肢体软组织肉瘤及受累大血管切除联合人工血管重建的临床研究

目的探讨肢体软组织肉瘤及受累的大血管切除联合人工血管重建的临床疗效。方法对19例累及肢体重要血管的软组织肉瘤患者行肿瘤屏障切除联合人工血管手术,8例同时重建动脉和静脉,4例重建动脉,7例重建静脉,均采用人工血管置换。观察术后血管通畅及肿瘤复发情况。结果无1例出现重建血管感染,伤口均一期愈合。全部患者随访3~32个月,平均18个月。随访期间重建动、静脉通畅率分别为100%和46%,未见肿瘤复发。结论肢体软组织肉瘤累及重要血管进行切除联合人工血管重建安全可靠,能提高切除率,降低肿瘤复发率。     

肢体软组织肉瘤外科切缘的研究现状及进展

综合模式下的保肢手术是肢体软组织肉瘤治疗的发展趋势。切缘状态决定了外科治疗的质量,还将影响辅助治疗的决策。随着肿瘤治疗理念的改变和辅助治疗手段的发展,软组织肉瘤手术范围逐渐缩小。切缘阴性是软组织肉瘤外科治疗的基本目标,但对安全切缘并无统一的标准。若肿瘤邻近重要的血管、神经或骨骼,为保留肢体的功能,可以考虑边缘切除联合辅助治疗,尤其是术前放疗。在制定术前计划时,需要综合考虑肿瘤的病理学类型、肿瘤的部位、屏障结构的影响以及肿瘤对辅助治疗的反应。     

肢体软组织肉瘤外科切缘的研究现状及进展

综合模式下的保肢手术是肢体软组织肉瘤治疗的发展趋势。切缘状态决定了外科治疗的质量,还将影响辅助治疗的决策。随着肿瘤治疗理念的改变和辅助治疗手段的发展,软组织肉瘤手术范围逐渐缩小。切缘阴性是软组织肉瘤外科治疗的基本目标,但对安全切缘并无统一的标准。若肿瘤邻近重要的血管、神经或骨骼,为保留肢体的功能,可以考虑边缘切除联合辅助治疗,尤其是术前放疗。在制定术前计划时,需要综合考虑肿瘤的病理学类型、肿瘤的部位、屏障结构的影响以及肿瘤对辅助治疗的反应。      

肢体软组织肉瘤709例外科治疗分析

目的探讨肢体软组织肉瘤(STS)的诊断与规范化的手术方式,以提高治疗效果。方法回顾性分析行手术治疗并经病理证实的709例肢体STS患者的临床资料。结果全组709例肢体STS患者中,术前行B超709例,CT 135例,MRI 587例。本组除216例行补充广泛切除术患者术前未再行术前活检,其余493例均进行术前活检,其中细针穿刺活检350例,粗针穿刺活检89例,切检54例。手术方式:434例行广泛切除术,125例行根治性间室切除术,113例行屏障切除术,37例行截肢术。术后病理检查结果显示,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤103例,滑膜肉瘤89例,脂肪肉瘤78例,横纹肌肉瘤74例,隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤67例,纤维肉瘤62例,平滑肌肉瘤46例,腺泡状软组织肉瘤41例,透明细胞肉瘤36例,韧带样瘤型纤维瘤病31例,上皮样肉瘤29例,恶性神经鞘瘤27例,骨外尤文肉瘤11例,骨外骨肉瘤10例,血管肉瘤5例。531例术后随访0.3~4.5 a,73例复发(13.7%),复发时间11~32个月,中位复发时间为21个月。127例(23.9%)出现远处转移,其中86例为肺转移,31例为肝转移,10例为骨转移。结论 MRI或CT应为术前常规的辅助检查,活检有助于明确诊断,手术是肢体STS最重要的治疗手段,规范化的手术方式可以降低复发率。     

人工血管在大血管受侵犯的软组织肉瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨大血管受侵犯的软组织肉瘤处理方法,以提高肿瘤的切除率和术后生存率。方法对2003年5月～2004年6月的4例累及重要血管的软组织肉瘤进行屏障切除及人工血管重建,并在术后随访观察血管通畅及肿瘤复发情况。结果置换的4例共6条人工血管术后3周均畅通,随访6～15个月,血管通畅率为83%,未见肿瘤复发。结论对于大血管受侵犯的软组织肉瘤患者进行屏障切除合并人工血管移植方法安全,能明显降低复发率,延长存活时间。     

肢体软组织肉瘤保肢综合治疗疗效观察

目的:探讨术前新辅助化疗对软组织肉瘤的疗效及在保肢治疗中的意义.方法:28例肢体软组织肉瘤中恶性纤维组织细胞瘤18例,滑膜肉瘤3例,脂肪肉瘤6例,原始神经外胚层肿瘤(PNET)1例 .术前均给予选择性肿瘤供血动脉灌注化疗2-3周期,化疗药物为阿霉素/顺铂和异环磷酰胺.化疗后均行保肢手术治疗.结果:28例术前化疗后均有疼痛缓解、皮温降低、肿胀减轻、瘤体不同程度缩小、边缘变清楚及关节活动度增加.化疗后均行肿瘤广泛切除术,术中获得良好的外科切除界限.随访16-56个月,2例死亡,1例局部复发行截肢术.术后12个月后采用MSTS 93评分系统评分为24.0-29.0分,平均为27.0分.28例3年生存率为92.9%,初次保肢率100%,最终保肢率89.3%.结论:术前新辅助化疗后广泛切除手术是肢体软组织肉瘤的有效保肢治疗方法.     

术前放疗在软组织肉瘤保肢手术中的临床应用

目的 探讨术前放疗在软组织肉瘤保肢手术中的临床效果.方法 本组男17例,女13例;首诊6例,复发24例;年龄最大89岁,最小11岁,平均44.5岁.术前经病理检查确诊后接受直线加速器外照射,DT50Gy/25次/35天,放疗结束后休息2-4周即接受手术治疗.结果 随访时间:术后12-106个月,中位随访时间:48.3个月.术前放疗后肿瘤达到CR (complete remission) 2例、PR (partial remission) 25例,2例无变化,1例继续增大.术后因肺转移死亡6例(局部均无复发),占20% (6/30),其中2例为治疗期间出现肺转移,3例术后1年内出现肺转移,1例术后5年出现肺转移.2例分别于术后15个月和73个月局部复发,其中前者经二次广泛切除肿瘤后无复发及转移,后者合并病理性骨折而行截肢.28例无局部复发及远处转移,局部控制率93.3%(28/30).8例伤口延迟愈合,占28.7% (8/30).结论 术前放疗可以降低软组织肉瘤外科分期,缩小外科切除边界,最大限度保留肢体功能,降低局部复发率,降低保肢风险.     

介入化疗与保肢手术治疗软组织肉瘤

目的研究术前动脉介入化疗与手术治疗肢体软组织肉瘤。方法21例肢体软组织肉瘤，其中13例(62％)术前影像学显示肿瘤邻近大血管或骨骼侵犯，采用股动脉及肱动脉插管，化疗2—3周后，施行肿瘤切除及保留肢体功能的手术。结果介入化疗后病理检查，肿瘤有不同程度的坏死，体积缩小，周围水肿浸润带减少，肿瘤与邻近组织术中易分离，术后随访6—62个月，患肢功能基本正常。结论对四肢软组织肉瘤侵犯大血管、骨骼者，术前动脉介入化疗可提高切除率，降低局部复发及保存患肢。     

术后放射治疗在原发肢体软组织肉瘤治疗中的作用

分析本院收治的原发于肢体的软组织肉瘤的治疗情况 ,评价术后放射治疗的作用。方法　本院共收治 15 1例 ,可供分析的 139例 ,分析影响生存和局控的因素及术后放射治疗的意义。生存率和局控率用Kaplan Meier方法计算 ,单因素分析用Logrank检验 ,多因素分析用Cox回归方法。结果　全组 5年生存率为 70 .2 % ,10年为 5 0 .4% ;5年无瘤生存率为 5 2 .9% ,10年为41.2 %。单因素分析对全组病例生存率有影响的因素 :肿瘤大小、年龄和治疗方式 (P值分别为0 .0 0 8,0 .0 0 7和 0 .0 40 )。多因素分析只有治疗方式对生存有影响 (P =0 .0 40 )。首次治疗方式对局控影响差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。手术方式对单纯手术组局控影响差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;肿瘤 <5cm时 ,射野大小对术后放射治疗组局控影响差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　术后放射治疗能提高局部控制率 ,初始射野应相对大 ,并采用缩野技术。对恶性度低、肿瘤 <5cm、手术切缘阴性患者第 1次术后可不做放射治疗。     

70例肢体软组织肉瘤临床分析

目的 探讨肢体软组织肉瘤(LSTS)的临床特点,并分析影响LSTS患者预后的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析70例LSTS患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、肿瘤直径、肿瘤位置、病理分期以及手术外科切缘等临床资料,并对患者进行随访,分析LSTS患者局部复发和发生全身转移的影响因素.结果 术后随访期间,70例LSTS患者中,局部复发患者为15例,局部复发率为21.43%;发生全身转移的患者为22例,全身转移率为31.43%;初治、广泛切除肿瘤以及外科切缘阴性LSTS患者的术后局部复发率和全身转移率低;LSTS患者的术后局部复发率和全身转移率随着FNCLCC分级和MSTS分期的升高而升高,而与LSTS患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤直径、肿瘤位置以及肿瘤深度无关(P﹥0.05).结论 LSTS患者应优先考虑广泛切除治疗,高分期、外科切缘阳性和二次治疗的LSTS患者术后应注意局部复发和全身转移情况的发生.     

Results of limb-salvage surgery with vascular reconstruction for soft tissue sarcoma in the lower extremity: comparison between only arterial and arterovenous reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Reports on vascular reconstruction in conjunction with limb salvage techniques for soft tissue sarcomas in the lower extremity have been published. The aim of this study was to investigate the necessity for venous reconstruction by comparing the results of arterial reconstruction alone and those of arteriovenous reconstruction. METHODS: Twenty-five (6.7%) of 373 patients underwent vascular resections for lower limb soft tissue sarcomas. Only arterial reconstruction was performed for 12 patients. Arteriovenous reconstruction was performed for 13 patients. The clinical results, complications, and postoperative function were compared between only arterial reconstruction group and arteriovenous reconstruction group. RESULTS: Limb salvage was achieved in 92% of all cases. No local recurrence has been observed. Nineteen patients (76%) are continuously free of disease. Histopathologic examination of the specimens showed that blood vessels had been infiltrated in 24%. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 70%. There were no significant differences in complication rate and postoperative function between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Wide resection with vascular reconstruction for patients of soft tissue sarcomas involving major vessels in the lower limb provide long term local control and limb salvage. This study could not indicate the usefulness of additional venous reconstruction after vascular resection in the lower extremity.     

间室切除在四肢软组织肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的：探讨间室切除术在四肢软组织肿瘤治疗中方法及临床价值。方法：12例四肢软组织肿瘤，上肢2例，下肢lO例，首次治疗者8例，复发者4例。行股前间室切除术3例，股后间室切除术7例，前臂外侧间室切除l例，三角肌全切除l例。伴神经部分切除术2例。功能重建包括肌腱替代和皮瓣转位等。结果：本组均保留患肢，随访10～60个月，无瘤生存10例，复发和死亡各1例。结论：对于四肢软组织肿瘤，以控制肿瘤和保存肢体为治疗核心，间室切除术系目前较理想的方法。     

Revascularization after segmental resection of lower extremity soft tissue sarcomas

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Limb salvage surgery combined with vascular reconstruction has replaced amputation as the preferred treatment of soft tissue sarcomas involving major vascular structures of the extremities. We describe our experience with soft tissue sarcomas involving major vascular structures and examine outcomes according to the type of graft selected for arterial reconstruction. We also examine the effect of venous reconstruction on post-operative edema. METHODS: This retrospective review includes 14 patients with lower extremity soft-tissue sarcomas that encased major vessels, requiring combined limb-preserving tumor resection and revascularization with a synthetic or autogenous saphenous vein graft. Edema in patients with and without venous reconstruction was compared. The incidence of infection, wound dehiscence, and graft thrombosis were compared according to arterial graft type. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in edema in patients with venous reconstruction and those without. There was also no significant difference in infection and graft thrombosis in patients with synthetic grafts and those with autogenous saphenous vein grafts. Wound dehiscence occurred more often in patients with synthetic grafts (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Although this study was small, these results suggest that further studies are needed to determine the roles that vascular graft selection and venous reconstruction play in clinical outcome.     

The significance of a marginal excision after preoperative radiation therapy for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity

BACKGROUND:

Marginal excision of soft tissue sarcoma (STS), defined as resection through the tumor pseudocapsule or surrounding reactive tissue, increases the likelihood of local recurrence and necessitates re‐excision or postoperative radiation. However, its impact after preoperative radiation therapy (RT) remains unclear. This study therefore investigated the significance of marginal margins in patients treated with preoperative RT for extremity STS, reporting long‐term local control and limb preservation endpoints.

METHODS:

The records of 317 adults at the University of Florida with nonmetastatic extremity STS treated from 1980 to 2008 with preoperative RT as part of a limb conservation strategy were reviewed. The median follow‐up was 4.7 years (8.3 years for living patients). The median tumor size was 10 cm (range, 2‐36 cm), and 86% were high grade. The median RT dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 12.5‐57.6 Gy). Margins were classified as wide/radical (n = 105), marginal (n = 179), contaminated (n = 15), positive (n = 17), or unknown (n = 1). Endpoints were local control (LC), amputation‐free survival (AFS), cause‐specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS:

Five‐year CSS and OS rates were 62% and 59%, respectively. Five‐year LC and AFS was 93% and 89%, respectively. AFS by margin status was 64%, 83%, 97%, and 92% for positive, contaminated, marginal, and wide/radical margins, respectively (P<.005). Marginal excision following preoperative RT resulted in equivalent LC and AFS compared with wide/radical margins.

CONCLUSIONS:

Marginal resection after preoperative RT does not compromise LC or AFS in extremity STS. This finding may be related to radiosterilization of tumor cells within the reactive zone following preoperative RT. Cancer 2012;118: 3199–207. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

The clinical and functional outcome for patients with radiation-induced soft tissue sarcoma

BACKGROUND:

Radiation‐induced soft tissue sarcomas (RI‐STS) are rare, and it is believed that they are associated with a poor prognosis.The authors of this report compared the clinical and functional outcomes of adults who had extremity RI‐STS with the outcomes of adults with sporadic STS.

METHODS:

Forty‐four patients who were diagnosed with RI‐STS from 1989 to 2009 were identified from 4 prospectively collected databases. Patient demographics, surgical and adjuvant treatment parameters, and oncologic and functional outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS:

The median latent period from irradiation of the primary condition to RI‐STS diagnosis was 16 years. The median radiotherapy dose used for the index condition was 45 gray. The median age at RI‐STS diagnosis was 56 years. The most common primary diagnoses were breast cancer (36.4%) and lymphoma (34.1%). The most common RI‐STS histologies were malignant fibrous histiocytoma (36.4%) and angiosarcoma (18.2%). Forty‐two patients underwent surgery, 13 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy, and 8 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Systemic metastases occurred in 50% of treated patients (n = 21), and 26% (n = 11) developed local recurrence, the risk of which was lower among patients who received reirradiation (P = .043). The 5‐year disease‐free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS) rates for patients with RI‐STS who presented without metastasis were 36% and 44%, respectively. Patients who had International Union Against Cancer TNM stage III RI‐STS had a significantly worse DFI compared with patients who had stage III sporadic STS (multivariate analysis, P = .051). Eighteen patients with RI‐STS underwent functional assessment after surgery, and their results were comparable to those of patients with sporadic STS.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite aggressive surgical treatment, patients who have RI‐STS remain at greater risk of both local and systemic recurrence compared with patients who have sporadic STS, but they can anticipate similar functional outcomes. Reirradiation can be relatively safe and effective if used properly. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

Clinical outcomes for patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the hand

BACKGROUND:

In an earlier report from the current study center regarding surgical treatment for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the hand, it was concluded that repeat resection or amputation improves outcomes. Since then, the authors have aggressively sought to achieve negative resection margins, using standard or modified amputations when needed, and performing repeat resections to negative surgical margins when they were not achieved at the time of initial surgery. The current review was conducted to determine whether this approach resulted in better outcomes.

METHODS:

A retrospective review of 53 patients with STS of the hand who were treated between 1996 and 2005 was performed. Recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and functional outcome of hand‐preserving procedures were assessed according to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) system.

RESULTS:

The median RFS was not reached at the time of last follow‐up. Of 53 patients, 6 (11%) had positive microscopic resection margins. Three patients underwent repeat resection to negative surgical margins, whereas another 3 patients did not. All 3 patients with positive microscopic surgical margins that were not re‐excised developed local disease recurrence; 2 patients also developed distant metastases. Two of the 50 patients with negative resection margins developed distant metastases. All 5 patients who developed local and/or distant disease recurrence had deep tumors. The median MSTS score was 29 (interquartile range, 27‐30). Patients who underwent more extensive resections, such as double ray amputations, had lower MSTS scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Suboptimal biopsies and positive resection margins are associated with local and distant disease recurrence in patients with STS. The results of the current study suggest that aggressive surgical treatment can result in better clinical outcomes, and underscore that care must be taken when planning biopsies of hand tumors. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Isolated limb perfusion for unresectable extremity sarcoma: results of 2 single-institution phase 2 trials

BACKGROUND:

Controversy has surrounded the role of isolated limb perfusion (ILP) for unresectable extremity sarcomas. However, there remains a group of sarcoma patients for whom amputation is the only potential treatment. Because systemic therapies are limited, the authors evaluated ILP in an effort to provide a limb‐salvage option.

METHODS:

Since 1995, patients with unresectable extremity sarcomas were entered in 2 prospective trials using ILP. Study 1 used tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and melphalan in the perfusion circuit at hyperthermic temperatures (39‐41°C). Study 2 used doxorubicin at normothermic temperatures. All ILPs were performed using the standard, previously described technique.

RESULTS:

Seventeen patients were entered into study 1; there were 10 (58%) partial responses, 1 (6%) near complete response (CR), 1 (6%) CR, and 5 (30%) no response/minor response. Fourteen patients died of their disease, with a median follow‐up of 17 months. Seven (41%) patients maintained their limb intact until the time of death. Twelve patients were entered into study 2; there were no partial or CRs and 2 (20%) minor responses. With a median follow‐up of 35 months, there are 3 patients alive (2 with their extremity intact and 1 with an amputation). Six patients developed myonecrosis with creatine phosphokinase levels up to 54,000 U/dL.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although doxorubicin is active systemically, TNF and melphalan appear to have greater activity and less toxicity during ILP. Future clinical trials are needed to clearly identify the role for ILP in patients with unresectable extremity sarcomas. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.