幼儿与大学生对不同食物注意特点比较

探究青少年对不同食物的注意偏向特点,为指导幼儿养成健康饮食习惯提供参考.方法 选取3~<4,4~<5,5~6岁幼儿和大学生共56名被试完成以食物为线索的线索—靶子任务,同时采用Tobii眼动仪记录眼动轨迹.结果 首个注视点注视时间上,图片健康性主效应和年龄主效应无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);线索主效应有统计学意义,不一致条件[(0.32±0.01)s]比一致条件[(0.27±0.01)s]注视时间更长(P<0.01).首次进入时间上,3~<4岁和4~<5岁2组幼儿对健康和非健康食物图片差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);5~6岁组在线索不一致时,非健康食物[(0.30±0.06)s]比健康食物[(0.27±0.06)s]更慢(P<0.01);大学生组在线索不一致时,非健康食物[(0.28±0.06)s]比健康食物[(0.30±0.07)s]更快(P<0.01).首次进入前注视点个数上,图片健康性主效应有统计学意义,非健康条件[(0.79±0.02)个]比健康条件[(0.74±0.02)个]数量更多(P<0.05);线索主效应有统计学意义,不一致条件[(1.21±0.02)个]比一致条件[(0.32±0.03)个]数量更多(P<0.01);年龄主效应有统计学意义,大学生[(0.62±0.04)个]比3~<4岁[(0.87±0.04)个],4~<5岁[(0.78±0.04)个],5~6岁[(0.79±0.04)个]数量更少(P<0.01).结论 3~5岁幼儿对健康与非健康食物注意无差别;5~6岁幼儿对非健康食物存在注意解脱困难;大学生对非健康食物存在主动注意解脱.     

青少年体像烦恼注意偏向分析

目的 考察青少年体像烦恼的注意偏向,为制定青少年心理健康教育发展策略提供实证帮助.方法 随机选取琼海市某初级中学61名青少年学生为研究对象,分为体像烦恼组30名和无体像烦恼组31名,采用2(体像烦恼者、无体像烦恼者)x2(高吸引力体像图片、低吸引力体像图片)的混合设计进行点探测实验,测量被试对探测点的反应时,考察反应时...     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能研究进展

注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是一种常见于学龄期儿童的精神障碍,指儿童表现出与年龄不相称的注意力涣散、活动过度和行为冲动,核心缺陷是以注意障碍为特征的认知功能缺陷,通常伴有学习障碍、品行障碍、情绪障碍等多种综合症.已有研究表明,注意缺陷多动障碍儿童会随着年龄发展出现物质滥用、学习困难、情绪紊乱、退学等问题[1].虽然对注意缺陷多动障碍病因的研究不尽相同,Douglas提出注意缺陷多动障碍是由于认知—神经心理缺陷,尤其是注意力和执行功能方面的缺陷是注意缺陷多动障碍的核心缺陷,使得对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能的研究成为研究热点.     

内外源性注意对数学学习困难儿童数字距离效应的影响

研究内源性注意和外源性注意对数学学习困难儿童(以下简称“数困儿童”)和正常儿童数字距离效应的影响,为对数困儿童干预措施的制定提供科学依据.方法 采用内源性注意和外源性注意实验范式,以判断小数(1~4)和大数(6~9)是否大于5为任务,对数困儿童和正常儿童数字加工的数字距离效应进行研究.结果 在内源性有效提示下,两组儿童的小数字距离主效应和线性拟合主效应均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);在内源性无效提示下,两组儿童的数字距离主效应或线性拟合主效应均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).在外源性有效提示下,两组儿童大小数数字距离主效应和线性拟合主效应均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);在外源性无效提示下,正常儿童大小数数字距离主效应和线性拟合主效应均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),数困儿童大小数数字距离效应均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 内源性和外源性注意对数困儿童和正常儿童数字距离效应产生影响,80%的提示效度下数困儿童可以有效利用提示信息.对数困儿童提取信息环节加以有效提示,可以提高其数字加工的能力.     

乌鲁木齐市6~14岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍现状

分析乌鲁木齐市6~14岁儿童不同亚型注意缺损多动障碍(ADHD)的流行病学特征,为帮助ADHD儿童更好地适应学校和家庭生活提供参考.方法 使用Conners父母症状问卷(PSQ)从乌鲁木齐分层随机整群抽取的3所小学2 066名儿童中筛选出有ADHD可能的儿童,使用访谈及DSM-Ⅳ的诊断标准确定ADHD各亚型,并考察ADHD各亚型的行为问题检出率及主要行为问题.结果 最终确定ADHD儿童97名,检出率为4.7%.混合型ADHD儿童品行问题、学习问题、心身障碍、冲动—多动、焦虑问题的检出率较高(65.6%,28.1%,59.4%,25.0%),注意缺损型品行问题及学习问题的检出率较高(34.0%,58.0%),多动冲动型品行问题及冲动多动问题检出率较高(33.3%,60.0%).结论 乌鲁木齐市6 ~14岁ADHD儿童行为问题较突出,不同亚型主要行为问题表现不同.     

陕西省儿童青少年超重与肥胖的体质指数年龄别正常值

目的：建立儿童青少年超重与肥胖的体质指数（body mass index,BMI）年龄别正常值。方法：采用LMS法似合0－18岁儿童BMI指数百分位数，以18岁时BMI指数达到成人超重与和肥胖判断值（25、30kg/m^2）时的百分位数值作为儿童青少年超重与肥胖的正常值。结果：给出了儿童青少年肥胖和超重的BMI指数年龄别正常值，与国际建议 值和其它地区的正常值所在百分位数相比，陕西省的正常值较小，提示陕西省儿童青少年的体形偏消瘦，儿童青少年的营养状况与发达国家和地区存在差距。结论：本提供的儿童青少年超重与肥胖的BMI指数年龄别正常值，可用于陕西省儿童青少年超重和肥胖评价。     

中国学校周边食物环境与儿童超重肥胖关系的研究

目的 了解中国学校周边食物环境与儿童青少年超重肥胖流行水平的关系,为建设儿童超重肥胖防控支持性学校周边食物环境提供科学依据。方法 基于2015—2017年中国居民营养与健康状况监测,采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法确定31个省（自治区、直辖市）264个市（区、县）的1 309所中小学作为研究对象。基于地理信息系统（GIS）技术获取学校周边食物环境数据。采用SAS 9.4统计软件进行Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验和Dwass-Steel-Crithlow-Fligner两两比较;构建有序logit回归模型,分析学校周边食物环境与儿童青少年超重肥胖流行水平的关系。结果 中国儿童青少年超重肥胖高流行水平地区的学校在周边800、1 200和1 500 m范围内的超市、菜市场和外国餐厅数量,以及在1 500 m范围内的快餐店和中餐厅数量均明显高于超重肥胖中、低流行水平地区,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。有序logit回归模型结果显示,在不考虑学校周边食物环境以外的其他因素的前提下,学校周边1 500 m范围内的超市数量与儿童青少年超重肥胖流行水平呈正相关关系（Z=2.34,P<...     

父母超重肥胖对儿童青少年超重肥胖的影响

探讨父母超重肥胖对儿童青少年超重肥胖的影响,为从父母因素方面入手预防儿童超重肥胖提供参考.方法 方便抽取北京市昌平区小学二~五年级和初一、初二年级的749名7~ 15岁学生.测量学生的身高、体重,并通过调查问卷获得父母的身高与体重.分别按照中国学龄儿童青少年体质量指数(BMI)超重、肥胖筛查标准和我国成人超重和肥胖界限,将学生和父母划分为非超重、超重/肥胖.采用x2检验和Logistic回归分析父母超重肥胖对儿童青少年超重肥胖的影响.结果 749名儿童青少年中,超重肥胖者占36.7%(275/749).父亲的超重肥胖率为65.6% (491/749),母亲为33.6% (252/749).父母均超重肥胖、仅父亲超重肥胖、仅母亲超重肥胖的儿童青少年发生超重肥胖的危险性分别是父母均非超重者的3.95倍(95% CI=2.41 ~6.48)、3.11倍(95% CI=1.97 ~4.93)和2.74倍(95% CI=1.45~5.18).男生发生超重肥胖的风险最高的为双亲均超重肥胖者,其次为仅父亲超重肥胖者;女生父母均超重肥胖者、仅父亲超重肥胖者和仅母亲超重肥胖者发生超重肥胖的风险差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 父母超重肥胖是儿童超重肥胖的重要危险因素,且存在子女性别差异;仅父亲超重肥胖对于男生的影响大于母亲,应作为今后儿童肥胖防控的重点方面.     

中国儿童青少年超重发展趋势分析

目的 进一步探讨中国儿童青少年超重的发展规律，为制定儿童青少年超重干预措施提供依据。方法 利用1985年和2000年中国学生体质与健康调查研究资料，计算超重检出率并以1985年数据为基数计算平均发展速度和平均增长速度。结果 2000年中国7～18岁儿童青少年超重检出率比1985年明显上升，男、女性上升幅度分别为293．16％～564．08％和159．06％～406．02％，男性上升幅度大于女性：根据1995～2000年儿童青少年超重的增长率预测，2010年我国7～18岁儿童青少年超重检出率男性将达到25．72％，女性将达到13．99％。结论 中国儿童青少年超重检出率较发达国家增长快，应采取有效的干预措施控制这一趋势。     

是否共患阿斯伯格综合征的注意缺陷多动障碍儿童社会功能特征

探索伴或不伴阿斯伯格综合征(asperger's syndrome,AS)的注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童社会功能特征,为改善ADHD儿童的社会功能提供依据.方法 应用中文版注意缺陷多动障碍评定量表-父母版及Weiss功能缺陷量表父母版,对2016年7月-2018年6月珠海市妇幼保健院首次就诊的25例ADHD合并AS儿童、111例单纯ADHD儿童及珠海市150名正常对照儿童进行评估分析.结果 伴或不伴AS的ADHD儿童都存在明显的ADHD核心症状,与正常对照儿童比较,注意缺陷和多动冲动得分差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为97.03,63.58,P值均<0.01);伴有AS的ADHD儿童与单纯ADHD儿童在ADHD核心症状之间的差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).伴或不伴有AS的ADHD儿童在家庭、学习和学校、生活技能、自我观念、社会活动、冒险活动6个维度及总分上都存在明显的功能缺陷,与正常对照儿童比较,差异有统计学意义(F值分别为12.27,53.34,17.61,9.72,53.04,17.23,58.51,P值均<0.01);伴有AS的ADHD儿童在社会活动维度上的功能损害明显严重于单纯ADHD儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);伴或不伴有AS的ADHD儿童在其余维度上的功能差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 伴或不伴有AS的ADHD儿童都存在ADHD核心症状以及明显的社会功能缺陷;伴有AS的ADHD儿童在社会活动上的功能缺陷更为严重.     

Orofacial reactivity to the sight and smell of food stimuli. Evidence for anticipatory liking related to food reward cues in overweight children

Whether food liking may be a risk factor of overconsumption and overweight/obesity remains a controversial issue. So far, most studies used subjective reports to assess consummatory behavior, approaches that might overlook subtle or implicit hedonic changes to sensory properties of foods. Therefore, we used a cue-exposure approach by recording different measures of hedonic processes (orofacial reactivity, self-rated pleasantness, food preference) in 6-11 years old overweight (n=20) and normal-weight (n=20) children. Children were exposed to the smell and sight of high and low-energy density food stimuli and to non-food stimuli during pre- and post-prandial states. Their facial and verbal responses were videotaped and parent's reports of children's eating styles and appetitive traits were collected using the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Results showed that orofacial reactivity, as an objective measure of anticipatory liking, was more discriminative than self reports, with overweight children displaying more lip sucking than normal-weight children when exposed to high energy food pictures and to food odorants. Orofacial reactivity to food cues was also associated with BMI and children's eating styles (food responsiveness, emotional overeating, and desire to drink). Finally, overweight children classified more frequently non-food odorants as members of the food category during the pre-prandial state than during the post-prandial state, suggesting a possible influence of affective/motivational bias on odor categorization. Our findings suggest that orofacial responsiveness may be relevant to assess the sensitivity to energy-dense food reward cues in overweight children and for signaling, as an index of anticipatory liking, a potential risk for the development of overweight/obesity.     

Attentional bias and disinhibition toward gaming cues are related to problem gaming in male adolescents

PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine whether behavioral tendencies commonly related to addictive behaviors are also related to problematic computer and video game playing in adolescents. The study of attentional bias and response inhibition, characteristic for addictive disorders, is relevant to the ongoing discussion on whether problematic gaming should be classified as an addictive disorder.MethodsWe tested the relation between self-reported levels of problem gaming and two behavioral domains: attentional bias and response inhibition. Ninety-two male adolescents performed two attentional bias tasks (addiction-Stroop, dot-probe) and a behavioral inhibition task (go/no-go). Self-reported problem gaming was measured by the game addiction scale, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition criteria for pathological gambling and time spent on computer and/or video games.ResultsMale adolescents with higher levels of self-reported problem gaming displayed signs of error-related attentional bias to game cues. Higher levels of problem gaming were also related to more errors on response inhibition, but only when game cues were presented.ConclusionsThese findings are in line with the findings of attentional bias reported in clinically recognized addictive disorders, such as substance dependence and pathological gambling, and contribute to the discussion on the proposed concept of “Addiction and Related Disorders” (which may include non–substance-related addictive behaviors) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition.     

Attentional bias in eating disorders

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between eating disorders and attentional biases. METHOD: The first study comprised 23 female patients with clinical eating disorders, women with high levels of anxiety (n = 19), and three female normal control groups comprising low (n = 31), moderate (n = 21), or high levels of shape concern (n = 23). The second study comprised 82 women with clinical eating disorders and 44 healthy controls. All participants completed measures of eating disorder psychopathology and completed a modified pictorial dot-probe task. RESULTS: In the first study, biases were found for negative eating and neutral weight pictures, and for positive eating pictures in women with eating disorders; these biases were greater than those found in anxious and normal controls. The second study replicated these findings and biases were also found for negative and neutral shape stimuli. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that future research should establish whether such biases warrant specific therapeutic interventions.     

External eating, impulsivity and attentional bias to food cues

Cognitive and behavioural responses to food reward, such as attentional biases and overeating, have been associated with individual differences in reward-responsiveness and impulsivity. This study investigated relationships between external eating, impulsivity and attentional bias to food cues, assessed using the pictorial visual-probe task. As previously reported, attentional bias correlated positively with external eating. Additional novel findings were: (i) attentional bias for food cues was positively related to trait impulsivity, (ii) attentional bias remained related to attention impulsivity after controlling for external eating. Our findings highlight the relationship between the ability to control impulsive responding and selective attention to food cues.     

Overweight children overeat after exposure to food cues

Overweight is becoming more common in children, but we know nearly nothing about the eating behavior of overweight children. Learning theory predicts that overeating follows from learned associations between the smell and taste of palatable food on the one hand and intake on the other hand. It was tested whether overweight children overeat after confrontation to these cues. They indeed failed to regulate food intake after both the exposure to the intense smell of tasty food (without eating it) and after eating a small preload of appetizing food, whereas normal-weight children decreased their intake after both cues. Overweight children are thus more vulnerable to triggers of overeating. Their overeating was not related to psychological factors like mood, body esteem, and a restrained eating style, but it was related to cue-elicited salivation flow. Apart from supporting the cue reactivity model of overeating, the data point to an interesting satiety phenomenon in normal eaters after prolonged and intense smelling palatable food without eating it.     

Attentional bias for alcohol-related information in adolescents with alcohol-dependent parents

AIMS: to assess the attentional bias for alcohol-related information in adolescents with (n = 15), and without (n = 15), a parental history of alcohol dependence. METHODS: participants completed questionnaires assessing depression, weekly alcohol consumption, anxiety, and concerns about alcohol consumption and undertook subliminal and supraliminal computerized Stroop tasks using colour-words, alcohol-related words, and control words. RESULTS: adolescents with alcohol-dependent parents showed supraliminal interference for alcohol-related words. The magnitude of this interference was correlated with higher trait and state anxiety, and lower levels of weekly alcohol consumption. No interference was found on the subliminal alcohol Stroop task. CONCLUSIONS: while it is likely that this attentional bias for alcohol-related cues reflects the concerns regarding parental drinking, it is also possible that this might underlie the increased risk of future alcohol dependence in the children of alcohol-dependent parents.     

When snacks become meals: How hunger and environmental cues bias food intake

Background  

While environmental and situational cues influence food intake, it is not always clear how they do so. We examine whether participants consume more when an eating occasion is associated with meal cues than with snack cues. We expect their perception of the type of eating occasion to mediate the amount of food they eat. In addition, we expect the effect of those cues on food intake to be strongest among those who are hungry.     

Attentional bias modification encourages healthy eating

The continual exposure to unhealthy food cues in the environment encourages poor dietary habits, in particular consuming too much fat and sugar, and not enough fruit and vegetables. According to Berridge's (2009) model of food reward, unhealthy eating is a behavioural response to biased attentional processing. The present study used an established attentional bias modification paradigm to discourage the consumption of unhealthy food and instead promote healthy eating. Participants were 146 undergraduate women who were randomly assigned to two groups: one was trained to direct their attention toward pictures of healthy food (‘attend healthy’ group) and the other toward unhealthy food (‘attend unhealthy’ group). It was found that participants trained to attend to healthy food cues demonstrated an increased attentional bias for such cues and ate relatively more of the healthy than unhealthy snacks compared to the ‘attend unhealthy’ group. Theoretically, the results support the postulated link between biased attentional processing and consumption (Berridge, 2009). At a practical level, they offer potential scope for interventions that focus on eating well.     

Social norms in food intake among normal weight and overweight children

This experimental study investigated whether children's food intake is influenced by a peer's intake directly and over time and whether this depends upon weight status. The study consisted of two sessions taking place at Dutch primary schools. During the first (social modeling) session, the participants (N=223) were asked to solve a puzzle with a same-sex normal weight confederate who was instructed to either eat nothing, a small or large amount. In the second session (about two days later), the participants had to solve the puzzle alone while they could freely eat. The study involved a three (no, low, high confederate intake) by two (normal weight, overweight) between-participants design. An interaction effect in the first session suggested that overweight children might be triggered to (over)eat when a peer eats a high amount of snack food, whereas the food intake of normal weight children seemed to depend on whether the confederate did actually eat, regardless of the amount. The guideline set during the first session persisted over time and influenced food intake during the second session, while differences between normal- and overweight children became insignificant. Peers can set an example as to what food intake is appropriate which could affect long-term food intake.