《结核病与糖尿病共病的治疗管理专家共识》解读

结核病与糖尿病共病的治疗管理一直是临床上的棘手问题,需要结核科与内分泌科医生共同制定治疗方案,共同进行随访管理,才能进一步提高其治愈率和降低死亡率。发表于《中国防痨杂志》2021年第1期的《结核病与糖尿病共病的治疗管理专家共识》就结核病与糖尿病共病治疗管理的常见问题提出了具体处理建议。笔者主要对共识中的共病概念、共病时糖尿病的治疗管理、相关药品不良反应的处理及注意事项等方面作进一步解读,以供中国从事结核病和糖尿病的临床工作者借鉴和参考。     

世卫组织启动新结核病防治计划有望拯救13．4万人的生命

世界卫生组织近日宣布,它将同控制结核病全球伙伴关系合作,实施一项为期2年、投资额达21.5亿万美元的结核病防治计划,以提高人们对日益蔓延的耐药性结核病的重视程度,同时制定出相关的应对策略。     

结核病与糖尿病共病的治疗管理专家共识

结核病与糖尿病均是临床上的常见病和多发病,两者可合并存在,相互影响。活动性结核病作为感染因素可加重糖尿病病情,而糖尿病患者又是发生结核病的高危人群,结核病与糖尿病双重负担将成为重大的全球公共卫生问题。因此,需重视结核病与糖尿病共病的治疗管理。本共识重点介绍了结核病与糖尿病共病的危害、发病机制、双向筛查、临床特点、诊断、治疗和管理等内容。     

国际结核病防治法制经验比较和启示

结核病是一种以呼吸道传播为主的慢性传染病，数千年来严重危害人类健康，迄今仍是全球关注的健康问题、公共卫生问题和社会问题。目前，全球结核病疫情仍然严重，为了解国际结核病防治的法制经验，本文重点检索了部分国际组织和国家，如世界卫生组织，以及日本、韩国及俄罗斯等国有关结核病防治的法律法规及相关指南。主要从立法模式、政府责任、服务体系、预防控制措施、患者权益保障，以及针对患者的强制措施等6个方面进行文本比较研究，以期为我国结核病防治法治化提供参考。     

结核病患者受歧视及产生病耻感的现状及研究进展

结核病是严重危害人类健康的慢性传染性疾病,病耻感在结核病患者中广泛存在,导致治疗延误,对个人和社会都造成严重后果。结核病患者遭受的歧视主要有家庭歧视、社会歧视、医疗机构歧视,以此产生的病耻感使患者进一步承受了心理上的痛苦,从而采取消极态度应对治疗和生活,造成不良的预后。结核病患者的病耻感在不同人口学特征的人群中程度不一。目前,中国乃至全球范围内缺乏有代表性的与结核病患者受歧视相关的调查报告,作者从结核病患者受歧视的现状、影响因素、产生原因及消除方法等多个方面梳理了目前国内外的相关研究工作,希望为改良对结核病患者的治疗和管理策略提供更多依据。     

强化多部门合作机制 深入推进我国结核病防治

结核病是全球关注的重大公共卫生和社会问题。笔者在系统梳理世界卫生组织结核病多部门合作责任框架内涵的基础上,分析了我国结核病多部门合作机制的建立情况和在结核病防治工作中需要多部门解决的问题,提出了进一步完善我国结核病多部门合作责任机制的建议。     

四川地区肺结核患者家庭密切接触者结核病防治知信行调查

目的 分析四川地区肺结核患者家庭密切接触者结核病防治知信行现状及其影响因素。方法 采取方便抽样法,应用自行设计的“肺结核患者家庭密切接触者结核病防治知信行调查问卷”于2023年1月1日～3月31日对成都市公共卫生临床医疗中心357例肺结核患者家庭密切接触者进行问卷调查。结果 调查对象结核病防治认知得分(15.605±4.583)分、态度得分(17.543±5.887)分、行为得分(19.961±3.688)分。Pearson相关分析显示,结核病防治认知与态度、行为呈显著正相关,态度与行为呈显著正相关。多元线性回归分析显示,居住地和有无基础病是结核病防治知信行的影响因素,其中婚姻状况是结核病防治相关行为的影响因素、民族及是否与患者共卧室是结核病防治相关态度的影响因素。结论 肺结核患者家庭密切接触者结核病防治认知水平偏低、态度欠积极、行为不理想,建议重视其健康教育,并根据居住地、有无基础病、婚姻状况、民族、是否与患者共卧室等相关因素开展精细化管理。     

我国结核病防治主要成就回眸及亟待解决的问题与建议

结核病是我国乃至全球关注的重大公共卫生问题。本文作者回顾和总结了我国结核病防治工作主要进展和成效,系统梳理了当前我国结核病防控存在的问题和挑战,特别是多部门合作、人畜共患和中医药防治结核病等领域存在的短板,提出了我国下一步结核病防治工作的对策和建议。     

Review of major achievements and problems to be solved in tuberculosis control and suggestions in China

结核病是我国乃至全球关注的重大公共卫生问题。本文作者回顾和总结了我国结核病防治工作主要进展和成效,系统梳理了当前我国结核病防控存在的问题和挑战,特别是多部门合作、人畜共患和中医药防治结核病等领域存在的短板,提出了我国下一步结核病防治工作的对策和建议。     

中国人肺结核病高患病率的危险因素Meta分析

结核病是危害人类健康的重要传染病之一，全世界95％以上的结核病人在发展中国家，我国是结核病高负担国家，新发病例占全球的16％。我国结核病疫情的回升，除结核菌耐药、HIV感染等生物因素外，与社会、经济、不良行为等多种非生物因素相关。我们应用Meta分析方法定量分析中国人肺结核病的危险因素。     

Early unplanned readmission of patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis discharged from acute hospital to ambulatory treatment

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) discharged to ambulatory treatment are at risk of unplanned readmission through the emergency department within 28 days of discharge, and the risk factors associated with such readmission. METHODOLOGY: A cohort of 134 patients admitted to an acute medical department with TB, who were subsequently discharged to ambulatory treatment of TB, were studied by a retrospective record review for unplanned readmission in 28 days. Potential risk factors associated with the readmission were recorded during hospital stay and follow-up visits, including age, sex, length of stay, substance abuse, need of assistance in the activities of daily living (ADL), comorbidities, non-compliance, drug complications and use of non-standard drug regimen. RESULTS: Up to 20.1% of patients were readmitted. Factors independently associated with early unplanned readmission were need of assistance in ADL, drug complications, the need to use a non-standard drug regimen and more than three non-chest comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: A significant readmission rate was found in these patients and potential risk factors were identified. Ambulatory treatment for TB may not be appropriate for selected patients. Local guidelines for the management of TB patients at high risk of readmission is needed.     

Incidence and risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis among the poor in the northern region of Poland

SETTING: The falling trends in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) incidence observed in European countries may be due both to an improving epidemiological situation and to a shift of tuberculosis (TB) towards socially important subpopulations; this trend may cause some TB cases to go unnoticed. Identification of such risk groups should be the basis for prevention programmes aimed at containing the spread of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for PTB among the poor. DESIGN: The study material was based on the data of 7380 people living in poverty, including 243 homeless adults, aged between 18 and 96 years. Potential medical and socio-economic risk factors were evaluated with regard to PTB incidence. RESULTS: The TB incidence rate in the group studied was estimated at 730 per 100,000 population. The main risk factor was homelessness, with a TB incidence rate in the homeless group of 4290/100,000. According to our data, socio-economic factors correlated much more closely with a final TB diagnosis than subjective disease symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Efficient TB control requires prevention programmes aimed at systematic monitoring of the homeless. A population with such a high proportion of TB patients is a dangerous source of TB.     

Pneumoconiosis and liver cirrhosis are not risk factors for tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary infection

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether patients with liver cirrhosis and coal miners with pneumoconiosis are at increased risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Furthermore, little is known of the likelihood of pneumonia in patients with bronchiectasis, haemodialysis, diabetes mellitus or advanced lung cancer being due to TB. To answer these questions, patients with these clinical comorbidities were analysed. METHODS: The study was retrospective and included 264 TB patients, 478 non-TB pneumonia patients, and as negative controls, 438 subjects without pneumonia. The parameters analysed were age, gender and the presence of pneumoconiosis, bronchiectasis, liver cirrhosis, haemodialysis, diabetes mellitus and advanced lung cancer. RESULTS: Male gender was the only significant factor increasing the risk of pulmonary TB. When compared with non-TB pneumonia and control patients, the odds ratios were 1.862 and 2.182, respectively. Patients with liver cirrhosis did not show an increased risk of pulmonary TB after regression analysis. Pneumoconiosis resulted in a 2.260 (P = 0.003) odds ratio for pulmonary TB, compared with the controls. However, there was no difference in pneumoconiosis between TB and non-TB pneumonia patients. Patients with bronchiectasis, lung cancer and those receiving haemodialysis had a lower risk for pulmonary TB in lower respiratory tract infection, with odds ratios of 0.342, 0.311 and 0.182, respectively. CONCLUSION: Physicians should first consider non-TB bacterial infection rather than Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in pneumonia in patients with bronchiectasis, lung cancer or those receiving haemodialysis.     

Friends and foes of tuberculosis: modulation of protective immunity

Protective immunity in tuberculosis (TB) is subject of debate in the TB research community, as this is key to fully understand TB pathogenesis and to develop new promising tools for TB diagnosis and prognosis as well as a more efficient TB vaccine. IFN‐γ producing CD4⁺ T cells are key in TB control, but may not be sufficient to provide protection. Additional subsets have been identified that contribute to protection such as multifunctional and cytolytic T‐cell subsets, including classical and nonclassical T cells as well as novel innate immune cell subsets resulting from trained immunity. However, to define protective immune responses against TB, the complexity of balancing TB immunity also has to be considered. In this review, insights into effector cell immunity and how this is modulated by regulatory cells, associated comorbidities and the host microbiome, is discussed. We systematically map how different suppressive immune cell subsets may affect effector cell responses at the local site of infection. We also dissect how common comorbidities such as HIV, helminths and diabetes may bias protective TB immunity towards pathogenic and regulatory responses. Finally, also the composition and diversity of the microbiome in the lung and gut could affect host TB immunity. Understanding these various aspects of the immunological balance in the human host is fundamental to prevent TB infection and disease.     

Risk factors for and knowledge of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among drug users in substance abuse treatment

Objective. To determine the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, as well as to assess TB knowledge and attitudes, among a group of known drug users in a city with low TB incidence (11.3 per 100 000 in 1995). Methods. Patients of an urban drug treatment facility enrolled in opioid substitution, opioid antagonist and other drug treatment programs were screened for TB, including tuberculin skin testing and standardized data collection on TB risk factors. A subsample of clients was interviewed about TB knowledge and attitudes. Results. Between 1 June 1995 and 31 May 1996, 1055 individuals were screened. The prevalence of infection was 15.7% (CI: 13.2-18.2%). PPD positivity was associated with older age (per annum, OR = 1.08, CI: 1.05-1.11), non-white race (OR = 2.81, CI: 1.72-4.60), foreign birth (OR = 4.24, CI: 2.35-7.62) and a history of injecting drug use (OR = 1.89, CI: 1.14,3.12). The incidence of infection was 2.9 per 100 person-years (CI:1.8-4.7). Thirty-two per cent of 79 drug users interviewed about TB knowledge and attitudes thought TB could be prevented by bleaching or not sharing needles/syringes. Fifty-one per cent thought anyone with a positive TB skin test was contagious. Conclusion. M. tuberculosis infection was common in this population and associated with injecting drugs and several demographic factors. The incidence of new infection was relatively low. In this non-endemic environment, the detection and treatment of latent infection are important aspects of TB control. Misconceptions about TB transmission were also widespread in this population. Drug treatment programs can play a key role by undertaking screening programs that educate about TB and identify infected subjects who would benefit from preventive therapy.     

Present-day treatment of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection

The major objectives of tuberculosis (TB) control are to reduce morbidity and mortality via an early and appropriate treatment of the disease, to prevent carriers of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus from transmitting it to others, and to prevent latent tuberculosis infection (LTB) sufferers from progressing to the disease. To achieve these objectives, it is imperative to start an appropriate, effective antituberculosis treatment as early as possible, as well as identify contacts of the infected TB patient and others at risk of LTB progressing to TB, in order to establish an appropriate treatment for them. Here we review the bases for treating TB and LTB infections, including those produced by strains resistant to anti-TB drugs.     

结核病医院院内下呼吸道感染的临床调查分析

目的 了解肺结核病人院内下呼吸道感染的临床流行情况及其相关危险因素?方法 对 1.998年 1月～ 1.999年 1 2月实际出院的肺结核病人中符合院内下呼吸道感染者逐一填写医院感染病例登记表 ,对表内资料进行回顾性分析?结果 1 肺结核病人院内下呼吸道感染发生率 4 .9%?高危人群为伴有慢性肺部疾患的老年人?肺部以纤维空洞?支气管扩张?肺不张为主要病理损害的肺结核患者?相关危险因素为住院时间长?反复住院?重症结核病所致营养状态低下?大量长期使用广谱抗生素? 2 铜绿假单孢菌及克雷伯氏杆菌属是本院下呼吸道感染的主要致病菌 ,且合并真菌感染率高 ( 48.2 % )?结论 结核病人院内下呼吸道感染是一个值得关注的问题?     

Occupational transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to health care workers in a university hospital in Lima, Peru.

From November 1996 through March 1997, presumptive active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was detected in 44 health care workers (HCWs) at a university hospital in Lima, Peru. To further assess the magnitude of the outbreak and determine risk factors for occupational Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, we identified HCWs in whom active pulmonary TB was diagnosed from January 1994 through January 1998, calculated rates by year and hospital work area, and conducted a tuberculin skin test (TST) survey. Thirty-six HCWs had confirmed active pulmonary TB. The rate of TB was significantly higher among the 171 HCWs employed in the laboratory than among HCWs employed in all other areas. In multivariate analysis, the only independent risk factor for HCW M. tuberculosis infection in HWCs employed in the laboratory was the use of common staff areas. Very high rates of active pulmonary TB were detected among HCWs at this hospital, and occupational acquisition in the laboratory was associated with HCW-to-HCW transmission.     

制定我国潜伏性结核感染全人群防控策略

加强潜伏性结核感染(latent tuberculosis infection,LTBI)人群的有效管理,是实现结核病防控目标的重要路径之一。目前,我国LTBI管理存在高危人群对结核病发病率贡献率偏低、发病风险特征尚未明确、现有筛查手段普遍存在局限性、预防性服药推广困难等问题。为改善上述现状,笔者提出LTBI全人群防控策略,通过加强全社会健康教育,尤其是国家政策引导及采用适宜在全人群中普及的公共卫生手段,降低疾病对全社会的危害。作为患者管理策略及高危人群策略的重要补充,科学可行的LTBI全人群管理策略,包括充分借助现阶段创新技术手段开展主动筛查、人群监测等措施,对于制定新时代我国结核感染控制规划和政策,逐步实现“终止结核病”战略目标将具有重要意义。     

Risk factors and clinical features for tuberculosis among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Hong Kong

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors associated with and to describe the clinical course of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Clinical features of patients with TB during the 1-year period prior to the diagnosis of TB were compared with controls. RESULTS: Of the 526 SLE patients, 57 (11%) had TB. Extra-pulmonary or miliary TB occurred in 67%. Patients with TB were more likely to have organic brain syndrome, vasculitis, and nephritis: and they were also more likely to have received intravenous 'pulse' methylprednisolone or high cumulative dose of prednisolone. The cumulative dose of prednisolone and presence of nephritis were independent risk factors for the development of TB using multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of TB, especially extra-pulmonary diseases, among SLE patients in Hong Kong. High cumulative dose of corticosteroid and lupus nephritis are important risk factors for the development of TB.