局部进展期胃癌术前辅助化疗的研究进展

摘 要：术前辅助化疗是将化疗应用于根治性手术之前的综合治疗策略。胃癌的术前辅助化疗包括可切除的进展期胃癌新辅助化疗,以及临界可切除、部分不可切除进展期胃癌的术前辅助转化治疗。近十年来,随着胃癌手术标准化确立、新药开发、辅助化疗方案不断优化、多学科协作诊疗模式和系统治疗的进一步推广,进展期胃癌的治疗成绩得到显著提高。依据胃癌术前辅助化疗积累的临床证据,本文回顾了局部进展期胃癌术前辅助化疗的发展历程,探讨了胃癌术前辅助化疗的常用化疗方案及疗程、术前辅助化疗的临床应用价值、如何精准选择可能通过术前辅助化疗获益的进展期胃癌病例以及术前辅助化疗的疗效评估方法等重要问题。并对胃癌术前辅助治疗存在的问题及远景进行了展望。     

改良FOLFOX6新辅助化疗与术后化疗治疗进展期胃癌的临床疗效比较

目的对改良FOLFOX6新辅助化疗与术后化疗治疗进展期胃癌的临床疗效进行对比分析。方法选取200例进展期胃癌患者,并将其随机分为2组,改良FOLFOX6新辅助化疗组和改良FOLFOX6术后辅助化疗组,以进行单纯手术的100例为对照组,对比观察术后的临床疗效以及围术期并发症情况。结果改良FOLFOX6新辅助化疗组治疗后患者的总有效率(87.00%)明显高于改良FOLFOX6术后辅助化疗组患者的总有效率(57.00%),统计学上有意义(P<0.05)。同时,改良FOLFOX6新辅助化疗组患者的手术后围术期并发症发生率(22.00%)明显低于单纯手术治疗组并发症发生率(49.00%),差异在统计学上有意义(P<0.05)。结论改良FOLFOX6新辅助化疗对进展期胃癌的临床治疗效果较改良FOLFOX6术后辅助化疗的治疗效果显著,围术期并发症较少,安全可靠,可以在临床上广泛应用。     

免疫治疗在胃癌的围手术期及转化治疗中的应用和挑战

胃癌是中国常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一,进展期及晚期患者占比高,围手术期治疗方案的选择始终是临床上的难点。对多数局部进展期胃癌,围手术期治疗模式相较于标准根治术联合术后辅助化疗的模式,也许可以进一步改善患者生存,但传统化疗方案的疗效已达到平台期,传统分子靶向治疗进展相对缓慢,近年来,随着免疫治疗在晚期胃癌治疗中的地位不断提升,越来越多的临床研究表明,免疫治疗在围手术期胃癌患者中也可以取得较好的疗效。本文就近年来免疫治疗在胃癌围手术期中应用的研究进展进行述评。     

局部进展期胃癌新辅助化疗疗效预测进展

在中国,多数胃癌患者初诊时就已经为局部进展期及晚期,手术仍是局部进展期胃癌患者的主要治疗方法,但新辅助化疗已经逐渐成为标准治疗模式的一部分.有效的新辅助化疗能够提高局部进展期胃癌患者的生存期,但并非所有患者均能具有良好的化疗疗效.有效预测新辅助化疗的疗效,不仅能够避免疾病进展,也能降低因化疗带来的身体创伤及社会经济压力,因此,高效准确的预测新辅助化疗疗效是当下亟待解决的临床难题.本文对影像检查技术、分子标志物、临床指标及预测模型等对新辅助化疗的疗效预测进展进行综述.     

局部进展期胃癌新辅助化疗两药与三药方案的比较

目的 探讨局部进展期胃癌患者不同新辅助化疗方案的疗效及影响预后的因素.方法 选取2006年12月至2013年5月间中国医学科学院肿瘤医院收治的接受新辅助化疗并进行手术切除的157例胃癌患者.回顾性分析患者的临床资料,根据治疗方法 不同进行分组.其中,采用奥沙利铂或顺铂联合卡培他滨或替吉奥或氟尿嘧啶两药治疗的90例患者纳...     

胃癌辅助治疗现状和进展

多学科综合治疗是局限期胃癌现代诊疗的模式,选择何种治疗方案应根据患者的特征而个体化选择。接受了标准D2术后胃癌患者,Ⅱ期患者可选择口服S-1或者XELOX联合化疗,而Ⅲb期及以上给与同步放化疗。单纯术前新辅助化疗可能不是一个理想的提高生存的策略,而围手术辅助化疗更为合理。目前尚无证据证明胃癌术前新辅助化疗/围手术化疗较单纯术后化疗有更好的生存,新辅助化疗的价值更多体现在降期和使不可R0切除的局部晚期肿瘤转化为可切除肿瘤。术前同步放化疗因降期和转化效率高而在不可切除局限期胃癌中更具探索价值。      

局部进展期GEJA综合治疗的现状与思考

胃食管交界部腺癌（gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma,GEJA）具有独特的生物学特性和预后,且发病率显著增加,但其诊断和治疗仍存在争议。新辅助治疗和辅助治疗联合手术治疗较单纯手术均可改善局部进展期GEJA患者生存。而新辅助治疗中的新辅助放化疗较新辅助化疗可提高患者手术切除率和局部控制率,改善患者生活质量,联合分子靶向药物可进一步增加疗效。局部进展期GEJA患者的综合治疗数据多来源于食管癌或胃癌的随机临床研究,应开展更多大样本前瞻性随机对照研究,优化新辅助和辅助综合治疗,改善局部进展期GEJA患者的生存。本文对局部进展期GEJA综合治疗的研究进展进行综述。      

改良FOLFOX方案用于进展期胃癌新辅助化疗的近期疗效

目的:新辅助化疗可以提高进展期胃癌的手术切除率及根治率.本研究旨在评估进展期胃癌行新辅助化疗后的临床疗效.方法:选择2006年9月～2008年9月天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院治疗进展期胃癌患者共80例,分为常规手术组和新辅助化疗+手术组,每组40例.新辅助化疗+手术组患者化疗2个周期,具体方案:奥沙利铂(乐沙定)100mg/m2 iv d1(2h),亚叶酸钙400mg/m2 iv d1(2h).5-Fu 2 400mg/m2 civ d1(46h).每2周为1个周期,共化疗2个周期.化疗后复查CT,了解肿瘤变化后行手术治疗.结果:新辅助化疗十手术组化疗临床有效率(完全缓解+部分缓解)52.5%(21例),疾病稳定37.5%(15例),疾病进展10.0%(4例).手术总切除率92.5%(37/40),获得根治性切除率77.5%(31/40),剖腹探查率7.5%(3/40).常规手术组手术总切除率75.0%(30/40),获得根治性切除率52.5%(21/40),剖腹探查率22.5%(9/40).两组均无手术死亡病例,术后并发症差异无统计学意义.结论:进展期胃癌患者采用改良FOLFOX方案行新辅助化疗具有较高的安全性,并且可以提高手术切除率及根治率以及改善部分患者的临床症状.     

胃癌术后辅助治疗的研究进展

胃癌发病率和死亡率一直居高不下。胃癌术后经常复发和远处转移,辅助治疗的价值已经没有争议。在亚洲,对于接受了标准D2手术的Ⅱ~Ⅲ期胃癌患者术后辅助化疗已经成为标准治疗,对于Ⅱ期患者口服S-1或XELOX联合化疗均可,而对于Ⅲb期及以上的高复发风险的胃癌患者应考虑使用XELOX方案化疗。在美国,采用D0和D1术比例较高,术后同步放化疗是目前适合的选择。欧美人群中,D2术式后采用辅助化疗还是辅助放化疗值得进一步研究。     

重组人血管内皮抑素联合DCF方案新辅助化疗在进展期胃癌中的应用

目的 观察重组人血管内皮抑素(恩度)联合DCF方案新辅助化疗治疗进展期胃癌的临床疗效、毒副反应及术后并发症.方法 确诊的30例进展期胃癌均采用恩度联合DCF方案新辅助化疗治疗,每3周重复,于化疗结束后4周进行手术治疗.结果 临床有效率为66.7%,SD 8例(26.7%),PD 2例(6.7%).所有者均进行了手术,肿...     

Novel Perspectives for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer: From a Global Approach to a Personalized Strategy

Although recent advances have been made, surgery still remains the mainstay of any curative treatment for gastric cancer patients, with radical gastrectomy representing the procedure of choice. However, patients with locally advanced disease show high rates of locoregional or distant recurrence even after potentially curative resections. According to global results presented in the setting of locally advanced resectable gastric carcinoma, perioperative chemotherapy may be considered a valuable option. On the other hand, clinical trials for advanced gastric cancer seem to suggest that a limit in efficacy has been reached for standard chemotherapy. Interesting data are expected from the development of targeted agents that, similarly to other cancer sites, showed appealing results in gastric cancer as well. Along with new effective therapeutic opportunities, better clinical and molecularly driven patient selection will represent the cornerstone of the global care for these patients.     

局部晚期鼻咽癌放疗与化疗联合治疗进展

鼻咽癌(NPC)是常见的头颈部恶性肿瘤之一,放疗是NPC的主要治疗方法。化疗策略(诱导、同期、辅助)在放疗中的综合应用提高了局部晚期NPC的疗效。目前同期放化疗联合辅助或诱导化疗已被推荐为局部晚期NPC标准治疗方法。然而,标准治疗仍有许多不足之处,诱导及辅助化疗仍有许多争议,建立更加理想及个体化的局部晚期NPC放化疗方案仍是未来研究的方向。     

Neoadjuvant therapy for gastric cancer: current evidence and future directions

Although surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment for gastric cancer (GC), poor long-term outcomes with resection alone compel a multimodality approach to this disease. Multimodality strategies vary widely; while adjuvant approaches are typically favored in Asia and the United States (USA), a growing body of evidence supports neoadjuvant and/or perioperative strategies in locally advanced tumors. Neoadjuvant approaches are particularly attractive given the morbidity associated with surgical management of GC and the substantial risk of omission of adjuvant therapy. The specific advantages of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) compared to chemotherapy have not been well defined, particularly in the preoperative setting and trials aimed at determining the optimal elements and sequencing of therapy are underway. Future studies will also define the role of targeted and biologic therapies.     

宫颈癌新辅助化疗的现状与争议宫颈癌新辅助化疗的现状与争议

针对新辅助化疗研究的现状及存在的问题,通过查找几年来关于宫颈癌新辅助化疗的相关文献显示,宫颈癌发病率逐年呈上升趋势。其治疗手段目前仍以手术、放疗、化疗为主,治疗效果并无明显提高,尤其中晚期或复发的患者5年生存率更低。新的化疗药物的研究对宫颈癌治疗有一定疗效,宫颈癌的化学治疗越来越受到国内外学者的重视。新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NACT)的出现在很大程度上改善了患者的预后,提高了患者存活率。     

食管癌围术期治疗的争议与共识

食管癌是全球排名第七的恶性肿瘤,在癌症相关的死亡原因中排名第六。手术治疗是可切除食管癌的主要治疗方式,但对于局部晚期食管癌患者,单纯手术治疗后,局部复发和远处转移缩短了患者的生存期,因此除极早期肿瘤外,所有患者推荐术前行新辅助放化疗或新辅助化疗。但是仍然有一部分患者未能在术前行新辅助治疗,这就需要术后辅助治疗来改善患者预后。本文系统回顾了食管癌围术期治疗的研究进展,包括新辅助治疗和辅助治疗,并结合指南对食管癌围术期的治疗方案进行了总结。     

晚期胃癌治疗的研究进展

目前,晚期胃癌的主要治疗手段仍以化疗为主,但其效果并不让人满意,近年来,出现了新的化疗药物及化疗方案,如三氟吡啶/替普拉西酯、FLOT化疗方案等。随着肿瘤分子生物学的不断深入,越来越多的靶向药物在胃癌的治疗中被证明有效,如VEGFR-2抑制剂阿帕替尼、抗VEGFR-2抗体雷莫芦单抗、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂阿法替尼等。免疫治疗也是胃癌综合治疗的热点之一,主要为免疫检查点抑制剂,包括程序性细胞死亡受体1检查点抑制剂纳武单抗、派姆单抗等。新药物的出现给晚期胃癌的治疗带来了新的机遇,本文将对目前晚期胃癌的化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等研究进展进行综述。     

胆道癌围手术期治疗进展北大核心

胆道癌恶性程度高,预后极差,5年生存率不足5%。手术切除是目前胆道系统肿瘤唯一可能治愈的方法,但存在根治性切除率低、术后易复发等难题。围手术期治疗主要针对局部晚期恶性肿瘤,以放化疗为主要手段,能够提高手术切除率,防止疾病复发,最终达到延长生存期的目的。目前已有多项胆道癌围手术期治疗模式的临床研究结果公布,为局部晚期胆道癌的综合治疗带来了新的选择。本文围绕新辅助治疗、辅助治疗和转化治疗三部分就局部晚期胆道癌的围手术期治疗热点及研究现状进行综述。     

Chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance testing: to be “standard” or to be individualized, that is the question

Radical surgery with extended lymph-node dissection is the treatment of first choice and the only curative treatment for locally advanced gastric cancer. While recent combination chemotherapy with S-1 (a combination of tegafur with two biomodulators, gimeracil and oteracil) has achieved high response rates, controversy still remains regarding the significance of adjuvant cancer chemotherapy after surgery. We have been applying chemosensitivity testing in evaluating the appropriate adjuvant cancer chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Our multiple studies have indicated that this chemosensitivity testing would be useful to improve the results of adjuvant chemotherapy, by increasing survivals in the sensitive group. The chemosensitivity testing is approved as “advanced clinical medicine” by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labor at 11 institutes at present. While complete lymph-node dissection and chemosensitivity test-guided adjuvant chemotherapy has been reported to result in a survival benefit for patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer, the clinical utility of the testing should be established by means of prospective, randomized clinical trials. Two pivotal clinical trials have been initiated to clarify the utility of chemosensitivity testing in the selection of the appropriate adjuvant cancer chemotherapy for gastric cancer.     

Gastric cancer: Where is the place for the surgeon,the oncologist and the endoscopist today?

Gastric cancer remains a major health issue and a leading cause of death worldwide.While the incidence is decreasing in western countries,there has been a shift to more proximal cancers of the diffuse type,which are usually more aggressive and associated with a worse prognosis.Radical surgery still offers the only chance of long term survival,but surgery has reached a plateau of effectiveness and more aggressive approaches like"ultraradical" lymphadenectomy have not improved prognosis.There are three options to improve the situation:Earlier detection,neoadjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant therapy.Whilst systematic gastroscopic screening makes sense in countries with a high incidence of gastric cancer,in other regions targeted investigation of risk groups including first-degree relatives of cancer patients,patients with a chronic corpusdominant gastritis or with defined genetic abnormalities may help to detect cancer at an earlier stage.Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has meanwhile proved to significantly improve the prognosis not only in patients with a locally advanced cancer who cannot be resected for cure but but also in those who are potentially amenable to curative resection.In the largest randomised study so far reported,perioperative chemotherapy raised overall survival after 5 years from 23%to 36%.The role of adjuvant chemotherapy has been discussed for over 30 years.Meta-analyses demonstrate a small but significant effect which,however,seems to be restricted to Asian patients.In a large USstudy,adjuvant radiochemotherapy appeared to significantly improve outcomes.However,less than 50%of the study patients underwent a systematic lymphadenectomy and so the results of the therapy group were not better to those of"only resected"patients in two large European studies.Thus,the indication of adjuvant(radio-)chemotherapy in gastric cancer currently remains uncertain.Endoscopists have found a therapeutic role through endoscopic resection of early cancers,introduced mainly by Japanese authors.With the development of high resolution endoscopy,endosonography and adequate equipment,the endoscopic curative resection of T1a-tumors(restricted to the mucosal layer) has been established.     

Place de la chimiothérapie et de la chimioradiothérapie dans le cancer de l’estomac localement évolué

Currently, there is no international consensus on the best treatment regimen for patients with advanced resectable gastric carcinoma. Three approaches exist abroad continents. In France and Europe, perioperative chemotherapy and gastrectomy with D1.5 lymph-node dissection is the current standard. In Japan and South Korea, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery with D2 lymph-node dissection is the standard treatment. In the United States, where limited lymph-node dissection is frequently performed, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after surgery is the standard treatment. In France, postoperative chemoradiotherapy indications are discussed in limited settings: patients with locally advanced gastric cancer or lymph node involvement discovered on the pathologic report of the gastrectomy without preoperative chemotherapy delivery or in case of non-carcinologic resection (R1). Exclusive chemoradiotherapy can be proposed in patients unfit for surgery.