额部皮瓣在面颊部缺损修复中的应用

目的 报道额部岛状皮瓣在面颊部缺损修复中的应用. 方法 根据面颊部缺损的情况分别采用额部岛状皮瓣转移、局部组织翻转形成衬里加额部皮瓣转移、额部皮瓣内面植皮转移等方法进行修复. 结果 本组16例,缺损最大10 cm×6 cm,最小3 cm×2 cm.额部皮瓣转移修复颊部皮肤缺损7例;局部黏膜或皮肤翻转衬里加额部皮瓣修复皮肤缺损6例,额部皮瓣内侧植皮作为衬里3例.除1例额部皮瓣坏死及2例皮瓣远端部分表皮坏死外,余皮瓣成活良好,色泽正常,面颊部外形及功能恢复良好. 结论 额部岛状皮瓣血供可靠、血管蒂长、色泽良好、操作简单,是修复面颊部缺损的较好方法.     

额部扩张皮瓣法半鼻再造术修复部分鼻缺损

目的：探讨应用扩张额部皮瓣行半鼻再造术修复部分鼻缺损的效果。方法：2008年6月～2010年12月,收治部分鼻缺损患者5例,男1例,女4例,均采用额部扩张皮瓣法半鼻再造术修复。手术分3期进行：Ⅰ期行额部额肌下扩张器置入术皮肤扩张;Ⅱ期行额部扩张皮瓣转移半鼻再造术;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣断蒂修整术。结果：术后患者均愈合良好,无明显并发症发生。5例患者均获随访,随访时间6月～1年。再造鼻形态满意,颜色、质地与周围皮肤较为匹配,额部供区无明显瘢痕及畸形。结论：额部扩张皮瓣法行半鼻再造术修复鼻缺损,手术方法简单可靠,术后效果满意。     

通过鼻再造术一次性修复鼻及鼻周缺损

目的：探索一次性修复鼻及鼻周缺损的治疗方法。方法：1995年～2008年,收治34例鼻及鼻周缺损的患者,男21例,女13例;年龄17～70岁。先行额部扩张器置入术。二期手术,利用缺损周围的局部翻转皮瓣形成鼻衬里,将缺损纳入鼻前庭;额部扩张皮瓣移位行鼻再造术。三期断蒂。病程6～26月。结果：34例患者,32例疗效满意。结论：将鼻周的缺损视作术后新鼻部解剖区的一部分,再造全鼻并修复缺损,重建面部美学解剖分区。该方法与传统方法相比,能够获得更为满意的效果。     

额部扩张皮瓣半鼻再造术

目的：介绍应用额部扩张皮瓣进行半鼻再造的体会。方法：总结9例采用扩张后的额部皮瓣转移后作为再造鼻的皮肤覆盖,局部翻转皮瓣作为鼻腔衬里,移植肋软骨或耳甲软骨重建鼻支持组织的手术方法。结果：9例中8例获得满意效果,再造半鼻与健侧基本对称。1例额部扩张皮瓣远端淤血坏死。结论：应用额部扩张皮瓣进行半鼻再造是可行的。     

预扩张额部皮瓣用于鼻再造及修复面部缺损

目的　扩大额部扩张皮瓣应用范围 ,改进鼻再造及面部缺损的修复方法。　方法　对10例鼻缺损伴面部其他部位组织缺损的患者先行额部皮瓣供区预扩张术 ,在二期行扩张皮瓣移位鼻再造术同时修复面部其他部位组织缺损。　结果　治疗 10例鼻缺损及面部组织缺损者 ,疗效满意。行鼻再造的额部扩张皮瓣最大为 8 5cm× 10cm ,最小为 6 5cm× 8cm ;同时行面部缺损修复的额部皮瓣最大为 6cm× 4cm ,最小为 2cm× 6cm。　结论　预扩张额部皮瓣同时用于鼻再造及面部缺损修复是较理想的一种方法 ,可扩大额部扩张皮瓣的应用范围     

额部烧伤后瘢痕扩张鼻再造术

目的 探讨全面部烧伤鼻缺损选择修复的额部皮瓣鼻再造,修复后鼻外形、颜色和质地与烧伤面部匹配的状况.方法 选择全面部烧伤、额部遗留平整萎缩性瘢痕或接受过皮肤移植手术但额肌仍完整保留的患者,应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣再造全鼻.手术分3期进行:Ⅰ期行额部瘢痕瓣扩张术;Ⅱ期行扩张额部组织瓣转移全鼻再造术;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣蒂修整术.结果 切取的扩张额部瘢痕皮瓣宽为7.0～7.8 cm,蒂长9.0～11.0 cm.其中2例患者再造鼻的单侧鼻翼和1例患者的鼻小柱皮肤部分坏死,经换药后痊愈.术后随访3～36个月,再造鼻颜色、质地、形态与烧伤面部相配,所有患者均对再造鼻外形效果满意.结论 应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻缺损,其皮肤颜色、质地与烧伤面部外形匹配,并在无支架埋置的状况下.鼻外形维持效果良好.     

局部或邻位皮瓣修复鼻部软组织缺损的分区应用

目的　探讨鼻部软组织缺损的有效方法 ,以尽可能使修复组织在色泽、质地上与鼻部局部组织相近 ,且切口瘢痕隐蔽。方法　结合Burget鼻部美学分区 ,将其再分为三个区域 ,根据分区选用局部或邻位皮瓣修复鼻部各区软组织缺损 30例 (鼻根部以Rintala鼻额部局部皮瓣推进 3例 ;鼻中段的鼻背部行双侧斧状局部皮瓣旋转 3例 ;鼻侧壁行对侧壁局部皮瓣转移 ,供区植皮 4例 ;鼻端部以鼻唇沟皮下蒂岛状瓣转移修复鼻尖部 7例 ;鼻唇沟局部皮瓣旋转修复鼻翼部 7例 ;鼻背轴型皮瓣旋转修复鼻小柱 6例 )。结果　修复效果满意。结论　根据鼻部分区选用局部或邻位皮瓣是修复鼻部软组织缺损的较好方法。     

局部或邻位皮瓣修复鼻部软组织缺损的分区应用

目的探讨鼻部软组织缺损的有效方法,以尽可能使修复组织在色泽、质地上与鼻部局部组织相近,且切口瘢痕隐蔽.方法结合Burget鼻部美学分区,将其再分为三个区域,根据分区选用局部或邻位皮瓣修复鼻部各区软组织缺损30例(鼻根部以Rintala鼻额部局部皮瓣推进3例;鼻中段的鼻背部行双侧斧状局部皮瓣旋转3例;鼻侧壁行对侧壁局部皮瓣转移,供区植皮4例;鼻端部以鼻唇沟皮下蒂岛状瓣转移修复鼻尖部7例;鼻唇沟局部皮瓣旋转修复鼻翼部7例;鼻背轴型皮瓣旋转修复鼻小柱6例).结果修复效果满意.结论根据鼻部分区选用局部或邻位皮瓣是修复鼻部软组织缺损的较好方法.     

从美学角度对额部扩张皮瓣行外鼻重建术的改进

目的 探讨从美学角度重建外鼻的手术方法及优点.方法 对12例鼻下端缺损行额部扩张皮瓣修复,在额部帽状腱膜下方斜向置入皮肤软组织扩张器,采用常规扩张法注液,以鼻背皮肤及鼻端残余瘢痕和黏膜作为衬里,测量患者鼻翼或内眦间距,在扩张的皮肤上以此为基准按美学标准设计三叶肌皮瓣,向下翻转再造外鼻,按美容亚单位分区修剪皮瓣至不同层面并塑形.结果 12例鼻缺损患者术后无一例皮瓣坏死,随访6个月至1年,鼻形态自然、美观.结论 从美学角度按个体化标准化设计的三叶肌皮瓣再造全鼻安全、理想.术中皮瓣的塑形、血运良好的鼻衬里、鼻支架的Ⅰ期置入也是鼻形态良好的关键.     

鼻缺损修复术中衬里组织的修复

目的 探讨鼻缺损修复术中衬里组织的修复方法.方法 自2003年1月至2012年10月,根据鼻缺损的情况,对195例各类鼻缺损患者采用局部组织翻转皮瓣、外被皮瓣远端折叠、双瓣法、预制皮瓣等方法来修复衬里,并观察术后效果.结果 所有方法衬里皮瓣均成活良好.随访6个月至5年,局部组织翻转皮瓣法最大的并发症是皮瓣挛缩导致的鼻孔狭窄、通气不良,其他方法未见明显并发症.结论 在鼻缺损的衬里修复中,需要正确评估鼻部缺损范围、程度,以及周围可利用的残留组织量,选择合适的衬里修复方法,以获得良好的手术效果.     

全鼻再造手术方法的探讨

目的　介绍 4种全鼻再造的手术方法及适应证。方法　 1975～ 2 0 0 3年我们应用①上臂皮管全鼻再造术、②传统前额正中皮瓣全鼻再造术 额部植皮术、③额部正中皮瓣全鼻再造术 双侧额颞皮瓣滑行修复额部供区、④额部皮瓣扩张术后行额正中皮瓣全鼻再造术 ,对 2 2例行上述全鼻再造术者进行了回顾性分析 ,并讨论了上述手术方法的优缺点及其适应证。结果　本组病例均获成功 ,外形及通气功能效果良好。应用第 2种方法虽然再造鼻外形满意 ,但在额部留下明显而深暗的凹陷痕迹 ,影响美观 ;而应用第 1种方法额部不留任何痕迹 ,但鼻再造所需时间较长 (约 2个月 ) ,且需将上臂与头部间固定 3周 ,是其不足之处。结论　如采用前额正中皮瓣法行全鼻再造时 ,建议对鼻型较小者应用第 3种方法 ;而对鼻型较大者以用第 4种方法为好 ;而对于不接受在额部造成新的创伤或额部组织不足者 ,应选用第 1种方法为宜     

鼻部不同亚单位组织缺损修复方法的选择

目的:总结鼻部不同亚单位组织缺损的修复方法,为临床选择不同术式提供参考。方法:2006年2月～2012年1月鼻部不同亚单位组织缺损患者68例,其中采用真皮蒂鼻唇沟皮瓣修复40例,采用耳廓复合组织游离移植修复19例,采用额部皮瓣修复9例。结果:术后皮瓣全部成活;耳廓复合组织游离移植全部成活,供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后患者均获随访,随访时间6个月～3年,平均1年。术后鼻缺损修复良好,鼻外形及通气功能良好,皮瓣色泽、弹性、质地与周围正常皮肤接近。供区鼻唇沟无明显瘢痕,耳廓瘢痕隐蔽,额部植皮部位轻微色差,瘢痕不明显。结论:鼻部不同亚单位组织缺损的修复,应根据缺损部位、范围、深度及缺损周围情况等选择适当的手术方式,以达到良好的修复效果。     

The cascade flap for nasal tip repair

Summary A two flap repair of nasal tip and bridge defects is presented. The nasal bridge flap transposes down over the tip while a lower forehead or glabella flap hinges to the upper nose. These are random myocutaneous flaps and the design may be varied for different defects.     

应用额部扩张皮瓣修复鼻缺损

目的:探讨应用额部扩张皮瓣修复鼻缺损的效果。方法:经过三期手术,完成对23例多种原因造成的鼻缺损的修复。Ⅰ期:额部扩张器置入术;Ⅱ期:鼻再造术;Ⅲ期:断蒂术。结果:本组23例患者,转移额部扩张皮瓣均成活,随访0.5~1年,再造鼻形态良好、逼真,色泽、质地均较匹配,鼻通气良好,额部供区瘢痕不明显。结论:利用额部扩张皮瓣修复鼻缺损是较为理想的治疗方案。     

The use of skin grafts for nasal lining

The satisfactory replacement of missing nasal lining often determines the aesthetic and functional result of a nasal reconstruction. Although full-thickness skin grafts have been employed for lining in the prefabricated forehead flap technique, the results are unpredictable because they remain largely unsupported and subject to contraction. Advances in the understanding of the vasculature of the forehead flap, the use of primary and delayed cartilage grafts, and the appropriate use of operative staging permit full-thickness skin grafts to be combined with a forehead flap at the time of transfer, with little risk of loss. The technique is especially useful in the elderly or debilitated patient when a shortened operative time and less intranasal manipulation is appropriate, or when previous injury or rhinoplasty has interfered with septal blood supply, making the use of intranasal lining flaps unreliable.     

运用额部阶梯状皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻部畸形

目的探讨烧伤后鼻部畸形的修复方法。方法选择烧伤后鼻部有多个亚单位存在瘢痕挛缩或缺损的患者,其额部皮肤正常或留有浅表瘢痕。依照鼻部美学亚单位分布或整个鼻部单元,切除鼻部挛缩的瘢痕及部分正常皮肤,以使创面规则完整、移位的鼻翼及外翻的鼻黏膜复位。松解、切除鼻翼软骨与鼻侧软骨之间的瘢痕,以显现鼻翼沟。而鼻尖亚单位区的瘢痕则给予部分保留。若有衬里缺损,可翻转瘢痕瓣或周围正常皮肤制作衬里。以一侧滑车上动脉在眶上的皮支为蒂,形成额部正中或旁正中三叶状皮瓣。分离时,皮瓣大部在额肌表面掀起,近蒂部时达额肌下,呈阶梯状。皮瓣分离后,带蒂转移修复鼻部创面,供区移植皮片。3周后断蒂、修整。结果本组12例,术中均发现滑车上动脉在眶上1.5-2.0cm水平出现皮支走行于皮下。术后皮瓣均成活,随访3-12个月,鼻外形逼真,皮瓣色泽与周围皮肤相近,瘢痕不明显,通气良好。其中5例额部供区移植皮片后皮片色素沉着显著,3个月后行扩张皮瓣修复。结论以滑车上动脉眶上皮支为蒂的额部阶梯状皮瓣是修复烧伤后鼻畸形的一个良好选择。     

Prelaminated free radial forearm flap for a total nasal reconstruction.

A prelaminated osteocutaneous radial forearm flap has previously been described for total nasal reconstruction, but achieving good aesthetics at the dorsum and tip tends to be difficult with a flap that can be too bulky. We present a case of total nasal reconstruction in a burns patient where a tight adherent scar at the forehead precluded the use of a forehead flap, ideal for such reconstructions. We successfully used a prelaminated free radial forearm flap, with a non-vascularised bone graft. The existing scarred skin at the dorsum was turned down as pedicled flaps for the lining. We were able to achieve a successful total nasal reconstruction which was aesthetically pleasing and made a tremendous impact on the quality of life of the patient.     

Subtotal nasal reconstruction using a bi valved paramedian forehead flap

Many surgical options have been proposed for total or subtotal reconstruction of the nose after extirpative surgery or trauma. Careful replacement of all anatomic layers including the structural framework and internal and external nasal lining is essential to successful reconstruction. If adequate internal lining is present, reconstruction of the structure of the nose and the external nasal lining is often straightforward. Difficulty arises with providing sufficient internal nasal lining in patients who underwent full thickness reconstruction of half of the nose with a bi-valved paramedian forehead flap. A different plane of dissection is used for the flap and structural grafts are placed between the layers of the axial pattern flap. The anatomy, plane of flap dissection, and biomechanics of flap transfer are presented as well as the specific technique for nasal reconstruction. The bi-valved paramedian forehead flap presents another surgical option for reconstruction of full thickness defects of the nose.     

The use of mucosa-lined flap in nasal reconstruction

Summary A relatively new method of nasal reconstruction using a mucosa-lined flap is described. Surgery with mucosa-lined flaps is not yet commonly performed. Two cases are described in which this technique was employed. In the first case, a deeply penetrating squamous cell carcinoma of the right side of the nose, including the nasal mucosa, was excised. The nasal lining defect was closed with a free full thickness oral mucosa graft, and a median forehead flap was used to cover the nasal defect. In the second case, an ulcerated squamous cell carcinoma on the left side of the nose was excised and two-stage reconstruction performed. During the first stage, a free oral mucosa graft was transplanted into the nasal defect with its mucosal surface facing into the nasal cavity. A median forehead island flap was transferred to cover the inner layer of the graft. In the second stage, the obliterated nasal orifice was opened, and the inner lining was constructed by a segment of oral mucosa wrapped around a silicone nostril retainer. Application of an oral mucosa-lined flap would seem to be a superior method for nose reconstruction, since it does not distort the shape of the nose, and it reestablishes a patent nostril and preserves the delicate appearance of the nose.