松果体区肿瘤所致脑积水的分类处理

目的探讨松果体区肿瘤所致脑积水的处理方法。方法回顾性分析143例并发脑积水的松果体区肿瘤病人的临床资料,依据肿瘤的组织学类型和处理方法进行分类,然后比较不同的病理类型、不同的治疗方式之间脑积水缓解率及半年复发率的差异。行肿瘤放疗或化疗39例,脑室-腹腔分流后放疗1例,神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘后放疗1例,第三脑室底造瘘+神经内镜下活检后化疗2例、放疗1例,开放性肿瘤切除术56例,开放性肿瘤切除术+术中直视下第三脑室底造瘘术43例。6例肿瘤切除术前先行化疗。结果仅行肿瘤切除术的病人,术后脑积水治疗有效率87.5%,半年内复发8例。肿瘤切除术中辅以第三脑室底造瘘的病人,脑积水治疗有效率100%,复发2例。在各种病理类型的肿瘤中,胶质瘤术后脑积水缓解率最低,复发率最高。生殖细胞瘤直接放疗或化疗后脑积水均缓解,且无复发。结论松果体区肿瘤所致脑积水的治疗结果与肿瘤病理类型和治疗方式相关。肿瘤切除术中辅以直视下第三脑室底造瘘术可明显提高脑积水的治疗效果。     

枕部经小脑幕入路松果体区肿瘤切除术中直视下第三脑室底造瘘术

目的 探讨枕部经小脑幕(Poppen)入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤术中直视下第三脑室底造瘘术的技巧及疗效.方法 回顾性分析5例松果体区肿瘤的临床资料,均合并非交通性脑积水.病人均采用Poppen入路切除肿瘤,在显微镜直视下行第三脑室底造瘘术.结果 肿瘤均达显微镜下全切除,复查MRI未见肿瘤残余,矢状位可见造瘘口有脑脊液流动信号,脑积水均缓解.病理检查显示:成熟畸胎瘤1例,非成熟畸胎瘤2例,混合性生殖细胞瘤2例;4例恶性肿瘤术后均行放、化疗.术后并发眼球运动障碍1例,短暂性尿崩症1例.随访3～8个月,未出现肿瘤和脑积水复发.结论 Poppen入路切除松果体区肿瘤术后仍有一定比例的脑积水发生,术中直视下行第三脑室底造瘘术可避免术后脑积水的发生,值得临床推广.     

经胼胝体-穹窿间切除第三脑室松果体区肿瘤

目的 探讨经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路显微手术切除第三脑室松果体区肿瘤的方法及疗效,并对相应的显微解剖学基础加以讨论.方法 经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路显微手术切除第三脑室松果体区肿瘤16例.结果 术前1例先行脑室-腹腔分流术、1例行神经内镜第三脑室底终板造瘘术.16例在手术显微镜下肿瘤全切除9例,次全切除4例,大部切除3例.5例在处理完肿瘤后做终板造瘘术.结论 经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路手术切除第三脑室松果体区肿瘤系通过胚胎组织残留的透明隔间隙进入第三脑室,损伤少,肿瘤全切除、次全切除率高,术后并发症少.     

手术切除松果体区肿瘤时对合并脑积水的处理及预后

目的探讨手术切除松果体区肿瘤时对合并脑积水的处理。方法回顾性分析45例松果体区肿瘤合并脑积水病人的手术治疗．归纳经Poppen入路和经Krause入路切除肿瘤时对脑积水的处理办法。术后随访1～10年，观察脑积水的转归情况。30例病人术前行脑室外引流术。病人均在切除肿瘤时行第三脑室脑池造瘘术。结果随访中10例因再发脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流术。统计学分析表明肿瘤不同切除程度者术后需行脑室-腹腔分流术的概率有显著性差异。结论脑积水的转归与肿瘤切除程度密切相关；尽可能切除肿瘤，彻底开放第三脑室与脑池的交通，是术中成功处理脑积水的关键。     

枕下经小脑幕入路松果体区肿瘤切除术后脑积水的处理

目的 总结枕下经小脑幕入路松果体区肿瘤切除术后产生脑积水的原因及处理经验.方法 对11例术后脑积水病人的临床资料进行总结分析.8例脑积水出现在术后2周以内,定为早期脑积水,其中7例进行脑室外引流,引流时间5～8 d;3例脑积水出现在术后2周以上的放疗期间,定为迟发性脑积水,均行脑室镜下第三脑室底造瘘术.结果 松果体区肿瘤术后脑积水病人占同期松果体区肿瘤手术的16.2%.7例经脑室外引流治疗的早期脑积水病人恢复良好,拔除外引流管后无需内引流;1例未行脑室外引流者死亡.3例迟发性脑积水病人症状均缓解,继续放疗,完成计划的照射剂量.结论 松果体区肿瘤术后脑积水是常见并发症.早期脑积水的主要原因系静脉损伤性脑肿胀,多为暂时性;迟发性脑积水系局部黏连所致,需手术治疗.     

松果体区肿瘤的显微手术及内镜辅助作用

目的 探讨显微手术治疗松果体区肿瘤的手术入路和技术以及内镜的辅助作用.方法 采用显微手术技术通过幕下小脑上入路切除10例松果体区肿瘤,其中内镜辅助手术5例;病理结果：生殖细胞瘤5例、混合性生殖细胞肿瘤3例（生殖细胞瘤合并恶性畸胎瘤1例,合并胚胎癌2例）、脑膜瘤和成熟畸胎瘤各1例;1例术后脑积水行第三脑室底造瘘术,1例术前行第三脑室底造瘘.结果 所有病例全切肿瘤.术后早期结果全部良好,随访1个月～7年良好8例,死亡2例.结论 松果体区肿瘤手术难度较大,但选择适合的手术入路和熟练的显微手术技术加上内镜的辅助可以取得满意的疗效.     

松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的治疗分析

目的 总结松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2016年9月至2019年9月经脑室镜下活检术+第三脑室底造瘘术治疗的15例生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的临床资料。无甲胎蛋白（AFP）升高的病人,术后给予全脑全脊髓放疗（36 Gy）+肿瘤区放疗（42 Gy）;存在AFP升高的病人,术后给予全脑全脊髓放疗+EP（顺铂+足叶乙甙）方案化疗。结果 15例均成功进行脑室镜下活检术,明确诊断;其中14例第三脑底造瘘成功,1例造瘘不成功改行改行透明隔造瘘+Ommaya囊置入术。15例术后随访8~45个月,平均24个月;1例放化疗过程中出现白细胞低、发热,病情加重,家属要求自动出院后死亡;其余14例精神、发育等情况良好,均未出现脑积水复发及肿瘤复发与播散。结论 松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并脑积水,脑室镜下病变活检+第三脑室底造瘘术,既可以明确诊断,还可以治疗脑积水;术后根据进行针对性放化疗,预后良好。     

内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗松果体区肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水

目的探讨内镜下第三脑室底造瘘治疗松果体区肿瘤导致的梗阻性脑积水的手术技巧及手术效果。方法回顾性分析2013年3月至2014年6月采取内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗的22例因松果体区肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水的临床资料。结果术中发生少量出血3例,少量颅内积气4例;术后出现短暂性发热6例。无手术死亡及严重后遗症。22例术后随访3~24个月,手术有效18例(81.8%);无效4例,均改行脑室-腹腔分流术。结论内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术具有微创性,术后并发症少,是松果体区肿瘤引起的梗阻性脑积水的有效治疗方法。     

脑室-Ommaya囊穿刺引流术在后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水围手术期中的应用

目的探讨脑室-Ommaya囊穿刺引流术在后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水围手术期中的应用效果。方法 2011年4月至2015年8月收治后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水168例,肿瘤切除前均采用脑室-Ommaya囊引流术处理,切除术后根据需要进行引流。结果168例引流术后颅内压增高症状均明显好转;肿瘤切除术后3周内脑积水消失160例,8例行脑室-腹腔分流术;出院后随访6个月,160例无脑积水,8例脑室-腹腔分流术后分流效果稳定。结论在后颅窝肿瘤合并脑积水围手术期中应用脑室-Ommaya囊穿刺引流术,有助于缓解颅内压增高症状,并能减少切除术后并发症。     

显微手术治疗第三脑室肿瘤

目的探讨显微手术治疗第三脑室肿瘤的手术入路和技术。方法采用显微手术和不同的手术入路切除第三脑室肿瘤36例,其中15例采用胼胝体入路（10例室间孔入路,5例经穹窿间入路）,8例采用幕下小脑上入路,8例采用终板入路,5例采用额上同入路。7例术后脑积水,其中3例行脑室一腹腔分流（v—P分流）、1例行第三脑室底造瘘术,1例侧脑室扩大的局限性脑积水行透明隔造瘘术,2例放弃治疗。结果全切除肿瘤22例、次全切除8例、部分切除6例。术后3个月随访结果：良好33例,差1例,死亡2例;远期随访结果（3个月至7年）：良好26例,死亡8例。11例术后需要激素长期替代治疗。结论第三脑室肿瘤手术难度较大,但选择适合的手术入路和熟练的显微手术技术可以取得满意的疗效。     

颅内实质性血管母细胞瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨颅内实性血管母细胞瘤的显微手术治疗方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年4月至2022年4月手术治疗的16例颅内实性血管母细胞瘤的临床资料。结果 3例予以术前栓塞。12例单发肿瘤均全切除;4例多发肿瘤未全切除。1例术后脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流术后好转,1例死亡,1例术后伤口积液再次行清创手术治疗。术后3个月,未见肿瘤复发,症状明显改善。结论 颅内实性血管母细胞瘤的准确诊断及严密的术前准备对手术切除的成功有重要意义,术前栓塞可明显减少手术并发症及手术风险。     

儿童幕下毛细胞星形细胞瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨儿童幕下毛细胞星形细胞瘤（PA）显微手术治疗效果及手术要点。方法 回顾性分析2018年3月~2019年11月显微手术治疗8例儿童幕下PA的临床资料。3例未合并梗阻性脑积水,直接行显微手术切除肿瘤;5例并发梗阻性脑积水,先行Ommaya储液囊外引流术,3~5 d后行肿瘤切除术。结果 8例肿瘤均全切除,术后病理检查为PA。术后症状明显好转,未发生并发症状。5例合并梗阻性脑积水Ommaya储液囊外引流术后随访半年脑室系统逐步缩小,避免了脑室-腹腔分流术。结论 儿童幕下PA的手术效果良好;对于合并梗阻性脑积水病人先行Ommaya储液囊外引流是非常必要的,操作简单,可提高肿瘤切除的安全性,避免脑室-腹腔分流术。     

Management of hydrocephalus secondary to pineal region tumors

Background

Hydrocephalus is often secondary to pineal region tumors. Hydrocephalus can lead to high intracranial pressure, which in turn results in disturbance of consciousness, cerebral hernia, and even death. Hydrocephalus management is important in the treatment of pineal region tumors. It is still controversial regarding to when and how to treat hydrocephalus secondary to pineal region tumors. The objective of this study is to investigate the management of hydrocephalus secondary to pineal region tumors.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed records for 51 patients admitted to the department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital from April 1997 to September 2010 with hydrocephalus secondary to pineal region tumors treated through occipital transtentorial approach.

Results

Preoperative ventricular drainage was performed on one patient, and ventriculoperitoneal shunts were performed on two patients. Intraoperative ventriculocisternal shunts were performed on 35 patients (the remission rate was 88.6%), no treatments on 15 patients (the remission rate was 46.7%), and ventricular drainages on three patients. VP shunts were performed on 12 patients with no remission after the operation.

Conclusion

Pineal region tumors resection usually should be performed before shunting, unless there is an acute obstructive hydrocephalus. The posterior third ventricle should be opened after tumor resection. Intraoperative third ventriculostomy and ventriculocisternal shunt are reliable ways to manage hydrocephalus secondary to pineal region tumors.     

硬膜下积液治疗经验总结（附27例临床分析）

目的总结不同类型硬膜下积液治疗经验。 方法对解放军总医院第六医学中心神经外科自2009年1月至2014年10月手术治疗并完整随访的27例硬膜下积液患者进行回顾性分析。根据术前影像学特征鉴别积液是否为血性,将患者分为血性硬膜下积液患者（9例）和非血性硬膜下积液患者（18例）。根据积液是否为血性选择个性化治疗方案,观察其疗法。 结果9例血性硬膜下积液患者接受钻孔外引流手术,8例积液消退,另外1例无效,之后接受硬膜下腹腔分流后治愈。非血性硬膜下积液患者中14例接受硬膜下腹腔分流,12例有效,2例术后出现脑积水,经脑室-腹腔分流术治愈;2例术前合并脑积水接受脑室-腹腔分流术,均有效;另外2例最初接受积液外引流,无效,之后行硬膜下腹腔分流后积液消退。 结论对于硬膜下积液患者,术前需仔细评估积液是否为血性,是否合并脑积水。血性积液采取钻孔外引流,非血性积液采取硬膜下腹腔分流,合并脑积水的积液采取脑室-腹腔分流手术方式,给予个体化治疗,可获得满意疗效。     

Neurosurgical venous considerations for tumors of the pineal region resected using the infratentorial supracerebellar approach

The authors present a microsurgical technique for the resection of a heterogeneous group of pineal-region tumors and discuss the key points for successfully performing this surgery. Twenty-six consecutive patients with pineal-region tumors were resected by the senior author (H.B.) and analyzed retrospectively. For all 26 patients, the operation was conducted using the infratentorial supracerebellar (ITSC) approach in the sitting (23 patients) or Concorde (three patients) positions. Twenty-five patients had symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus and were treated with ventricular drainage, a previously inserted ventriculoperitoneal shunt, or an endoscopic third ventriculostomy before undergoing resection of the pineal-region tumor. The gross total removal of the tumor was achieved in 23 patients and subtotal removal was achieved in three patients. The tumors were pathologically diagnosed mainly as pineocytomas (10), pilocytic astrocytomas (6), or pineal cysts (4). Twenty-five of the patients clinically improved after surgery, and there was no mortality. Two patients experienced transient postoperative neurological deterioration: one patient developed Parinaud syndrome, and one patient developed intermittent diplopia. Successful surgery and patient outcome when treating tumors of the pineal region using the ITSC approach requires: (i) preservation of the venous flow of the Galenic draining system; (ii) preservation of the thick bridging veins of the tentorial surface of the cerebellum, especially the hemispheric bridging veins; and (iii) minimizing retraction of the cerebellum during surgery to avoid adverse effects caused by both direct cerebellar compression and disturbance of the venous circulation.     

Initial experience with endoscopic third ventriculostomy in Nigeria, West Africa

Objectives Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) as an alternative to traditional shunt surgery in the management of hydrocephalus of different etiologies is new in Nigeria and West Africa, with no published data till date. This initial study was done to determine the success rate and complication among our patient population. Materials and methods This series consists of a prospective study of the clinical and radiological features and outcome of the first 25 consecutive patients who underwent ETV. ETV was considered to be successful when there was no event occurring during surgery that resulted in the procedure being aborted, postoperative neurological deficit, or adverse event that resulted in a modification of the normal postoperative care. Patients follow-up was for a minimum of 2 months. Results There were 14 males and 11 females. The median age of the patients was 6 months, ranging from 1 month to 48 years. The study included obstructive hydrocephalus because of aqueductal stenosis, Dandy Walker malformation, and pineal region tumor. ETV was successful in 23 patients. Two patients had cerebrospinal fluid leak and superficial surgical site infection. There was no mortality. Conclusion ETV in this series is safe with comparable surgical outcomes to conventional ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery, and minimal postoperative morbidity has been observed. A commentary on this paper is available at .     

The initial treatment of hydrocephalus: an assessment of surgeons' preference between third ventriculostomy and shunt insertion

Third ventriculostomy is an option for patients who have traditionally received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. This study has been conducted to determine: 1. How common is third ventriculostomy as the initial treatment of hydrocephalus? 2. Does the frequency of third ventriculostomy vary among surgeons? 3. What factors influence surgeons' decision to choose third ventriculostomy? Surgeons completed a questionnaire addressing patient selection and technique factors. Nine case scenarios were reviewed by surgeons who were then asked to choose a ventriculoperitoneal shunt or a third ventriculostomy as the initial treatment. Forty-three responses were received. The proportion of new patients treated with third ventriculostomy varied widely (0%-100%, median 13%). This was not related to years in practice, type of training or presence of residents/fellows. Factors that increased the chance of a third ventriculostomy were triventricular hydrocephalus on CT/MR, isolated aqueduct stenosis, thin ballooned floor and tectal tumor. Factors that decreased the chance of a third ventriculostomy were dilated subarachnoid spaces, meningitis and head injury. The presence of myelomeningocele or age < 1 year were less likely to influence the choice of operation. Variation in the rate of third ventriculostomy as the first treatment for hydrocephalus is large. It is unlikely that this degree of variation can be explained by differences in patient populations. Further work to refine and disseminate the indications for third ventriculostomy is warranted.     

Treatment Outcome of Hydrocephalus Associated with Vestibular Schwannoma

Background and PurposeManaging hydrocephalus in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) is controversial. We evaluated the clinical factors associated with hydrocephalus.MethodsBetween 2000 and 2019, 562 patients with VS were treated at our institute. We applied endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), external ventricular drainage (EVD), and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts to patients with hydrocephalus. The relationships of patient, tumor, and surgical variables with the hydrocephalus outcome were assessed.ResultsPreoperative hydrocephalus (Evans ratio ≥0.3) was present in 128 patients. Six patients who received a preresectional VP shunt were excluded after analyzing the hydrocephalus outcome. Seven of the remaining 122 patients had severe hydrocephalus (Evans ratio ≥0.4). Primary tumor resection, VP shunting, ETV, and EVD were performed in 60, 6, 57, and 5 patients, respectively. The hydrocephalus treatment failure rate was highest in the EVD group. Persistent hydrocephalus was present in five (8%) and seven (12%) patients in the primary resection and ETV groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that severe hydrocephalus, the cystic tumor, and the extent of resection (subtotal resection or partial resection) were associated with hydrocephalus treatment failure.ConclusionsLarger ventricles and a higher cystic portion are predictive of persistent hydrocephalus. We recommend attempting near-total tumor resection in patients with VS.