2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸和C反应蛋白与颈动脉内膜中层厚度关系

目的观察2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）和C反应蛋白（CRP）与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）的关系，探讨其对糖尿病患者并发动脉粥样硬化（AS）的发病机制及临床意义。方法对62例初诊2型糖尿病患者根据颈动脉IMT分为IMT正常组及IMT增厚组，分别进行血脂、血浆Hcy、CRP的测定。并选择30例健康对照组，进行比较及相关性分析。结果糖尿病组Hcy、CRP高于健康对照组（P〈0．05）。糖尿病IMT增厚组Hcy、CRP显著高于IMT正常组（P〈0．05），且糖尿病患者血Hcy和CRP与颈动脉IMT均呈正相关（P〈0．05、P〈0．01），Hcy与CRP也相关（P〈0．05）。结论血Hcy和CRP在预测2型糖尿病患者早期动脉粥样硬化有重要的临床意义，炎症反应可能是高Hcy促AS重要的机制之一。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平、颈动脉内膜中层厚度与内瘘闭塞的关系

目的 探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血浆总同型半胱氨酸（tHcy）浓度与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）之间的相关性及其在动静脉内瘘栓塞发生中的作用。方法 选择上海市静安中心医院和解放军第455医院MHD患者120例，根据其在半年内是否有过1次或1次以上的动静脉内瘘栓塞事件，将其分为动静脉内瘘栓塞组（AVFT）和动静脉内瘘非栓塞组（NAVFT），所有患者采用Phllips Iu22彩色多普勒超声仪测量IMT，于透析日抽空腹血测定血浆tHcy、叶酸（FA）、VitB12、肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（Bun）、血糖（glu）、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、胆固醇（Ch）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）。结果 MHD患者高同型半胱氨酸血症（HHcy）发生率为90％，是正常人的34．6倍，其血浆tHcy水平（27．6±8．3）μmol／L明显高于正常对照组（7．5±1．7）μmol／L，P〈0．01。AVFT组tHcy血浆浓度、IMT平均值明显高于NAVFT组，P〈0．01，tHcy〉40μmol／L的患者数也明显多于NAVFT组，P〈0．05；MHD患者血浆tHcy浓度与IMT呈明显正相关，r=0．362，P〈0．01。结论 MHD患者普遍存在HHcy，HHcy可能是动静脉内瘘栓塞的重要原因之一。     

糖耐量低减患者血清C反应蛋白与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性分析

目的观察糖耐量低减（IGT）患者血清C反应蛋白（CRP）和颈动脉内膜中层厚度的变化及其相互关系。方法检测34例IGT患者和30例正常糖代谢人群（NGT）一般临床资料及血清CRP水平，同时应用高分辨彩色B超测定颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）。所有受试者均行75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）。结果IGT组血清CRP、颈动脉平均IMT、增厚阳性率均显著高于NGT组（P〈0．05）；IGT患者血清CRP与颈动脉平均IMT呈正相关（P〈0．05），颈动脉平均IMT与OGTT 2h血糖、BMI也成正相关（r值为0．31、0．48，P〈0．05），而与FBG无明显相关性。结论炎症反应在IGT状态已经存在，且此阶段动脉涮样硬化性血管病变危险性已明显增加，炎症反应参与了IGT及其AS的发展与发展。     

原发性高血压患者颈动脉硬化与炎症因子及血脂的相关性

【目的】探讨原发性高血压患者颈动脉硬化与炎症因子及血脂的相关性。【方法】选取原发性高血压患者91例及血压正常者42例,应用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）及斑块情况,根据颈动脉超声检测结果将高血压组分为伴颈动脉硬化组（IMT≥0．9mm）40例和无颈动脉硬化组（IMT〈0．9mm）51例。测定超敏c反应蛋白（hsCRP）、白细胞介素1（IL-1）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）及血脂。【结果】①高血压组收缩压、舒张压、TC、LDL-C及颈动脉斑块发生率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,②高血压组hs—CRP、IL—1、TNFa、颈动脉IMT值均明显高于对照组,且高血压患者中颈动脉硬化组hs—CRP、IL-1、TNF-α、颈动脉IMT值均明显高于无颈动脉硬化组（P〈O．05）,③在高血压患者,颈动脉IMT与hs—CRP（r=0．426;P〈0．05）、IL-1（r=0．327;P〈0．05）、TNF-α（r=0．284;P〈0．05）呈正相关。多元逐步回归分析表明：在高血压患者中,收缩压、hsCRP及LDL-C是影响高血压患者颈动脉IMT增厚的主要危险因素。【结论】高血压患者颈动脉硬化的形成与血压增高、炎症因子及血脂异常有关。     

2型糖尿病患者高同型半胱氨酸血症与大血管病变的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Homocysteine，Hcy）水平与大血管并发症的关系。方法 应用电化学发光法测定69例2型糖尿病患者的血浆总同型半胱氨酸（tHcy）水平，分析2型糖尿病患者血浆tHcy水平与大血管并发症之间的关系。结果 高Hcy组高血压、冠心病、脑血管病变发生率均高于正常Hcy组（均P〈0．05）。结论 高Hcy血症与2型糖尿病的大血管病变关系密切。     

尿毒症患者微炎症状况与心血管事件的相关性研究

目的 探讨维持性血液透析患者微炎症与心血管事件及存活率的关系。方法 回顾性分析广东省人民医院肾内科维持性血液透析患者178例，以超敏C反应蛋白（C-reactive protein，CRP）作为微炎症标志物，按观察开始时血清超敏CRP水平分为2组：超敏CRP正常组87例，超敏CRP升高组91例。定期监测血液透析患者的血压、超敏CRP、血红蛋白（Hb）、白蛋白（Alb）、血脂、血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Scr），计算尿素清除指数（Kf／V），B超测定心脏左心房前后径（LAD）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、左心室前后径（LVD）、左心室重量指数（LVMI）及左心室射血分数（LVEF）。回顾性分析60个月，观察两组心血管事件发生率，心血管疾病致死率和总死亡率的情况。利用统计学分析两组患者CRP与心室结构功能的关系，两组生存曲线及评价微炎症与死亡危险度的关系。结果 存在微炎症的超敏C-反应蛋白升高组心室结构指标LAD、IVST、LVD、LVMI均大于正常组（P〈0．05）；而LVEF低于正常组（P〈0．05），血清超敏C反应蛋白水平与LAD、IVST、LVD、LVIM呈正相关（严0．298，r=0．331，r=0．321，r=0．342，P均〈0．05），而与LVEF呈显著负相关（r=0．343，P〈0．01）。超敏C-反应蛋白升高组心血管事件发生率及心血管事件死亡率明显高于正常组（P〈0．05）；60个月存活率升高组较正常组显著降低（P〈0．05）。生存分析显示，血清超敏CRP独立于性别、年龄、维持透析时间、血浆白蛋白、血脂、平均动脉压等因素之外，与死亡危险度显著相关（P〈0．05）。结论 尿毒症患者存在微炎症时超敏-CRP持续增高，持续增高的超敏-CRP是心血管事件发生率的独立危险因素，也是判断血液透析患者预后的重要预测因子。     

同型半胱氨酸和 C-反应蛋白水平与冠状动脉病变相关性分析

目的研究同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）和C-反应蛋白（CRP）与冠心病病变程度的关系。方法选取123例行冠状动脉造影的患者,分为正常对照组、冠心病组、单支病变组、双支病变组、多支病变组,采集患者早晨空腹静脉血,选罗氏生化分析仪检测血脂、血糖、Hcy和CRP。所有对象行冠状动脉造影检查,根据造影结果分为正常对照组、冠心病组、单支病变组、双支病变组、多支病变组,比较各组间的Hcy和CRP水平。结果冠心病患者血清Hcy水平高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,且单支病变组、双支病变组、多支病变组血清Hcy水平逐渐升高（P〈0．05）;CRP水平高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,随着冠状动脉病变支数增加,血清CRP水平逐渐升高（P〈0．05）。结论血清Hcy与CRP水平与冠心病病变程度可能有相关性,可作为监测冠心病严重程度的指标。     

感染幽门螺杆菌的慢性萎缩性胃炎患者血清hs-CRP水平及其与Cag-A的关系

目的：探讨感染幽门螺杆菌（HP）的慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）患者血清超敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）水平及其与HP细胞毒素相关基因CagA的关系。方法：以ELISA法检测CAG组患者血清hsCRP水平和CagA—IgG，并与无临床症状（As）感染者及健康对照者进行比较。结果：CAG组血清hs—CRP平均值（1．30±0．34）mg／L明显高于AS组（0．19±0．03）mg／L和健康对照组（0．11±0．03）mg／L（P均〈0．01），AS组血清hs—CRP平均值显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）；CAG组CagA^＋HP与CagAHP患者之间血清hsCRP水平无明显差异，AS组CagA^＋HP与CagAHP入选者之间血清hsCRP水平亦无明显差异。结论：CAG组与AS组血清hs—CRP水平明显高于对照组。尽管HP感染可导致血清hs～CRP水平升高，但与是否表达CagA无关。     

血清脂联素及C反应蛋白与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系

目的探讨血清脂联素及C反应蛋白与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉平均内膜中层厚度（IMT）的相关性。方法测定89例2型糖尿病患者颈总动脉平均IMT、血清脂联素、（hs）CRP及其他生化指标,按颈总动脉平均IMT将患者分为内膜正常组、内膜增厚组、斑块形成组、管腔狭窄组,比较各组间血清脂联素、（hs）CRP水平。对颈总动脉内膜异常患者,采用多元回归分析,统计颈总动脉IMT和血清脂联素、（hs）CRP之间的关系。结果内膜正常组、内膜增厚组、斑块形成组、管腔狭窄组各组间血清脂联素水平逐渐降低,（hs）CRP水平逐渐增高,4组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。动脉硬化组中颈总动脉IMT与血清脂联素呈负相关（P〈0．01）、与（hs）CRP呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论血清脂联素、（hs）CRP可能与2型糖尿病患者颈总动脉IMT的增厚有关,提示2型糖尿病患者血清脂联素与（hs）CRP可协助诊断冠心病。     

炎症因子对维持性血液透析患者左心室重塑的影响

目的 通过观察白介素-1β（IL-1β）、白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-8（IL-8）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及C反应蛋白（CRP）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者心脏结构和功能相关指标的影响，探讨炎症因子对MHD患者左心室重塑的作用。方法 选择上海市闸北区中心医院肾内科血液净化中心透析龄超过3个月的MHD患者64例，病情稳定，己排除急性感染及其他活动性疾病，分别检测患者的各种炎症因子、并应用心脏超声心动图测定患者的左房内径（LAD）、左心室舒张末内径（LVDd）、左心室收缩末内径（LVDs）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、左心室后壁厚度（LVPWT），左心室射血分数（LVEF）等、计算左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI），分析MHD患者炎症因子对左心室重塑的影响。结果 MHD患者血清CRP、TNF-帷L-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平均显著高于正常对照组，二者差异有显著性（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）：MHD患者LAD、LVDd、IVST、LVPWT值均明显高于正常对照组，二者差异有显著性（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），LVEF值较正常对照组明显降低（P〈0．05），LVMI较正常对照组显著升高（P〈0．01），有统计学意义；CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α分别与LAD、LVDd、IVST、LVPWT、LVMI呈正相关（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），与LVEF呈负相关（P〈0．05）；CRP分别与IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α相互之间呈正相关（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6相互之间呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论 MHD患者存在微炎症状态，并且可能参与了左心室重塑的发生和发展。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.