冠状动脉CT血管成像在引导冠心病介入治疗中的应用及进展

冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)在经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)术前可以明确病人是否需要进入导管室检查或治疗,可视化斑块特征及预测PCI术后风险;术中可以提供精确的冠状动脉解剖特征和病变特征,协助选择PCI器材和手术方式;PCI术后利用CCTA可以检测支架内再狭窄。就CCTA在PCI术前、术中和术后的应用价值及研究进展予以综述。     

CT血管成像在评估冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞中的临床应用

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)是较常见的冠状动脉疾病, 目前主要的治疗方法是经皮冠状动脉介入治疗, 但手术成功率低、风险高、并发症多。术前全面评估病变特征, 对手术难易程度进行分级, 是降低手术风险、提高手术成功率的主要方法。冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)能够提供血管走行、斑块形态和特征、钙化信息等, 有助于预测高危病变及识别病变特征, 进而制定血运重建策略和预测手术成功率等。笔者就CCTA在CTO病变中的临床应用予以综述, 旨在提高对CCTA评价CTO的认识和应用。     

多层螺旋CT评估左心室功能的应用进展

左心室功能评估对心脏疾病的诊断、风险分层、治疗及预后分析具有重要意义。心脏CT血管成像(CCTA)作为一种无创性成像技术,目前在心脏疾病的诊断中发挥着越来越重要的作用,它既可评估冠状动脉狭窄,也能获取左心室容积和功能方面的信息。64层及以上的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)可一站式评价冠状动脉和左心室功能,无需对比剂和辐射的重复暴露,心功能分析结果可重复性高,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

冠状动脉CTA在二尖瓣病变诊断中的应用

二尖瓣病变是最常见的心脏瓣膜病,严重危害患者的生命健康。外科手术已经成为各种严重二尖瓣病变的最佳治疗手段,是否合并冠心病将影响手术方式的选择及预后。CT 冠状动脉成像(coronary compu-ted tomography angiography,CCTA)作为心脏瓣膜病变术前筛查冠心病的检查方式之一[1],在显示冠状动脉病变的同时能否为二尖瓣病变的诊断、术前评估及术后随访提供有价值的参考是临床医生关心的问题。本文对 CCTA 检查在二尖瓣疾病中的应用及最新研究进展进行综述。     

基于聚类分析优化冠状动脉CT血管成像对非阻塞性冠心病的风险分层研究

目的探讨基于聚类分析方法优化冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)对非阻塞性冠心病患者的风险分层价值, 识别非阻塞性冠心病患者中的心血管不良事件高风险人群。方法前瞻性连续纳入2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日就诊于解放军总医院, 疑似冠心病接受CCTA检查并明确为非阻塞性冠心病的患者, 收集患者的临床信息和CCTA诊断信息, 随后进行随访, 获取不良心血管事件信息。首先, 基于聚类分析方法挖掘CCTA信息, 将患者划分不同的类。然后, 比较不同类间人群的不良心血管事件风险差异。最后, 依次运用节段受累评分(SIS)、Leiden评分、SIS评分联合临床特征、Leiden评分联合临床特征和聚类信息联合临床特征对人群进行风险分层, 并绘制一致性指数-时间曲线和计算净重分类改善(NRI)指标来比较5个不同模型的风险分层能力。结果共有3 402例非阻塞性冠心病患者被纳入研究, 其中104例患者在随访期内发生了不良心血管事件。基于CCTA信息的聚类分析将患者划分为不同的3类。各类间的临床变量、CCTA信息和生存结局的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。一致性指数-时间曲线结果显示, CC...     

心血管CT新技术在缺血性心脏病中的应用进展

近年来, CT技术的发展极大地增加了从心脏CT中获得的信息量, 冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)能够提供冠状动脉解剖和斑块特征信息, 其识别、描述和量化冠状动脉粥样硬化的能力可以对患者进行准确的风险分层并监测治疗效果。与此同时, CT功能成像新技术在心血管领域也得到了广泛的应用。新兴CT技术, 如基于CCTA的血流储备分数、CT心肌灌注成像、冠状动脉周围脂肪、CT心肌应变、基于碘对比剂延迟增强等可评估心肌缺血程度、心肌组织学特征及预后, 为缺血性心脏病(IHD)患者的诊疗提供重要依据。本文对心血管CT新技术在IHD中的应用进展进行综述。     

基于冠状动脉CT血管成像的左心耳测量参数对非瓣膜性心房颤动患者心源性脑卒中的预测价值

目的:探讨冠状动脉CTA（CCTA）左心耳测量参数对非瓣膜性房颤（NVAF）患者心源性脑卒中（CS）发病风险的预测价值。方法:前瞻性收集2014年1月至2017年6月179例行CCTA检查的NVAF患者的临床和检查资料。根据CCTA检查后2年内急性缺血性脑卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）的发病情况进行分组,其中符合CS...     

胸痛影像学评估的前瞻性多中心研究及进展

胸痛评估的前瞻性多中心影像学研究（PROMISE）始于2010年,该研究分析症状稳定的疑似冠心病病人首选冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）进行解剖学检查或首选无创性功能学检查,旨在探究病人临床结局的差异。PROMISE研究了CCTA、功能学检查及冠状动脉钙化积分和CT血流储备分数等无创性检查方法对疑似冠心病的稳定性胸痛病人的预后价值,并探讨了生物标志物、年龄、性别、代谢性疾病对稳定性胸痛病人的影响。此外,PROMISE开发并验证了风险分层模型和个体化选择检查方法的工具。PROMISE对CCTA和功能学检查的应用产生了很大的影响,为疑似冠心病病人无创检查方法的选择提供了重要循证依据。     

CT血管成像在评估冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞中的临床应用

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（CTO）是较常见的冠状动脉疾病,目前主要的治疗方法是经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,但手术成功率低、风险高、并发症多。术前全面评估病变特征,对手术难易程度进行分级,是降低手术风险、提高手术成功率的主要方法。冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）能够提供血管走行、斑块形态和特征、钙化信息等,有助于预测高危病变及识别...     

CCTA对于冠状动脉支架的评估及研究进展

随着冠心病发病率升高,冠状动脉支架植入术(PCI)广泛应用于临床,而冠状动脉支架术后再狭窄(ISR)成为影响PCI治疗效果的主要因素,因此早期诊断ISR具有重要意义。冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)在冠状动脉狭窄的诊断价值已经得到了临床证实,但在PCI术后的随访中CCTA对于支架评估的价值及如何评估正在深入研究之中。本文就CCTA在冠状动脉支架的评估现状和新技术的应用以及发展趋势予以综述。     

Chronic inflammatory diseases and coronary heart disease: Insights from cardiovascular CT

Epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated a consistent relationship between increased systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular events. In chronic inflammatory states, traditional risk factors only partially account for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) but underestimate total cardiovascular risk likely due to the residual risk of inflammation. Computed coronary tomography angiography (CCTA) may aid in risk stratification by noninvasively capturing early CAD, identifying high risk plaque morphology and quantifying plaque at baseline and in response to treatment. In this review, we focus on reviewing studies on subclinical atherosclerosis by CCTA in individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and psoriasis. We start with a brief review on the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, highlight the utility of using CCTA to delineate vessel wall and plaque characteristics and discuss combining CCTA with laboratory studies and emerging technologies to complement traditional risk stratification in chronic inflammatory states.     

基于冠状动脉CT血管成像定量钙化负荷的可行性研究

目的 探讨冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）一站式计算冠状动脉钙化积分（CCTA-CS）和体积积分（CCTA-VS）的可行性,并分析其与心电门控CT平扫测得标准积分（CACS、VS）的相关性。 方法 本研究回顾性连续纳入1 075例受试者,男447例,女628例,平均年龄（56.79±9.49）岁。全部受试者均行包括门控CT平扫和CCTA的常规冠状动脉CT检查,测量CACS、VS、CCTA-CS和CCTA-VS。选择CACS与CCTA-CS均不为0的影像数据进行分析。采用组内相关系数（ICC）评估2名观察者间及观察者内测量CCTA-CS和CCTA-VS的一致性。采用线性相关分析与Bland-Altman检验分析CCTA与门控CT平扫所测评分的相关性与一致性。根据CACS对受试者进行心血管病危险度分层,并采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较多组间的CCTA-CS与CCTA-VS。采用二元Logistic回归分析影响钙化积分的危险因素。采用独立样本t检验比较CCTA和常规冠状动脉CT检查的有效辐射剂量（ED）。 结果 CACS和CCTA-CS不为0的受试者共437例。2名观察者间和观察者内测量的CCTA-CS和CCTA-VS的一致性均较好（均ICC>0.960）。CCTA-CS与CACS、CCTA-VS与VS均呈较好的正相关（r²=0.98、0.96,均P<0.05）。Bland-Altman检验结果显示CCTA与门控CT平扫所测评分间的一致性较高。不同危险分层病人的CCTA-CS和CCTA-VS差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟史、脑血管病均为CACS、CCTA-CS的危险因素。CCTA检查的ED低于常规冠状动脉CT检查,Flash扫描可减少21.2%,Sequence扫描可减少18.6%。 结论 CCTA一站式测量可以精确定量钙化,测得的CCTA-CS、CCTA-VS与标准积分有较好的相关性,且能有效降低辐射剂量。     

CT低剂量技术在冠状动脉钙化积分检查中的应用现状与新进展

冠状动脉钙化积分(CACS)是无创性评估心血管风险分层及冠心病发生、发展和预后的一项重要指标,可以辅助临床治疗策略的选择制定。遵从辐射防护最优化原则(ALARA),可以采用直接方法(降低管电流、管电压,自动管电流调制技术)、间接方法(大螺距、迭代重建技术),以及直接在冠状动脉CT血管成像、双能CT虚拟平扫和非心电门控胸部CT平扫影像上测量CACS,从而降低该检查辐射剂量,并可准确、可重复地测量CACS,进行心血管风险分层。     

Association of high-risk coronary atherosclerosis at CCTA with clinical and circulating biomarkers: Insight from CAPIRE study

BackgroundHigh-risk coronary atherosclerosis features evaluated coronary CT angiography (CCTA) were suggested to have a prognostic role. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of circulating biomarkers with high-risk plaque features assessed by CCTA.MethodsA consecutive cohort of subjects who underwent CCTA because of suspected CAD was screened for inclusion in the CAPIRE study. Based on risk factors (RF) burden patients were defined as having a low clinical risk (0–1 RF with the exclusion of patients with diabetes mellitus as single RF) or an high clinical risk (≥3 RFs). In all patients, measurement of inflammatory biomarkers and CCTA analysis focused on high-risk plaque features were performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between clinical and biological variables with CCTA advanced plaque features.Results528 patients were enrolled in CAPIRE study. Older age and male sex appeared to be predictors of qualitative high-risk plaque features and associated with the presence of elevated total, non-calcified and low-attenuation plaque volume. Among circulating biomarkers only hs-CRP was found to be associated with qualitative high-risk plaque features (OR 2.02, p = 0.004 and 2.02, p = 0.012 for LAP and RI > 1.1, respectively) with borderline association with LAP-Vol (OR 1.52, p = 0.076); HbA1c and PTX-3 resulted to be significantly associated with quantitative high-risk plaque features (OR 1.71, p = 0.003 and 1.04, p = 0.002 for LAP-Vol, respectively).ConclusionsOur results support the association between inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP, PTX- 3), HbA1c and high-risk atherosclerotic features detected by CCTA. Male sex and older age are significant predictors of high-risk atherosclerosis.     

Coronary atherosclerosis imaging by CT to improve clinical outcomes

Coronary artery disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) has excellent diagnostic accuracy and the identification and stratification of coronary artery disease is associated with improved prognosis in multiple studies. Recent randomized controlled trials have shown that in patients with stable coronary artery disease, CCTA is associated with improved diagnosis, changes in investigations, changes in medical treatment and appropriate selection for revascularization. Importantly this diagnostic approach reduces the long-term risk of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction. The identification of adverse plaques on CCTA is known to be associated with an increased risk of acute coronary syndrome, but does not appear to be predictive of long-term outcomes independent of coronary artery calcium burden. Future research will involve the assessment of outcomes after CCTA in patients with acute chest pain and asymptomatic patients. In addition, more advanced quantification of plaque subtypes, vascular inflammation and coronary flow dynamics may identify further patients at increased risk.     

Feasibility of coronary CT angiography for guidance of CABG

ObjectiveTo assess the clinical safety and effectiveness of coronary revascularization in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) based exclusively on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) results.Methods53 patients (62.3 ± 7.1 years) underwent CCTA before a CABG surgery without prior invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The secondary endpoint was quality of life (QoL) assessed with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). All were collected one year after the surgery.ResultsCCTA revealed multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) in 52 patients. Indication for bypass surgery was made exclusively based on CCTA results. 136 distal anastomoses were performed. Assessment at 1 year (13.3 ± 1.4 months) was completed in 98.1% of the patients. MACE and mortality rates were 0%. The MLHFQ total score was 21.8 ± 8.7, and active lifestyle was maintained in all patients.ConclusionsIn this proof of concept prospective pilot study, we observed that non-invasive coronary angiography may provide adequate anatomic detail to guide CABG surgery. Further study of this concept is warranted.     

The Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography year in review - 2018

Since the introduction of ≥64 detector row coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) as a noninvasive imaging modality, various clinical trials have established its diagnostic performance and prognostic significance when compared to other anatomic and functional tests for coronary artery disease (CAD). CCTA has been increasingly utilized for a wide range of clinical scenarios, driven by both advances in technology as well as data showing improvement in outcomes. Accumulating evidence has continually refined and supported the central role of CCTA within clinical care, and this year has witnessed continued evolution of the application of CCTA within healthcare and translational research. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the year of the Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (JCCT), highlighting the evidence base supporting the appropriate application of cardiac computed tomography across numerous clinical domains.     

CCTA技术对冠状动脉狭窄及其钙化斑块的评估

冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）是一种可无创检测冠状动脉粥样硬化性疾病的成像手段,已成为临床筛查及诊断冠心病的首要检查方法。但对于钙化严重的冠状动脉节段,CCTA的特异性及阳性预测值偏低,可导致病人过度治疗,因此限制了CCTA的临床应用。综述钙化斑块伪影对CCTA的影响,并就CCTA对冠状动脉狭窄准确评估的相关技术进展进行分析,以利于临床诊断中提高CCTA对冠状动脉狭窄率的评估。     

Maximization of the usage of coronary CTA derived plaque information using a machine learning based algorithm to improve risk stratification; insights from the CONFIRM registry

IntroductionMachine learning (ML) is a field in computer science that demonstrated to effectively integrate clinical and imaging data for the creation of prognostic scores. The current study investigated whether a ML score, incorporating only the 16 segment coronary tree information derived from coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), provides enhanced risk stratification compared with current CCTA based risk scores.MethodsFrom the multi-center CONFIRM registry, patients were included with complete CCTA risk score information and ≥3 year follow-up for myocardial infarction and death (primary endpoint). Patients with prior coronary artery disease were excluded. Conventional CCTA risk scores (conventional CCTA approach, segment involvement score, duke prognostic index, segment stenosis score, and the Leaman risk score) and a score created using ML were compared for the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Only 16 segment based coronary stenosis (0%, 1–24%, 25–49%, 50–69%, 70–99% and 100%) and composition (calcified, mixed and non-calcified plaque) were provided to the ML model. A boosted ensemble algorithm (extreme gradient boosting; XGBoost) was used and the entire data was randomly split into a training set (80%) and testing set (20%). First, tuned hyperparameters were used to generate a trained model from the training data set (80% of data). Second, the performance of this trained model was independently tested on the unseen test set (20% of data).ResultsIn total, 8844 patients (mean age 58.0 ± 11.5 years, 57.7% male) were included. During a mean follow-up time of 4.6 ± 1.5 years, 609 events occurred (6.9%). No CAD was observed in 48.7% (3.5% event), non-obstructive CAD in 31.8% (6.8% event), and obstructive CAD in 19.5% (15.6% event). Discrimination of events as expressed by AUC was significantly better for the ML based approach (0.771) vs the other scores (ranging from 0.685 to 0.701), P < 0.001. Net reclassification improvement analysis showed that the improved risk stratification was the result of down-classification of risk among patients that did not experience events (non-events).ConclusionA risk score created by a ML based algorithm, that utilizes standard 16 coronary segment stenosis and composition information derived from detailed CCTA reading, has greater prognostic accuracy than current CCTA integrated risk scores. These findings indicate that a ML based algorithm can improve the integration of CCTA derived plaque information to improve risk stratification.