电视胸腔镜手术的临床应用

目的探讨和总结电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)诊断及治疗各种胸部疾病的可行性。方法总结269例电视胸腔镜手术，包括肺大疱切除、肺叶或肺楔形切除、肺癌根治、肺减容术、纵隔肿瘤切除、食管切除、动脉导管结扎、胸水处理和其他手术。结果全组除3例因胸膜广泛粘连和1例肺裂发育不全中转开胸手术外，其余均手术成功。VATS手术平均时间为53．6min，胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口手术平均时间为136min，术后平均住院时间lO．4d。发生围术期并发症11例，占4、1％，死亡2例，其余均治愈。随访1～65个月，良性病变术后康复良好，无术后复发。Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲa期肺癌术后其3年生存率为91．9％、48．0％和33、3％。结论随着内镜器械及手术技术的成熟和发展，VATS治疗部分胸部疾病是安全可行的，它比传统开胸手术有更多的优势，已成为现代胸外科的重要技术。     

电视胸腔镜手术在胸外科的应用

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)在胸外科的应用. 方法回顾分析1998年7月～2002年12月78例胸腔镜手术的临床资料.其中:自发性气胸肺大疱切除40例,胸外伤探查12例,肺包块楔形切除9例,胸膜活检 胸膜固定6例,纵隔肿瘤切除4例,肺叶切除4例,肺叶切除术后支气管胸膜瘘2例,食管平滑肌瘤切除1例. 结果无一例中转开胸,5例因胸膜顶粘连辅助小切口.3例中老年自发性气胸术后持续漏气,分别于第7,8,13天拔除胸管,其余均在48h内拔除胸管.5例引流管口延期愈合.手术并发症发生率10.3%(8/78). 结论 VATS在胸外科有广阔的发展空间,一次性耗材价格昂贵限制其临床应用,腔镜下缝合技术或打结技术的应用比较适合目前的国情,节省医疗费用.     

肺曲菌球病胸腔镜手术治疗195例临床分析

目的探讨肺曲菌球病的胸腔镜手术治疗临床疗效及并发症。方法回顾性分析我院胸外科胸腔镜手术治疗肺曲菌球病共195例临床资料,单纯性肺曲菌球病89例,复合性肺曲菌球病106例。全部在完全胸腔镜（VATS）或胸腔镜辅助小切口（VAMT）下完成手术。结果治愈191例,治愈率97．9％,无手术死亡,术后发生并发症54例,包括出血、心律失常、肺部感染、肺漏气复张不全、支气管胸膜瘘、弥漫性血管内凝血、切口感染等。结论外科手术为曲菌球病首选的确切有效治疗方法。对于肺部病变局限、胸膜粘连轻、高龄、体质差的患者,胸腔镜手术治疗具有微创、并发症少的巨大优势。早诊断早手术治疗,有利于减少手术时间、术中出血量及术后并发症。     

胸腔镜手术治疗老年肺气肿自发性气胸43例

目的探讨胸腔镜手术治疗老年肺气肿自发性气胸的适应证和手术方法。方法1994年9月～2011年12月,胸腔镜手术治疗43例老年肺气肿自发性气胸。单发或成簇大疱者行完全胸腔镜手术（video－assisted thoracosc opiesurgery,VATS）,多发肺大疱和经济较困难者行胸腔镜辅助小切口手术（video－assisted minithoracotomy,VAMT）,中重度肺气肿肺大疱切除或肺减容者行胸腔镜辅助小切口管状奈维垫片手术（VAMT＋Neoveiｌ）。结果VATS组16例,VAMT组15例,VAMT＋Neoveil组12例。术后持续漏气超过15天8例,无其他并发症,均治愈出院,无死亡。随访1年5例,2～4年38例,复发2例,经胸腔闭式引流术治愈。结论电视胸腔镜手术是治疗老年肺气肿自发性气胸有效的治疗方法,直线切割缝合器加管状奈维垫片切除肺气肿肺大疱术后胸腔引流时间和住院时间短,并发症少,且操作简单,安全确切,扩大肺气肿自发性气胸手术适应证。     

胸腔镜辅助小切口对早期肺癌切除术的应用

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)在早期肺癌手术治疗的应用价值。方法应用VATS辅助胸壁小切口(7～9cm)对26例肺周围孤立小结节(≤2．0cm)行肿物楔形切除术，术中快速冰冻病理切片检查，证实为非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)，施行相应的肺叶切除、系统性的肺门及纵隔淋巴结清扫术，术后未加辅助治疗。结果本组病人创伤明显减轻，出血量少，术后恢复快，无手术死亡及严重并发症。近期随访结果无一例复发与转移。结论VATS辅助胸壁小切口对较早期肺癌行根治性切除是可行的。     

胸腔镜手术304例临床应用体会

目的探讨胸腔镜手术（VATS）适应证选择和并发症的防治。方法回顾性总结8年胸腔镜微创外科手术304例的体会。手术包括：肺大泡切除222例，纵隔肿瘤、囊肿切除29例，食管疾病手术10例，肺叶切除或肺楔形切除15例，肺气肿减容手术4例，胸外伤手术18例，其他胸部疾病手术6例。结果298例经VATS或胸腔镜辅助小切口完成手术，6例因胸腔粘连或恶性肿瘤未达到根治，术中转传统开胸手术。主要并发症6例占2．98％，包括肺泡漏≥4天4例；1例贲门失弛缓症肌层切开术中发生食管黏膜破裂，当即进行了修补；1例肺气肿减容术后肺内感染。结论①自发性气胸肺大泡切除、某些胸部良性疾病是VATS主要适应证，对胸部恶性肿瘤VATS手术应当持慎重的态度；②注重对胸外科医生VATS手术培训和掌握循环渐进的原则，是减少并发症的重要环节；③胸腔镜或胸腔镜辅助的微创外科手术方法选择应当依据病情倡导个性化原则。     

局部麻醉下经电视胸腔镜和小切口开胸诊治胸膜、肺部疾病

目的探讨局部麻醉下经电视胸腔镜和胸部小切口诊治胸膜、肺部疾病的可行性。方法自2002年2月至2005年3月,对30例胸膜、肺疾病患者施行局部麻醉下开胸手术。按手术方法的不同将患者分为两组,小切口开胸组:16例,在局部麻醉下采用胸部小切口在开放性气胸状态下对增厚的胸膜和弥漫性肺疾病进行活组织检查;电视胸腔镜组:14例,在局部麻醉下经胸腔镜在闭合性气胸状态下诊治恶性胸水、复发性气胸等。结果小切口开胸组中行胸膜活检13例,其中10例为恶性肿瘤胸膜转移、胸膜淀粉样变1例、胸膜纤维增生样改变2例;弥漫性肺疾病活检3例,3例中肺间质性纤维化2例、型肺结核1例。电视胸腔镜组14例中,除1例因发现胸腔内有致密粘连而转行全身麻醉下开胸手术外,其余13例均在局部麻醉下完成胸膜活检,复发性气胸肺大泡切除,顽固性胸水的胸膜固定术;电视胸腔镜组中用胸腔镜辅助诊断为恶性胸水4例,肝性胸水1例;胸腔镜辅助治疗10例,其中顽固性(含肝性胸水)胸水行胸膜固定术8例,复发性气胸行肺大泡切除和胸膜固定术2例。两组患者均无手术并发症和死亡。结论局部麻醉下经胸腔镜及胸部小切口能够完成胸膜、肺疾病活检术及简单的手术。该方法经济、微创、对麻醉要求低,有利于临床普遍开展。     

预防胸腔镜手术并发症的体会

目的 寻求预防和减少胸腔镜手术并发症的方法。方法回顾性总结10年来电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)治疗肺、食管、纵隔、心包、胸膜等10余种胸部疾病病例，其中肺大施切除462例，食管疾病手术94例，纵隔肿瘤或囊肿切除86例，肺叶切除或肺楔形切除140例，胸外伤止血等手术22例，心包开窗和胸膜肿瘤切除及其他手术54例，胸部疾病活检术54例。手术均采用静吸复合全麻，双腔管气管内插管866例，单腔管气管内插管46例。结果886例经VATS完成手术，26例改为传统开胸术。发生手术并发症36例，占3．95％，其中术中并发症10例，占1．1％，包括食管黏膜破裂4例，神经损伤2例，4例术中止血不彻底术后出血。术后并发症26例，占2．85％，包括肺泡漏气≥7d19例，胸腔积液或积气再次置闭式引流管3例，房颤2例，胸腔感染1例和呼吸衰竭死亡1例。结论VATS适应证选择和手术应当掌握循序渐进的原则，注意对胸外科医师培养，尽快掌握VATS操作和相关知识是减少并发症的重要环节。     

电视胸腔镜手术207例报告

目的总结电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)治疗胸部疾病的体会. 方法 1997年10月～2004年3月,开展VATS 207例,包括自发性气胸肺大疱结扎或切除155例,自发性或创伤性血气胸紧急探查止血30例,肺部良性疾病行肺楔形切除、活检14例,纵隔肿瘤摘除8例. 结果 190例经胸腔镜完成手术,12例附加胸部小切口,5例中转开胸手术.胸部手术时间20～180 min,平均56 min.术后住院5～52 d,平均9 d.术后并发症17例,占8.2%(17/207),其中肺泡漏9例,复张性肺水肿6例,胸腔感染2例.2例术后3～4个月自发性气胸复发. 结论 VATS治疗自发性气胸肺大疱、创伤性血气胸和某些胸部良性疾病较传统开胸手术具有更多优点,适时附加胸部小切口,积极防治并发症,可使VATS更安全.     

胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术38例应用体会

目的通过对38例胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术的分析，得出胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术在胸部疾病诊治中的作用。方法完成胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术38例。手术疾病包括自发性气胸、肺大疱、外伤性血胸、纵隔肿瘤、肺疾病等。结果手术时间缩短，术中出血少，手术安全可靠，术后并发症少，恢复快。结论胸部小切口电视胸腔镜辅助手术同样具备胸腔镜优点，且费用更低，更适合国情，特别适合在基层医院开展。     

p16基因启动子甲基化与结直肠癌发生发展的关系

目的　探讨p16基因启动子甲基化在结直肠癌发生、发展过程中的作用及其临床意义。方法　采用RT PCR、免疫组化方法检测p16基因表达 ,用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)方法检测p16基因启动子甲基化。结果　 5 8例结直肠癌中 ,癌旁肠粘膜、原发灶、肝转移灶中p16表达阳性率分别为97% (5 6 /5 8)、31% (18/5 8)、7% (2 /2 8) ,原发灶、肝转移灶中p16表达明显降低 (P <0 0 1)。癌旁肠粘膜组织中未发现p16基因启动子甲基化 ,而癌原发灶、肝转移灶中p16甲基化阳性率分别为 5 0 %(2 9/5 8)、75 % (2 1/2 8) ,3种组织p16基因启动子甲基化率的差别有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1)。在 2 8例出现肝转移者外周静脉血、胆汁中可检测到p16甲基化启动子序列者分别为 2 3例 (82 % )、2 0例 (71% )。结论　p16基因启动子甲基化导致p16抑癌基因失活与结直肠癌的发生、转移有密切关系。     

Bronchoscopically undiagnosed small peripheral lung tumors

Small peripheral lung cancers (2 cm or less maximum diameter) are often surgically resected, and the survival rate of those patients has been reported to be significantly higher than that of patients with tumors 2.1 cm or more in diameter. We evaluated the status of these small tumors diagnosed during surgery, following unsuccessful transbronchial biopsy procedures. In a retrospective study, 84 consecutive patients, with a maximum diameter of 2 cm or less on chest computed tomography, were enrolled. All underwent surgery for diagnosis. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed in 49 cases (58%), Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery+mini-thoracotomy in ten cases (12%), and an open lung biopsy in 25 cases (30%). Primary lung cancer was found in 40 cases (48%), metastatic lung tumors in three cases (3%), and benign lung tumors in 41 cases (49%). Among the 40 primary lung cancer cases, adenocarcinoma was in 38, squamous cell carcinoma was in one, and small cell carcinoma was in one. The rate of stage IA was 90%. Surgical excision of undiagnosed small peripheral nodules without waiting is necessary if transbronchial biopsy diagnosis is unsuccessful, because of the high rate of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer.     

Resection of metastatic lung tumor: the evaluation of histologic appearance in the lung

The analysis of the data resulting from 58 operations for metastatic lung tumors is presented. The surgical procedures performed were unilateral lung tumor resection in 27 cases and bilateral lung tumor resection in 13 cases. The total cumulative five year survival rate was 41 per cent. The resected tumors were divided into two types according to the histologic appearance of the tumor margin: infiltrative and non-infiltrative (pseudo-capsulated). The cumulative five year survival rates were 14.7 per cent and 53.2 per cent, respectively. Lymph node metastasis was found in four patients with the infiltrative type of metastatic tumor.     

Video-assisted wedge resection and local radiotherapy for peripheral lung cancer in high-risk patients: the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 9335, a phase II, multi-institutional cooperative group study

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the feasibility of thoracoscopic wedge resection and radiotherapy for clinical T1 lesions in patients with compromised cardiopulmonary status. METHODS: In this phase II, prospective, multicenter, cooperative group trial, high-risk patients had one or more of the following risk factors: forced expiratory volume in 1 second less than 40%, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in lung less than 50%, and maximum oxygen consumption less than 45 mm Hg. Patients underwent video-assisted wedge resection followed by local (56 Gy) radiotherapy. The primary end point was the proportion of patients whose disease could be completely resected and who received radiotherapy without treatment complications. RESULTS: Between September 1995 and September 1999, a total of 65 patients were accrued, of which 58 were eligible (52% male, median age 69 years). Pathologic staging resulted in upgrading to T2 or greater in 16 of 58 cases (28%) and in reassessment as benign in 10 of 58 cases (17%). Conversion to thoracotomy was required in 10 cases (17%), including 1 of 10 benign T1-size lesion (10%), 4 of 35 non-small cell lung cancer T1 lesions (13%), and 5 of 14 non-small cell lung cancer T2 lesions (31%). Resection margins were positive in 5 patients: 6% of T1 and 23% of T2. Surgery was aborted in 2 cases (3.5%), and operative mortality was 4%. Overall operative failure rates of video-assisted wedge resection were 20% for benign T1-size lesions, 22% for T1 non-small cell lung cancer, 21% for all T1 lesions, 50% for T2 non-small cell lung cancer, and 29% for all lesions in this study (clinical T1). Prolonged air leaks occurred in 10%, pneumonia in 6%, and respiratory failure in 4%. Thirty-one patients were eligible for radiotherapy; 3 of them refused, and 1 died before treatment. Among the 28 patients who received radiotherapy, severe dyspnea was noted in 3 patients (11%) and moderate pneumonitis in 4 (14%). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical staging in high-risk patients is often inaccurate (45% difference from pathologic staging). Intention to treat clinically staged T1 disease by video-assisted wedge resection is associated with a high failure rate. Pathologically staged T1 lesions can be successfully resected in 75% of cases; however, narrow resection margins remain a concern.     

Solitäre fibröse Pleuratumoren

Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura (SFTP) are very rare neoplasms. The majority of these tumors are benign, but about 10-20 % fulfill the criteria of malignancy. The clinical presentation varies according to the size and intrathoracic localization. In early stages, often asymptomatic, the tumors may grow to an enormous size and then cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain and dyspnea, but also paraneoplastic syndromes such as hypoglycemia or digital clubbing. Between 1981 and June 1998 we treated in our institution 16 SFTP in 14 patients (4 M, 10 F, average age at first operation 58 years). Eight patients showed symptoms, whereas in the other cases the tumors were found on routine chest X-rays. The usually pedunculated SFTP were completely resected without complications. Two patients developed malignant recurrences, which infiltrated the right upper lung lobe and the diaphragm respectively. In these cases the tumor was resected together with the adjacent structures. Since late recurrences are more often malignant than primary SFTPs long-term follow-up is mandatory even in benign lesions.     

Is there a role for surgery in the management of metastatic urothelial cancer? The M. D. Anderson experience

Purpose

Although rarely curative, chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for metastatic urothelial cancer. The role of surgery for metastatic disease is not well established for urothelial cancer, but is sometimes undertaken in the face of persistent or recurrent disease that can be surgically resected.

Materials and Methods

We identified 31 patients with metastatic urothelial cancer undergoing metastasectomy with the intent of rendering them free of disease. All gross disease was completely resected in 30 patients (97%). The most frequently resected location was lung in 24 cases (77%), followed by distant lymph nodes in 4 (13%), brain in 2 (7%) and a subcutaneous metastasis in 1 (3%).

Results

Median survival from diagnosis of metastases and from time of metastasectomy was 31 and 23 months, respectively. The 5-year survival from metastasectomy was 33%. Median time to progression following metastasectomy was 7 months. Five patients were alive and free of disease for more than 3 years after metastasectomy.

Conclusions

The results in this highly selected cohort, with 33% alive at 5 years after metastasectomy, suggest that resection of metastatic disease is feasible and may contribute to long-term disease control especially when integrated with chemotherapy. Further prospective studies should be undertaken to better characterize the selection criteria and benefit from this intervention.     

原发性肺隐球菌病的外科治疗

目的 探讨原发性肺隐球菌病的临床特点、诊断与治疗。方法 回顾分析1996年-2004年解放军总医院胸外科收治的11例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料。结果 64％（7／11）的患者有全身或呼吸道症状。全部患者胸部X线片及胸部CT检查误诊为肺癌、肺炎或结核。3例行^18氟脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射体层显像（FDG—PET）检查,均表现为高代谢病灶。全部患者抗炎与抗结核治疗后病变无变化。术前仅2例行超声引导下穿刺病理检查明确诊断,口服抗真菌药物治疗后病灶不能完全吸收。所有患者病变均手术切除,术后仅1例多发病变患者行抗真菌治疗。术后随访9～130个月（中位时间32个月）,均无复发。结论 原发性肺部隐球菌病的临床症状、化验检查、影像学表现均无特异性,病理检查为确诊的依据,治疗采用局部切除为宜,切除彻底术后可不行抗真菌治疗。     

Clinical study of limited operation of lung cancer with reference to the operative procedure

From 1977 to 1987, 27 cases of primary lung cancer were resected by the limited operation, 7 segmentectomy and 20 wedge resection. All cases of segmentectomy were considered to be potentially curative and 2 cases of them were X-ray negative early squamous cell carcinoma originated from the subsegmental bronchus. The mean tumor size of the other 5 peripheral cases performed segmentectomy was 37.6 mm in diameter. Two cases of segmentectomy died from cancer recurrence, but 2 cases are still alive more than 4.5 years after operation. All cases of wedge resection were originated peripherally, and 6 cases were thought to be potentially curative and the mean tumor size was 22.4 mm in diameter. Three cases of them died, 1 from the tumor metastasis and 2 from the other diseases than lung cancer, but the other cases undergone potentially curative wedge resection are alive without recurrence 1-3.6 years after operation. The limited operation should be indicated for the peripheral lung cancer without lymph node metastasis in the patients with marked cardiac and/or pulmonary impairment. The small nodule located in subpleural lung can be resected easily by the wedge resection, but the segmentectomy should be recommended for the tumor which is larger in size or located more deeply under the visceral pleura. Especially X-ray negative early squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus can be curatively resected by the segmentectomy with lymph node dissection, if the tumor exists in the level of subsegmental bronchus or more peripherally. Palliative minimal resection for the advanced lung cancer seemed to be not effective of their long-surviving.     

Surgical treatment of stage III and IV thymoma

During past 15 years, 39 cases of thymoma were underwent surgical intervention. In these cases, invasive type, so called stage III and IV in Masaoka's classification were 19 cases. This report documents the results of extended operation in 19 patients treated for malignant thymoma. All patients had neoplasm which invaded adjacent structures; superior vena cava, pericardium, and lung. Eight patients had disseminated lesions in the pleural or pericardial cavities. All patients were underwent surgical exploration through median sternotomy (18 patients) or left thoracotomy (1 patient). Our surgical management to malignant thymoma is to have complete resection, even if tumor invades the great veins. Of 8 patients, superior vena cava and left innominate vein were resected with tumor and reconstructed with ringed PTFE. Mediastinal pleura and pericardium should be widely opened and intrapericardial or intrapleural disseminated lesions should be removed as far as possible. Malignant thymoma could be resected completely applying technique of vascular surgery. Good results were expected when tumor was resected with invading adjacent structures completely. Reoperation to the recurrent tumor is also important.     

Surgical treatment for metastatic lung tumors with incidentally coexisting lung cancer.

We report four surgically resected cases of a metastatic lung tumors with incidentally coexisting lung cancer. Two patients (Cases 1 and 2) were admitted for surgical treatment for pulmonary metastases from colon cancer, and the other two (Cases 3 and 4) were for pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma. In only one patient (Case 3), one lesion among the multiple shadows on the preoperative computed tomography examination was rather strongly suspected to be primary lung cancer. In three patients (Cases 1, 2 and 3), one of the resected lesions in each individual case was diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma by an intraoperative examination using frozen sections, and was later histologically confirmed. In Case 4, one of the resected lesions was postoperatively determined to be lung adenocarcinoma. All coexisting lung cancers, treated with partial resection of the lung, were well-differentiated small-sized adenocarcinoma (T1N0), while the other lesions resected in each case were metastases from the individual cancer. Problems in preoperative diagnosis and surgical treatment for metastatic lung tumors with incidentally coexisting lung cancer are discussed.