotype （MIC） and clinical manifestations. Methods： The BAL patients with t（8;21）（q22;q22） （group A） were compared with the randomly selected BAL patients with other clonical chromosomal changes （group B） and acute myeloid leukemia M2 cases with t（8;21）（q22;q22） （group C） in MIC and clinical features. Results： BAL with t（8;21）（q22;q22） showed acute myeloid leukemia with high percentages of blast cells morphologically; revealed co-positive to B-lymphoid and myeloid lineages, frequent and high expressions of CD34 and CD33; were responsive to chemotherapy for myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia simultaneously well. Conclusion： A new subset of BAL with t（8;21）（q22;q22） was reported, and this suggests that the leukemia colony with t（8;21）（q22;q22） might originate from early phase of hematopoiesis.     

Acute leukemias with the t(4;11)(q21;q23).

The t(4;11)(q21;q23) has been associated with marked lineage heterogeneity. Most of the reported cases were classified as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The t(4;11) is one of the commonest specific chromosomal translocations in ALL, occurring in 2% of childhood and 5% of adult cases. In childhood ALL, this translocation is associated with female sex, age less than 1 year, hyperleukocytosis, CD10-/CD19+ B-precursor cell immunophenotype, and myeloid-associated antigen (CD15) expression. There also appears to be an age-related difference in treatment outcome. Adults had the worst prognosis, and children aged 1 to 9 years appeared to have a better outcome than infants or adolescents. Reported cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or secondary leukemia with the t(4;11) have not been well characterized. It is intriguing that virtually all of the reported cases with secondary leukemia had received epipodophyllotoxins or doxorubicin, agents that affect topoisomerase II and are associated with secondary AML characterized by 11q23 abnormalities. Identification of the involved gene(s) in the t(4;11) will provide a molecular approach permitting more accurate classification of these cases.     

The t(10;11)(p14;q21) translocation in three children with acute myeloblastic leukemia

A total of 161 cases of pediatric de novo acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) have been reviewed, for which complete karyotyping was available and three cases (2%) were identified with t(10;11)(p14;q21). Two of the three children were infants with monoblastic (FAB M5) leukemia and the third was an adolescent with undifferentiated myeloid (FAB M1) leukemia. Both infants presented with increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase. None of these cases had increased eosinophils. One of the infants is in remission 18+ months after diagnosis and intensive chemotherapy; the two other children attained brief initial remissions but succumbed to their disease within 11 months of diagnosis. The prognosis of such children appears to be similar to that of cases of AML lacking this translocation.     

Chromosome abnormalities and MLL rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia of infants.

Of 29 infants with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 14 (48%) had various 11q23 translocations. MLL rearrangements were examined in 21 of the 29 patients, and 11 (52%) showed the rearrangements. 11q23 translocations and/or MLL rearrangements were found in 17 (58%) of the 29 patients. While all but one of the 17 patients with 11q23/MLL rearrangements had M4 or M5 type of the FAB classification, the 12 patients without such rearrangements had various FAB types, including M2, M4, M4EO, M6 and M7. Of the 12 patients with other chromosome abnormalities or normal karyotypes, two had inv(16) ort(16;16), one had t(1;22)(p13;q13), and two had a novel translocation, t(7;12)(q32;p13). The breakpoint on 12p of the t(7;12) was assigned to intron 1 or the region just upstream of exon 1 of the TEL/ETV6 gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The event-free survival at 5 years for the 17 patients with 11q23/MLL rearrangements was 42.2%, and that for the 12 patients without such rearrangements was 31.3% (P = 0.5544). 11q231MLL rearrangements have been frequently reported and a poor prognosis in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia implied. Our study showed that while 11q23/MLL rearrangements were also common in infant AML, AML infants with such rearrangements had a clinical outcome similar to that of AML infants without such rearrangements.