64排螺旋CT三维重建在内镜鼻窦手术中的应用价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT三维重建技术在内镜鼻窦手术中的应用价值。方法 50例临床诊断为副鼻窦疾病患者经螺旋CT扫描多平面重建结合轴位综合分析,观察窦口鼻道复合体的解剖结构及变异情况,准确测量手术区域空间数值。结果 MPR图像清晰显示窦口鼻道复合体(OMC)、眶周、颅底以及鼻窦复合体的解剖变异等区域的精细结构,为手术提供安全的空间数值,50例患者CT检查结果及测量数据与内镜手术所见符合率高。结论螺旋CT多平面重建对安全实施鼻内镜手术有指导作用,并能提高手术成功率,降低并发症发生,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

经鼻蝶内镜下鞍区手术后颅底多层重建技术

目的探讨内镜下鞍区手术后颅底多层重建技术的应用价值。方法收集病例12例,其中颅咽管瘤4例,鞍区脑膜瘤3例,巨大垂体瘤5例,均行内镜下经鼻蝶扩大入路肿瘤切除术,术中采用多层重建技术进行颅底重建。结果所有病例术后及随访3-6个月均未出现脑脊液漏和张力性气颅等并发症。结论内镜下经鼻蝶鞍区手术后颅底多层重建技术是一种简单安全有效的方法。     

导航引导下内镜辅助远外侧锁孔入路的解剖学研究

背景：影像引导神经外科、内镜辅助神经外科和锁孔入路是微侵袭神经外科三个重要组成部分,在治疗颅底疾病中发挥了重要作用。我们通过尸头解剖研究发现导航引导下内镜辅助远外侧锁孔入路能够良好的显露腹侧颅颈交界区的结构。 方法：对5例（10侧）尸头标本模拟远外侧锁孔入路,术中用神经导航实时定位,并做定量研究,分别用显微镜和内镜观察颅底结构。随后磨除后内侧1/3枕髁和颈静脉结节,再次用显微镜观察,最后测量和比较内镜和显微镜下各标本岩斜区的显露面积。实验数据采用Student-Newman-Keuls检验和方差分析进行统计学研究。 结果：借助神经导航和角度内镜,通过面听神经、后组颅神经间的三个间隙能够近距离观察颅底结构,还能观察被颈静脉结节和枕髁遮挡的结构。0度内镜辅助远外侧髁后锁孔入路时岩斜区的显露面积为756.28 ± 50.73 mm2,明显大于单纯手术显微镜下的显露面积756.28 mm2,0度和30度内镜辅助下的显露面积分别为1147.80±159.57 mm2 and 1409.94±155.18 mm2,优于远外侧经髁经结节锁孔入路(1066.26±165.06 mm2) (p < 0.05)。 结论：借助内镜和神经导航,远外侧髁后锁孔入路能够良好的显露腹侧颅颈交界区,角度内镜能够明显扩大岩斜区的显露范围,避免磨除颈静脉结节和部分枕髁。     

Anatomical study of endoscope-assisted far lateral keyhole approach to the ventral craniocervical region with neuronavigational guidance

Background Image-guided neurosurgery,endoscopic-assisted neurosurgery and the keyhole approach are three important parts of minimally invasive neurosurgery and have played a significant role in treating skull base lesions.This study aimed to investigate the potential usefulness of coupling of the endoscope with the far lateral keyhole approach and image guidance at the ventral craniocervical junction in a cadaver model.Methods We simulated far lateral keyhole approach bilaterally in five cadaveric head specimens (10 cranial hemispheres).Computed tomography-based image guidance was used for intraoperative navigation and for quantitative measurements.Skull base structures were observed using both an operating microscope and a rigid endoscope.The jugular tubercle and one-third of the occipital condyle were then drilled,and all specimens were observed under the microscope again.We measured and compared the exposure of the petroclivus area provided by the endoscope and by the operating microscope.Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test.Results With endoscope assistance and image guidance,it was possible to observe the deep ventral craniocervical junction structures through three nerve gaps (among facial-acoustical nerves and the lower cranial nerves) and structures normally obstructed by the jugular tubercle and occipital condyle in the far lateral keyhole approach.The surgical area exposed in the petroclival region was significantly improved using the 0° endoscope (1147.80 mm2) compared with the operating microscope ((756.28±50.73) mm2).The far lateral retrocondylar keyhole approach,using both 0° and 30° endoscopes,provided an exposure area ((1147.80±159.57) mm2 and (1409.94±155.18) mm2,respectively) greater than that of the far lateral transcondylar transtubercular keyhole approach ((1066.26±165.06) mm2) (P ＜0.05).Conclusions With the aid of the endoscope and image guidance,it is possible to approach the ventral craniocervical junction with the far lateral keyhole approach.The use of an angled-lens endoscope can significantly improve the exposure of the petroclival region without drilling the jugular tubercle and occipital condyle.     

鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变的疗效

目的 探讨鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2014年6月至2016年7月滁州市第一人民医院应用鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路治疗36例上颌窦良性病变患者的临床资料.结果 36例患者均在鼻内镜下彻底切除,患者完整随访4~12个月,无复发,无鼻腔干燥、面部麻木等并发症.1例患者术后1个月出现术眼的溢泪,经眼科会诊考虑泪总管阻塞,给予置管处理后缓解.结论 鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路手术治疗上颌窦良性病变可保留鼻腔正常结构、减小手术创伤、彻底清理上颌窦腔内病变,降低手术复发率,是切除上颌窦良性病灶的一种可靠的微创入路和方法.     

A new plastic model of endoscopic technique training for endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

Background Endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is a minimally invasive surgical technique for the removal of sellar and parasellar lesions, which has been progressively accepted by neurosurgeons. However, frustration is often expressed by neurosurgeons when first attempting endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery. To overcome the learning curve from microscope to endoscope in a smooth way, a new human nasal model has been developed. The present study assessed this new model of the human paranasal sinuses for endonasal surgery training, particularly for endonasal pituitary surgery training. Methods The procedure for endonasat transsphenoidal endoscopy was performed using this model. Three approaches were used to observe the endonasal structures and sphenoidal sinus： paraseptal; middle turbinectomy; and middle meatal. Attempts were made to identify anatomical landmarks in the nasal cavity and sphenoidal sinus. Model landmarks were compared with those in a cadaver and a real patient. Results This model precisely reproduced nasal bone structure. Compared with cadavers and living bodies, intranasal structures displayed very good color and texture, providing a close facsimile of the operative environment, and good morphology, with similar hardness and tactile feel on resection. All intranasal anatomical landmarks were easily identified, including choanae, inferior, middle and superior turbinates, and even the natural ostium of the sphenoidal sinus. Conclusion This human nasal model is very useful for training neurosurgeons in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, but typical anatomical landmarks in the posterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus in this model should be improved.     

内镜引导下经口-咽后壁入路下斜坡脊索瘤切除手术初探

目的 介绍经内镜下斜坡脊索瘤切除的手术方法,探讨内镜在下斜坡脊索瘤手术中的应用价值。方法 3例下斜坡脊索瘤,均采取内镜引导下经口-咽后壁入路进行肿瘤切除。结果 术后MRI显示2例肿瘤获得全切,1例次全切除;患者术后均未出现严重并发症,无手术后遗症;术后随访6个月～2年,1例术后1年死亡,2例无瘤生存。结论 内镜弓1导下经口-咽后壁入路切除下斜坡脊索瘤具有手术径路短,周围组织结构损伤小,术后恢复快,无严重并发症和后遗症等优点;特别是采用不同视角的内镜能显示并切除其他手术方法所不能显示的位于隐蔽解剖区域的病变,更有利于肿瘤的彻底切除,是切除下斜坡脊索瘤较好的手术方法。     

内镜下经气管入路甲状腺切除术的应用解剖及临床意义

目的通过研究经气管的解剖通路及毗邻的解剖结构,探讨经此路径行甲状腺切除术的安全可行性。方法在5具固定标本上参照气管入路对口腔、咽部及颈前部逐层解剖,并确定其解剖路径及层次。15具(未经防腐固定的)标本上运用动脉预灌注血管铸型,计算机X线断层扫描,薄层冰冻铣切等方法,对甲状腺及毗邻术区的解剖结构作系统研究。结果经气管的操作通道为自固有口腔,经咽峡、会厌下缘、喉咽、喉中间腔区域,移行至气管颈部区,在气管软骨环前壁作矢状切口至甲状腺术区。声带在外展位通过CT扫描,其形似梯形,矢状位高(长)男性为(20.12±3.25)mm,女性为(15.68±2.56)mm,前部宽为(2.10±0.50)mm,后部宽为(9.00±0.80)mm,中部上下厚为(5.00±0.85)mm,声门裂外展位横径为(5.50±1.45)mm是喉腔最狭窄之处。结论完全内镜行甲状腺切除术经气管入路作为在人体自然通道中实施的有创性操作,具有解剖学的安全性及可行性。     

ENDOSCOPY ASSISTED TRANSSPHENOIDAL PITUITARY SURGERY

Objective To discuss the surgical procedures and its advantages and disadvantages.Methods Theunilateral trans-septal endonasal approach was employed. Zero degree neuroendoscope was used for nasal mucosal dissection and exploration of anterior wall of sphenoid sinus. The sphenoidotomy was done with the anatomic landmark of inferior margin of middle turbinate and ostia . After the identification of internal carotid artery and optic nerve, the pituitary fossa was opened. Then cut the dura , the margin between adenoma and normal tissue was very clear under endoscope. tumor can be removed safely. There were two patients with suprasellar extension, 30-degree endoscope was used and excellent visualization and tumor removal were obtained. Results No severe complication occurred. Conclusion Endoscopic assisted transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is practical because the operation is done under excellent illumination and visualization.     

内镜下扩大经鼻手术入路治疗颅底中线病变研究进展

内镜下扩大经鼻入路是在扩大经鼻蝶入路和神经内镜的广泛应用的基础上发展而来的。随着相关解剖的研究进展,手术适应证已经扩展至处理颅底中线病变,如鞍上、鞍前、鞍后、鞍旁、斜坡和颅颈交界处等方面病变。现就以上各方面国内外相关解剖及临床研究新进展进行综述。     

神经内镜经蝶手术三维可透视化模型的构建及术前规划作用的研究

目的:采用虚拟现实技术构建内镜经蝶手术三维可透视化模型,并探讨其在神经内镜下经蝶鞍区手术规划中的应用价值。方法:选取36例经MRI诊断为鞍区肿瘤的患者,术前收集薄层CT、MRI、MRA资料,采用Vitreafx影像学数据工作站构建蝶鞍区三维可透视化模型,观测解剖结构相关入路标志及与肿瘤的空间位置关系,模拟手术操作,并与神经内镜下实际手术过程进行对比。结果:所有患者建立的三维可透视化模型均显示出清晰的解剖定位标志,即蝶鞍区骨质、蝶窦间隔、颈内动脉隆突、视神经隆突、视神经、肿瘤等及与肿瘤毗邻关系;手术规划方案及手术入路成功制定,术前模拟与术中实际情况一致。结论:所建三维可透视化模型较真实,可为术者提供清晰的立体解剖信息,为手术前期的规划提供有效帮助;术前模拟手术入路方式,可减少实际术中风险,提高手术精确性和安全性。     

扩大经蝶窦人路内镜下的解剖特点

目的 为扩大经蝶窦入路提供内镜解剖学资料.方法 选择经10%甲醛固定、红色乳胶灌注双侧颈内及椎动脉的中国人成人带颈头颅标本20例行内镜入路相关数据测量;另选5例头颅标本,运用内镜模拟扩大经蝶窦入路对其相关结构进行解剖、观察、测量、照相.结果 扩大经蝶窦入路可清晰显示鞍上、海绵窦、斜坡等区域的解剖结构.(1)内镜下鼻腔的标志有上中下鼻甲、蝶腭动脉等.蝶窦内有鞍底、斜坡凹陷及视神经、颈内动脉隆突等解剖标志.(2)内镜下蝶骨平板、鞍结节、鞍底、斜坡为中线区,内1/3视神经管及颈内动脉隆突为中线旁区,视神经-颈内动脉隐窝及上颌神经、下颌神经隆突为外侧区.(3)内镜下颈内动脉分为鞍旁段及斜坡旁段,前者细分为隐匿段、下水平段、前垂直段及上水平段,下水平段较实际长度明显变短.结论 内镜下扩大经蝶窦入路可以清晰暴露邻近蝶窦的颅内及海绵窦内结构,提供从前方角度处理该区域病变的新途径.     

超声内镜在上消化道隆起性病变诊断和治疗中的价值

目的 评估超声内镜在上消化道隆起性病变诊断及治疗中的价值。方法 用超声内镜对70例上消化道隆起性病变进行检查。结果 息肉5例,平滑肌瘤25例,平滑肌肉瘤3例,脂肪瘤3例,异位胰腺3例,静脉曲张3例,并明确了起源层次,壁外压迫28例。对起源于粘膜层、粘膜肌层及粘膜下层的部分病变进行内镜治疗,对起源于固有肌层的部分病变进行手术治疗,其超声内镜与病理诊断一致。结论 超声内镜能对上消化道隆起性病变进行起源和初步定性诊断,对粘膜下肿瘤治疗方案的选择具有重要的指导意义。     

泪前隐窝入路术式治疗不同上颌窦病变的临床效果

目的 探讨鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路术式治疗不同上颌窦病变的可行性、适应证和临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2017年8月至2019年8月于南京医科大学附属无锡第二医院进行鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路术式治疗不同上颌窦病变的25例患者临床资料,分析其性别、年龄、病变部位、病理结果 ,评价手术效果。结果 对患者随访6～24个月后,其主要症状是鼻塞和鼻部分泌物,所有病例都能够在鼻内镜直视下充分暴露上颌窦的各壁,完全切除病变,术后无鼻泪管损伤、无鼻甲萎缩等并发症。术后全部病例临床症状逐渐好转,上颌窦窦口通畅,窦腔上皮化良好,下鼻甲形态好,未见复发。最常见的不良反应是暂时性面颊部或牙齿麻木,发生率为12%。结论 鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路术式能够充分显露上颌窦各壁,能够在直视下最大程度切除病变,操作方便。手术创伤小,并发症少,疗效满意。     

内镜下眶上硬膜外入路海绵窦区显微解剖学研究

目的 探讨内镜下眶上硬膜外入路海绵窦区的显露范围及显微解剖结构,为临床神经外科提供解剖学依据。方法 对20具新鲜尸头使用4 mm 0°、30°内镜观察,鉴别与入路有关的解剖标志。结果 内镜下眶上硬膜外入路可分为3个步骤：内镜进入前颅窝底、内镜进一步进入中颅窝及眶骨膜、内镜下暴露海绵窦上壁及外侧壁。该入路内镜下可以清晰地暴露海绵窦侧壁显微解剖,尤其是Dolence三角、Parkinson三角和Mullan三角。结论 内镜下眶上硬膜外入路可以通过微侵袭手段较好地显示海绵窦区显微解剖,是一种值得推广的手术方法。     

Craniopharyngioma involving supfrasellar region and sphenoid sinus: case report

Craniopharyngiomas are benign, epithelial, slow-growing neoplasms that generally develop either in the suprasellar region or in both the suprasellar and intrasellar regions. They rarely occurs in the infrasellar region. Based on embryologic development of adenohypophysis, the tumor can arise along the path of the craniopharyngeal duct. We report on an 8- year-old boy who presented to us with headache and anorexia for several weeks during May 1999. Brain MRI revealed a huge sphenoid tumor. The tumor was completely excised by functional endoscopic sinus surgery on 12th August 1999. The postoperative course was smooth and no evidence of tumor recurrence was found on his latest follow-up visit in February, 2000. From the clinical experience with this case, functional endoscopic sinus surgery is an alternative and a less-harmful surgical procedure for this kind of benign sphenoid tumor. Moreover, embryology development, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic method and treatment of craniopharyngioma are discussed.     

鞍区生殖细胞瘤合并妊娠病例报告并文献综述

目的分析妊娠合并鞍区生殖细胞瘤的关系,并探讨鞍区生殖细胞瘤的影像特征。方法对1例鞍区生殖细胞瘤孕妇患者行MRI检查误诊为垂体大腺瘤,结合病理及免疫组化诊断为鞍区生殖细胞瘤,总结鞍区生殖细胞瘤的影像诊断特点,并与鞍区其它肿瘤（垂体大腺瘤、脑膜瘤）进行对比研究,并对妊娠合并生殖细胞瘤相关文献回顾分析。结果本例鞍区生殖细胞瘤发生于孕37周的孕妇,MRI影像于垂体窝内见一等T1稍长T2软组织信号肿块,增强肿块明显不均匀强化,病灶突向鞍上池,双侧海绵窦受压,蝶鞍扩大。患者急诊行剖宫产术,3天后急诊全麻下行内镜经鼻蝶肿瘤切除术,标本行病理及免疫组化检查,诊断为鞍区生殖细胞瘤。结论妊娠合并鞍区生殖细胞瘤非常罕见,其影像表现容易误诊为垂体大腺瘤及脑膜瘤,需结合临床表现及影像学特点综合诊断。     

微侵袭神经内镜技术的应用

目的总结和分析内镜技术在神经外科的应用,探讨内镜在神经外科临床疾病诊断治疗中的意义.方法应用神经内镜技术和内镜辅助的显微神经外科技术诊断治疗各种神经外科疾病患者1 300例.其中单纯应用神经内镜手术522例,内镜辅助显微神经外科260例,内镜引导下锁孔手术79例,内镜引导下经鼻蝶手术治疗鞍区病变434例,其他方法5例.结果脑积水362例全部应用单纯内镜技术,其中三脑室底造瘘190例,辅助分流管放置30例,另有142例复杂性脑积水和不对称性脑积水施行内镜下脑室病理分隔造瘘、透明隔造瘘和炎性脑室治疗,术后94.2%(341/362)的患者临床症状得到改善.颅内各种囊肿160例,行单纯内镜下摘除和部分摘除及囊肿脑室造瘘82例,92.7%(76/82)的患者临床症状好转;行内镜锁孔下手术70例,辅助显微神经外科8例,均全部切除囊肿,术后恢复良好.260例颅内肿瘤中252例在内镜辅助的显微神经外科下切除(其中190例为胆脂瘤),8例在单纯内镜下切除,均为脑室内小于2.5 cm的肿瘤,术后87.7%(228/260)的患者临床症状得到改善.脑室、脑池内囊虫49例,40例在单纯内镜下摘除,9例在内镜下锁孔摘除,手术顺利,术后均改善症状.内镜引导下经鼻蝶手术治疗鞍区病变434例,其中垂体瘤387例,脑脊液漏修补19例,脊索瘤9例,其他19例,88.9%(386/434)的患者临床症状得到改善.另有5例患者采用导航立体定向配合内镜技术,手术效果良好.2%(26/1 300)的患者术后出现并发症,表现为术中出血、感染、重要结构损伤.结论神经内镜技术的应用可以减少以往单纯开颅手术带来的创伤,在尽可能保护正常组织的同时,最大限度的去除病变,有助于提高疗效,减少并发症.     

桥小脑角胆脂瘤的显微外科治疗

目的：总结桥小脑角(CPA)胆脂瘤的显微外科手术入路和神经内镜辅助手术。方法：28例桥小脑角胆脂瘤，采用枕下开颅乙状窦后入路16例、颞枕开颅颠下小脑幕入路10例、颞枕开颅幕上下联合入路2例。其中5例手术应用神经内镜辅助。结果：肿瘤全切除21例，近全切除7例，无手术死亡。结论：枕下开颅乙状窦后入路适用于胆脂瘤位于CPA以及由CPA向斜坡生长者；颞枕开颅颞下小脑慕入路适用于CPA胆脂瘤向岩骨尖斜坡及幕上鞍区发展者；巨大胆脂瘤同时累及CPA、鞍区和下斜坡时采用颞枕开颅幕上下联合入路。神经内镜辅助有助于减小手术创伤，提高肿瘤全切率。     

额窦病变手术径路选择及疗效分析

目的：探讨额窦病变手术径路选择,并分析疗效。方法回顾性分析28例（30侧）额窦病变,包括额窦炎、额窦囊肿、脓囊肿、骨瘤等,其中17例采用鼻内镜手术,11例采用鼻内镜联合鼻外双径路。结果术后随访3～12个月,全部病例症状改善或消失,没有出现严重手术并发症。结论鼻内镜下手术无法完全处理或内镜不能安全达到的额窦后壁或额窦病变部位于超过瞳孔中央假想垂直线外侧的可采取鼻内镜联合额窦前壁开窗双径路手术。术前充分阅读 CT,选择适当的手术方式,术中仔细辨认解剖结构,精确定位,可避免严重并发症的发生。术前的综合治疗及术后的定期复查、清理术腔也至关重要。