Prognostic factors affecting survival in multiple myeloma

70 patients suffering from multiple myeloma were observed by authors in the last 15 years and three months. In the meantime fifty-two out of them have died, and 18 patients are under permanent care. 43 IgG, 17 IgA, 6 Bence-Jones, 2 IgD types were diagnosed according to the paraprotein distribution, one patient proved to be nonsecretory, and an other one to osteosclerotic form as well. The median survival time was 27 months in the group of deceased patients. In the group followed-up 50.8 months survival time was observed up to the closing of the study. Several prognostic factors were investigated. According to the classification by Durie and Salmon the survival time was 60 months in the patients with stage I, 33 months in stage II., and 9 months in stage III respectively. The prognosis is much poorer in patients into the "B" category: the survival time was 14 months. Classified in the basis of the type of the myeloma-cell, the cases with well matured cells have had the best prognosis with survival time of 46 months, while the most unfavourable prognosis was observed in patients with blast-cell type, with a median survival time of 10 months. The greatest number of patients suffered from multiple myeloma of IgG paraprotein type, in this group the serum IgA level was found to be significantly decreased in the patients died due to inevitable infections. The survival was injured significantly by the occurrence of concomitant severe diseases, to.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prognostic factors correlated with survival in AIDS patients

The authors present the AIDS cases (CDC '93) observed in Brescia from 1983 to 1994. They observed 1189 subjects (M 84%, F 16%) with a mean age of 32.7 years (intra-venous drug users 75.1%, heterosexuals 14%, homosexuals 9.6%). The mean survival observed was 56.7 weeks from the diagnosis of AIDS (mortality per year 78%). The most frequent AIDS-defining events were Visceral Candidiasis, P.carinii Pneumonia (PCP) and Neurotoxoplasmosis, while the longest and shortest mean survival was for Kaposi's Sarcoma (89 weeks) and Wasting Syndrome (8.4). The mean value of CD4+ lymphocyte counts on AIDS diagnosis was 72.6/l (1166 cases) and the highest and lowest were in non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL; 147.6/l) and Cryptosporidiosis (18.8/l). Antiretroviral therapy had been given for at least a month in 41.4% subjects (mean treatment duration of 74.8 weeks). The Cox model has demonstrated the favourable effect on survival of high CD4+ lymphocyte counts on diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, the diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TBC) and PCP as initial markers and the diagnosis of TBC, PCP or Cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) during the entire clinical evolution. Moreover, the unfavourable effect of high age, diagnosis of Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy (PML), Wasting Syndrome and NHL as initial markers and diagnosis of PML or NHL in any moment of the disease has been demonstrated.     

Prognostic factors in survival after cancer: epidemiological model

Résumé L'étude de la survie des patients a pour principal objectif l'évaluation de la qualité de leur prise en charge. Lorsque le calcul se base sur les cas hospitalisés (survie clinique), il vise essentiellement à établir les effets de la thérapeutique, en général après prise en compte des caractéristiques diagnostiques de la lésion (stades, etc.). Lorsque la survie est calculée dans le cadre d'une population démographiquement définie (survie épidémiologique), le calcul rend compte de la qualité des soins mais aussi des modalités de recours au système de soins. Or, celles-ci varient en fonction de caractéristiques individuelles et socio-culturelles. Les variables pronostiques les plus intéressantes de la survie épidémiologique peuvent être celles qui délimitent les groupes de cas en fonction du stade de diagnostic et des filières de soins. Dans un registre du cancer, les indicateurs thérapeutiques apparaissent ainsi autant comme des variables à expliquer que comme des variables explicatives. Cette problématique est illustrée par l'exemple du cancer du sein, à Genève. L'analyse repose sur la régression multiple selon Cox.

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Prognostic factors for cancer: the epidemiologic model

Summary Quality of care assessment is one of the principal issues considered when studying the survival of cancer patients. Survival rates based on hospital series («clinical survival») essentially aim at evaluating the impact of therapy, taking into account the stage of the tumor. When, on the other hand, survival rates refer to a demographically defined population («epidemiologic survival») they depend not only on quality of therapy but also on differentials in access to health services which in turn condition partly the stage at time of diagnosis and therapy selection. Since these patterns of access can vary according to socio-cultural characteristics, the epidemiologist is tempted to focus the prognostic analysis of survival on these caracteristics. In a cancer registry setting, clinical indicators (stage of the lesions, type of health care institution and therapy) must not be neglected. Rather, these must be analyzed both as co-factors of survival and as phenomena to be explained in their own right. Issues relating to this topic are discussed using the example of breast cancer in Geneva.

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Variablen, die mit der Letalität der Krebspatienten im Zusammenhang stehen: das epidemiologische Modell

Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen über die Überlebenschance von Krebspatienten haben als erstes Ziel, die Evaluation der Qualität der medizinischen Versorgung. Bezieht sich die Analyse auf hospitalisierte Patienten (klinische Letalität), so richtet sie sich vor allem auf die Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit der Behandlungsmethoden, wobei in der Regel diagnostische Kriterien, wie das Tumorstadium, berücksichtigt werden. Wird die Letalität hingegen auf alle Patienten in einer Bevölkerung bezogen (epidemiologisches Modell), so erfasst die Analyse neben der Wirksamkeit der Behandlungsmethoden auch den Zugang der Bevölkerung zum medizinischen Angebot. Dieses wird durch die soziokulturelle Situation und durch die Einstellung des Einzelnen mitbestimmt. Unter den Variablen aus dem epidemiologischen Modell sind jene am interessantesten, die unter Berücksichtigung der Art der medizinischen Versorgung und des Tumorstadiums, Gruppen unterschiedlicher Prognose abgrenzen. In einem Krebsregister aufgeführte Angaben zur Therapie müssen im epidemiologischen Modell darum oft als abhängige und als unabhängige Variablen einbezogen werden. Diese Problematik wird am Beispiel der Daten des Genfer Registers über die Brustkrebspatientinnen erläutert.

     

Prognostic factors for pulmonary tuberculosis outcome in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil]

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this case-control study was to identify prognostic factors for the outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis among 297 patients who were treated between 1994 and 1999 at the Federal University of Pernambuco Clinics Hospital, in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: The cases were defined as individuals whose treatment ended in death, dropout, or failure. The controls were persons whose treatment ended in cure. The following independent variables were submitted to uni- and multivariate analyses: sex, age, schooling, being a smoker, consuming alcohol, previous treatment for tuberculosis, response to the tuberculin test, HIV serology, resistance to antimicrobial agents, results of direct investigation of alcohol- and acid-resistant bacilli, and treatment approach used. After that, the uni- and multivariate analyses were repeated, including as cases only deaths and individuals with treatment failure. RESULTS: Four risk factors for tuberculosis treatment failure were found: excessive alcohol intake (odds ratio (OR) = 2.58; P = 0.014), co-infection with HIV (OR = 3.40; P = 0.028), previous tuberculosis treatment (OR = 4.89; P < 0.001), and resistance to two or more antituberculosis drugs (OR = 3.49; P = 0.017). In the second multivariate analysis, which excluded dropout cases, no association was found between treatment outcome and excessive alcohol consumption, but the other associations remained. This result suggests a close relationship between alcoholism and treatment dropout. CONCLUSIONS: In the group that was studied the prognostic factors for failure of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment were interrelated and were of a biological, clinical, and social character. These factors should be identified at the beginning of treatment in order to allow implementation of specific follow-up procedures such as the strategy of directly observed treatment. This would strengthen tuberculosis control at the local level.     

Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder]

A 64-year-old male patient was reported, surveying radiology and pathology of the adenomyomatosis. The authors emphasize the role of high resolution ultrasound and computer tomography in the diagnosis of gallbladder adenomyomatosis. Intramural cystic formation (anechoic diverticula) with echogenic foci and/or reverberation artifacts together with a full or a partial thickening of the gallbladder's wall was considered as the diagnostic criteria of the ultrasound examinations. They assist in finding the proper way among the difficulties of the different diagnosis, in the same time call the attention for the frequently misdiagnosed cases.     

Surgery for carcinoma of the gallbladder. Our experience

BACKGROUND: Carcinoma of the gallbladder is a gastrointestinal malignancy with a very poor prognosis. The 5-year survival rate amounts to less than 5% in most series. In this study we reviewed the results of surgical treatment for gallbladder carcinoma with special reference to extended radical procedures. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2000 we enrolled 36 patients (17 males and 19 females), 24 of whom were treated with simple cholecystectomy and 12 with radical resection (partial hepatectomy, regional lymphadenectomy, and common bile duct resection). The tumours were classified by stage using the criteria of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Stages, operative procedures, results of pathologic examinations and the outcome of the resected cases were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 2 postoperative deaths (0.55%). The mean follow-up period was 19.1 months (range 1-60). For stage I and II disease extended cholecystectomy had a better result than simple cholecystectomy: the 5-year survival rates were 38.4 versus 19%, respectively. For the patients with advanced stage III or IV gallbladder carcinoma, a significant advantage of survival resulted in case of liver resection as compared to surgical treatment without liver resection: the 5-year survival rates were 20 and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The survival of stage I-II patients was good. For the patients in higher stages the prognosis was significantly worse. In these cases more aggressive surgery may be needed.     

大肠癌患者生存时间影响因素分析

目的 探讨大肠癌患者生存时间的影响因素.方法 收集118例经病理学确诊、临床和随访资料完整的大肠癌患者资料,运用寿命表法估计生存率并使用Log-Rank检验进行比较.采用Cox比例风险回归模型进行因素的筛选和评价.结果 大肠癌患者1,3,5年生存率分别为83%,71%,67%.Log-Rank检验结果显示,国际肿瘤分期标准(TNM)分期结果、淋巴结有无转移和治疗方式与大肠癌患者生存时间相关.Cox比例风险回归模型筛选结果表明,年龄、治疗方式和TNM分期的结果对大肠癌患者生存时间有显著影响.结论 TNM分期结果的是影响大肠癌患者预后的重要影响因素,在大肠癌患者的治疗中应充分考虑到这一因素.     

广东省艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗后生存时间分析

目的分析广东省艾滋病患者接受抗病毒治疗后的生存状况,探讨影响患者治疗后生存时间的因素。方法利用国家统一使用的成人DataFax抗病毒治疗信息收集系统所收集的全省抗病毒治疗数据资料,采用COX比例风险模型对影响广东省艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗后生存时间的因素进行分析。结果共有1 307例接受抗病毒治疗的艾滋病患者纳入分析,其中66.7%的患者在出现艾滋病相关症状后才被检测出H IV阳性;52.3%开始治疗时已经进入临床Ⅲ期,29.9%进入了临床Ⅳ期;88.2%的人开始治疗时CD4+T细胞低于200个/μL。1 307例中死亡80例(6.1%),停药37例(2.8%),失访227例(17.4%),继续治疗963例(73.7%)。80例死亡者中治疗后生存时间最短的只有2 d,最长的3年多,92.5%的死亡发生在治疗后的1年内;963例仍在继续治疗,其中108例(11.2%)治疗已达3年以上。影响患者治疗后生存时间的保护因素是当需要时及时更换方案(RR=0.205)和治疗开始时较高的CD4+T细胞水平(RR=0.341),危险因素为较多的机会性感染(RR=1.149)。结论需要进一步采取措施以监测患者的CD4+T变化及机会...     

抗MDA5抗体阳性皮肌炎患者预后影响因素研究及生存分析

目的 探究抗黑色素瘤分化相关基因5（MDA5）抗体阳性皮肌炎患者的预后影响因素及生存分析。方法 选取四川大学华西医院2018年1月至2021年9月期间确诊的178名抗MDA5抗体阳皮肌炎患者,收集相关临床资料并进行随访,根据随访期内是否死亡将入选患者分为生存组和死亡组,采用 Cox 回归分析影响患者预后的因素,Kaplan-Meier法比较在快速进展型间质性肺病、吸烟情况、乳酸脱氢酶及白蛋白水平几种因素影响下的生存情况。结果 共纳入抗MDA5抗体阳性皮肌炎患者178例,其中生存组136例,死亡组42例,两组患者平均年龄（49.56±11.63）岁。多因素Cox回归结果显示,吸烟（HR=2.23,95%CI:1.06~4.66,P=0.033）、白蛋白<30g/L（HR=2.47,95%CI:1.15~5.31,P=0.021）、乳酸脱氢酶≥400IU/L（HR=2.70,95%CI:1.26~5.76,P=0.010）、合并快速进展型间质性肺病（HR=20.56,95%CI:2.64~159.97,P=0.004）是影响抗MDA5抗体阳性皮肌炎患者预后的因素。结论 吸烟、低白蛋白血症、高乳酸脱氢酶血症、合并快速进展型间质性肺病都可能是影响抗MDA5抗体阳性皮肌炎患者不良预后的因素,应密切关注患者患病期间各因素的变化情况,积极采取治疗措施,以改善患者预后。     

抑癌基因FHIT表达缺失与胆囊癌病理特征及预后的关系

目的观察胆囊癌中FHIT的表达改变与病理特征及预后的关系，探讨FHIT在胆囊癌恶性起源中的作用，评价FHIT表达缺失在胆囊癌根治术后预后判断中的作用。方法收集临床资料完整的石蜡包埋胆囊癌标本43例及慢性胆囊炎标本43例，免疫组化SP法测定FHIT的表达，对所有43例胆囊癌进行为期2年的随访。结果胆囊癌组织FHIT表达低于癌旁组织和慢性胆囊炎的表达（χ^2=31．74，P=0．000），且FHIT表达随三组间组织恶性程度的升高而下降，其表达阳性率分别为83．72％、48．84％、23．26％。胆囊癌男性女性FHIT的表达阳性率相当（χ^2=0．03，P：0．866），60岁以上者和60岁以下者表达阳性率相当（χ^2=0．22，P=0．637）。胆囊癌临床分期更晚期者、组织学分型恶性程度更高者，其FHIT的表达更低（χ^2=4．47，P=0．035；χ^2=8．33，P=0．015）。并且，FHIT的表达和胆囊癌的临床分期（rs=-0．56，P=0．031）、组织学分型（rs=-0．68，P=0．014）均呈负相关。log-rank检验显示：FHIT阳性表达的患者术后生存要明显优于FHIT阴性表达者（χ^2=4．11，P=0．042）。COX模型显示：患者的年龄、临床分期、组织学分期及FHIT的表达缺失是影响预后的独立因素。FHIT阴性表达者预后与阳性表达者相对危险度RR为2．89，95％可信区间为[2．46—3．32]。结论FHIT的表达缺失与胆囊癌病理特征有关，其表达缺失在胆囊癌的恶性发生发展中可能起到一定作用；FHIT的表达缺失是判断胆囊癌预后的一个的独立因素。     

Prognostic factors in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory joint disease, affecting primarily the small joints of the hands and feet symmetrically and characterized by joint destruction, progressive disability, and premature death. Rheumatoid arthritis shows a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes from mild disease to severe arthritis. Aggressive disease implies a rapidly progressive course affecting most joints, with little or no response to drug therapy, and sometimes complicated by life-threatening extraarticular involvement. The eventual multiple joint destruction requires major surgery, and severe disability results in loss of occupation and dependence on others. Many prospective cohort studies have attempted to predict outcomes and develop prognostic markers, especially in early disease. Probably most useful are those factors that independent of disease activity, such as the presence of rheumatoid factor, the so-called shared epitope of HLA-DR. In addition, clinical indicators (e.g., higher affected joint counts, the presence of extra-articular features, subcutaneous nodules, considerable degree of physical disability at onset), laboratory variables (e.g., longstanding increased acute-phase response, decreased hemoglobin) are indicating a poor prognosis. Some sociodemographic markers, such as female sex and a lower level of formal education are associated with a poor prognosis. An ideal prognostic marker should be reliable, simple, accurate and independent of the stage and inflammatory activity of RA so that they can be used early of the disease. Patients with a poor outcome should be treated promptly and aggressively with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs to limit or prevent further disease progression.     

山东省AIDS患者生存时间及影响因素分析

目的 分析山东省艾滋病(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)患者的生存状况,探讨生存时间的影响因素.方法 分析山东省1992-2012年确诊的AIDS患者的随访生存状况资料.生存率的计算和估计分别用寿命表法和乘积极限法,影响因素分析用Cox回归分析.结果 1 345例AIDS患者中经异性传播占44.5％,经输血(血制品)或采血(浆)占23.2％,经同性传播占21.8％;医疗机构和检测咨询分别报告41.9％和39.5％;98.1％接受抗病毒治疗;320例死于艾滋病相关疾病.中位生存时间为117.6个月,13年生存率为71.6％.多因素Cox回归分析显示,性别、民族、文化程度、传播途径、样本来源、抗病毒治疗情况及AIDS确诊时CD4+T淋巴细胞计数对AIDS患者生存时间的影响均有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05).结论 扩大监测检测、扩大抗病毒治疗对延长AIDS患者生存时间具有重要意义.