胆囊结石并发急性胰腺炎的超声诊断价值

目的探讨胆囊结石并发急性胰腺炎的超声诊断价值。方法采用超声检查37例胆囊结石并发急性胰腺炎患者,观察胆囊内结石大小与数量并进行比较,同时观察胰腺大小形态、实质回声及周围情况。结果胆囊结石中83.8%（31/37）为多发性结石,其中80.6%（25/31）为直径小于0.9cm的小结石。结论多发性且直径小的胆囊结石患者急性胰腺炎的发病率明显增高。超声检查胆囊结石可为临床提供急性胰腺炎的可能病因,并为胆囊结石患者选择性地施行胆囊切除术提供影像学诊断依据。     

Management of gallstones and their complications

The accurate differentiation of gallstone-induced biliary colic from other abdominal disease processes is the most crucial step in the successful management of gallstone disease. Despite the availability of many imaging techniques to demonstrate the presence of gallstones, clinical judgment ultimately determines the association of symptoms with cholelithiasis and its complications. Adult patients with silent or incidental gallstones should be observed and managed expectantly, with few exceptions. In symptomatic patients, the intervention varies with the type of gallstone-induced complication. In this article, we review the salient clinical features, diagnostic tests and therapeutic options employed in the management of gallstones and their complications.     

胆囊结石并发急性胰腺炎的超声诊断及价值

目的：探讨胆囊结石并发急性胰腺炎的超声诊断及价值。方法：采用超声检查32例胆囊结石并发急性胰腺炎患者,观察胆囊内结石大小与数量并进行比较,同时观察胰腺大小、形态、实质回声及周围情况。结果：胆囊结石中81.1%（26/32）为多发性结石,其中81%（21/26）为直径〈0.9cm的小结石。结论：多发性且直径小的的胆囊结石患者并发急性胰腺炎的发病率明显增高。超声检查胆囊结石可为临床提供急性胰腺炎的可能病因,并为胆囊结石患者选择性地施行胆囊切除术提供影像学诊断依据。     

Cholecystectomy for asymptomatic gallstones: Markov decision tree analysis

Gallstones are a common public health problem, especially in developed countries. There are an increasing number of patients who are diagnosed with gallstones due to increasing awareness and liberal use of imaging, with 22.6%-80% of gallstone patients being asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Despite being asymptomatic, this group of patients are still at life-long risk of developing symptoms and complications such as acute cholangitis and acute biliary pancreatitis. Hence, while early prophylactic cholecystectomy may have some benefits in selected groups of patients, the current standard practice is to recommend cholecystectomy only after symptoms or complications occur. After reviewing the current evidence about the natural course of asymptomatic gallstones, complications of cholecystectomy, quality of life outcomes, and economic outcomes, we recommend that the option of cholecystectomy should be discussed with all asymptomatic gallstone patients. Disclosure of material information is essential for patients to make an informed choice for prophylactic cholecystectomy. It is for the patient to decide on watchful waiting or prophylactic cholecystectomy, and not for the medical community to make a blanket policy of watchful waiting for asymptomatic gallstone patients. For patients with high-risk profiles, it is clinically justifiable to advocate cholecystectomy to minimize the likelihood of morbidity due to complications.     

The role of ultrasound in biliary and pancreatic diseases

The possibilities and the limits of transabdominal ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of bilio-pancreatic diseases are reviewed here in the light of the last 10 years' research. US remains the method of choice for the diagnosis of gallstones and is generally accepted as an initial imaging technique in gallstone complications, such as acute cholecystitis. Moreover the method can be useful for the detection of the biliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and after liver transplantation. US is still considered the first diagnostic procedure when stones are suspected in the common bile duct. The use of color Doppler can provide a differential diagnosis of gallbladder cancer with respect to other benign inflammatory or polypoid lesions. Color Doppler US allows to detect vascular complications of acute pancreatitis such as pseudoaneurysms. US is still considered useful for the initial screening of the pancreatic cancer. However, for staging other imaging techniques must be employed. With US useful informations are obtained in the diagnosis of cystic tumors of the pancreas and of pancreatic metastases. US is generally of little use for the diagnosis of endocrine tumors.     

An Evaluation of Buffered Versus Nonbuffered Acetylsalicylic Acid

About 3 per cent of all cases of acute small-bowel obstruction are caused by gallstones. However, gallstone obstruction of the colon is quite rare. If such colonic obstruction does occur, it is usually in the sigmoid colon.

It has been reported that gallstones which cause intestinal obstruction usually are 2.5 cm. in diameter or larger and reach the intestine through internal biliary fistulas. The authors report a case of gallstone obstruction of a normal sigmoid colon in which the gallstone entered the colon through a cholecystocolonic fistula.     

Gallstones--surgical aspects

Between 10% to 15% of the adult population develop gallstones. Therefore, cholecystectomy is among the most common operations in general surgery. The diagnosis of cholelithiasis depends on the patient's history, clinical findings, laboratory tests and ultrasound examination. Once diagnosis of symptomatic gallbladder disease has been confirmed, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice. Its advantages in comparison with open surgery are decreased morbidity, costs and hospital stay. Open cholecystectomy is still the treatment of choice for complicated gallstone disease (i.e. cancer, Mirizzi's syndrome, severe inflammation) and in high-risk patients. In case of acute cholecystitis, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe procedure and is associated with the same benefits as for symptomatic disease.     

Evaluation and management of acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis(AP) is one of the most common gastrointestinal causes for hospi-talization in the United States. In 2015, AP accounted for approximately390000 hospitalizations. The burden of AP is only expected to increase over time.Despite recent advances in medicine, pancreatitis continues to be associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality. The most common cause of AP is gallstones, followed closely by alcohol use. The diagnosis of pancreatitis is established with any two of three following criteria:(1) Abdominal pain consistent with that of AP;(2) Serum amylase and/or lipase greater than three times the upper limit of normal; and(3) Characteristics findings seen in crosssectional abdominal imaging. Multiple criteria and scoring systems have been established for assessing severity of AP. The cornerstones of management include aggressive intravenous hydration, appropriate nutrition and pain management.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and surgery are important aspects in management of acute gallstone pancreatitis. We provide a comprehensive review of evaluation and management of AP.     

Genetics of gallstone disease

Background

Gallstone disease (GD) belongs to the most frequent disorders in gastroenterology and causes high costs in our health‐care systems. Gallstones are uncommon in children but frequent in adults, in particular in women, and are triggered by exogenous risk factors. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the contribution of inherited predisposition to gallstone risk.

Design

In this review, we present the current data and recent research on the genetics of gallstone disease.

Results

Several GD‐predisposing gene variants have been reported, with most prominent effects being conferred by a common variant (p.D19H) of the hepatic and intestinal cholesterol transporter ABCG5/G8. A smaller group of patients might develop gallstones primarily due low phosphatidylcholine concentrations in bile as a result of loss‐of‐function mutations of the ABCB4 transporter (low phospholipid‐associated cholelithiasis syndrome). Regardless of the origin, the risk factors for gallstones lead to the supersaturation of bile with insoluble compounds, in particular cholesterol. As result, cholesterol stones develop and present the most frequent type of gallstones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with low morbidity and mortality is currently the most common and effective method for the therapy of symptomatic gallbladder stones.

Conclusions

Gallstone disease represents a multifactorial condition and previous studies have identified the major genetic contributors to gallstone formation. The increasing knowledge about the pathomechanisms of hepatobiliary metabolism and GD as well as the identification of additional risk factors might help to overcome the current invasive therapy by specific lifestyle intervention and precise molecular treatment.     

Management of gallstones

Many patients with gallstones can be managed expectantly. Generally, only persons with symptoms related to the presence of gallstones (e.g., steady, nonparoxysmal pain lasting four to six hours located in the upper abdomen) or complications (such as acute cholecystitis or gallstone pancreatitis) warrant surgical intervention. Biliary pain is alleviated by cholecystectomy in the majority of cases. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the most cost-effective management strategy in the treatment of symptomatic gallstones. Medical management strategies are mostly palliative and are not widely supported. Patients with longer-lasting biliary pain, in combination with abdominal tenderness, fever, and/or leukocytosis, require an ultrasound evaluation to help establish a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Once a patient is diagnosed, having cholecystectomy early in the course of the disease can significantly reduce the hospital stay.     

胆囊癌合并胆囊结石的超声研究

目的 探讨易合并胆囊癌的高危胆囊结石声像图特征，为胆囊结石患者选择预防性胆囊切除提供影像学依据。方法 分析37例胆囊癌合并胆囊结石术前超声检查的声像图特点。结果 26例（71％）同时合并慢性胆囊炎。29例（78％）为单发结石且结石大小超过1cm。扫查时27例（73％）结石不移动。胆固醇性和混合性结石共33例（89％）。结论 单发、体积较大且移动性差的胆固醇性或混合性结石更倾向于合并胆囊癌，当超声检查发现上述特点，尤其是同时存在慢性胆囊炎时，提示有较强的预防性胆囊切除指征。     

Cholelithiasis: diagnosis and current therapeutic options

More than 20 million people in the United States have gallstones and some 500,000 cholecystectomies are done annually. The cost to the American public is approximately 1.5 billion dollars per year. Biliary pain or "colic" is the classic presenting symptom in gallstone disease, occurring in 5 to 10 percent of symptomatic patients. Of significance is that 10 to 30 percent of symptomatic patients will present with atypical complaints, while 80 percent of people with gallstones are asymptomatic. It is crucial that a detailed history of clients' symptoms be ascertained to ensure an accurate diagnosis. New treatment modalities for cholelithiasis recently have been developed. These include oral bile salt therapy and gallstone lithotripsy. Knowledge of these options and their applications to symptomatic clients will enable health care providers to better formulate plans of education and intervention for clients with gallstone disease.     

Severe complications of chronic cholelithiasis treatment

BackgroundGallstone disease is a burden affecting about 15% percent of the population around the world. The complications of gallstone disease are numerous and many require emergency care. Severe complications are not uncommon and require special attention, as lethal outcome is possible.Case presentationWe present a retrospective analysis of eight cases describing severe complications of gallstones in patients undergoing endoscopic treatment of chronic gallstones conditions. All patients were admitted to our emergency care department following symptoms onset. The diagnostic difficulties, treatment strategies and outcomes are presented. The associated risk factors and preventative measures are discussed. Two patients developed profuse bleeding, two developed acute pancreatitis, two patients had perforation related complications. One rare case of bilioma and one case of iatrogenic injury are presented. All patients had severe condition, in two cases lethal outcome was a result of co-morbidity and difficulties in management.ConclusionSpecial care should be taken in patients with risk factors of severe complications in order to improve outcome and prevent the development of life-threatening conditions.     

双源CT双能量成像在体分析胆囊结石成分研究

目的 探讨双源CT（DSCT）双能量成像分析体内胆囊结石成分的应用价值。方法 对200例胆囊结石患者于胆囊切除术前行DSCT双能量扫描,分析80 kV、140 kV图像对胆囊阴性结石的检出率。以显微红外光谱分析结果为判断结石成分的金标准,比较不同成分结石间80 kV图像CT值、140 kV图像CT值、CT值差值及CT值比值的差异;以ROC曲线评价不同指标鉴别胆固醇与非胆固醇成分胆囊结石的效能。结果 80 kV图像、140 kV图像及联合应用80 kV和140 kV图像对胆囊阴性结石的检出率分别为88.89%（80/90）、76.67%（69/90）和100%（90/90）。胆固醇成分结石的80 kV 图像CT值、140 kV图像 CT值、CT值差值、CT值比值均低于胆红素钙及罕见成分结石（P均<0.05）,胆红素钙与罕见成分结石间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。以80 kV图像 CT值62 HU和CT值差值-2 HU为临界值,诊断胆固醇与非胆固醇成分胆囊结石的敏感度和特异度均为100%。结论 DSCT双能量成像可准确鉴别胆固醇结石与非胆固醇成分胆囊结石。     

23例妊娠合并急性胆囊炎患者的护理

目的总结23例妊娠合并急性胆囊炎患者的护理要点。方法2007年8月～2012年1月收治23例妊娠合并急性胆囊炎患者,19例给予非手术治疗,3例给予手术治疗,1例流产,治疗过程配合做好护理工作。结果患者均治愈出院,住院时间7～21 d,平均（12.7±4.7）d。结论对妊娠合并急性胆囊炎患者进行保守及手术治疗过程,应重点做好患者病情变化及胎儿情况观察、心理护理、饮食护理,从而保障母婴生命安全。     

Intramural gallstones mimicking typical lithiasic cholecystitis

Gallstone disease is common in the western population. Intramural gallstones are rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We present a 30-year-old female patient with typical symptoms of cholecystitis. The patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy one month later. Dark greenish intramural gallstones were identified right after the resection of the gallbladder, and the pathologic examination revealed adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intramural gallstones presenting with cholecystitis. The presence of intramural gallstones is not easily detected during ultrasound examination, and does not affect the natural course or treatment of gallstone disease.     

Limited abdominal MRI in the evaluation of acute right upper quadrant pain

Background: We investigated whether limited abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is as effective as transabdominal ultrasound (US) in evaluating patients presenting with acute right upper quadrant pain.Methods: Twenty-four patients underwent evaluation with a limited abdominal MRI using single-shot fast spin-echo sequences and a right upper quadrant US within 24 h. Two MRI and two US readers independently evaluated the images for gallstones, gallbladder wall thickness, pericholecystic fluid, acute cholecystitis, visualization of the common bile duct, and requests for further imaging. US and MRI findings were compared. Surgical pathology was the gold standard.Results: MRI and US demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the diagnosis of gallbladder wall thickening, the presence of gallstones or pericholecystic fluid, or the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (p > 0.05). The sensitivity of both for acute cholecystitis was 50%, with specificities of 89% and 86% for US and MRI, respectively. US readers more frequently requested additional tests and displayed more variability in whether they could adequately see the common bile duct.Conclusion: Limited MRI is equivalent to US in diagnosing gallstones, gallbladder wall thickening, pericholecystic fluid, and acute cholecystitis in patients presenting with symptoms of acute right upper quadrant pain. Especially in sonographically challenging patients, limited MRI may provide a faster, easier method of diagnosis.     

Gallstone disease. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, natural history, and treatment options.

In 1991, only symptomatic gallstones should be treated. The treatment of choice for all gallstones continues to be surgical removal. Except for stones in the common bile duct, which are amenable to removal by endoscopic papillotomy, nonsurgical treatment of gallstones should be investigated further before it can have widespread applicability. The major challenge in the future may be medical prevention of gallstone formation in susceptible individuals. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy seems to have moved to the forefront of surgical therapy in patients who are candidates for the procedure.     

Mechanical gallstone lithotripsy in the common bile duct--in-vitro and in-vivo experience

A prototype of a mechanical gallstone lithotripter is described. In vitro 29 gallstones were crushed without difficulty. After performing stone crushing in the common bile ducts of 3 corpses, the prepared ducts were not leaky and no damage to the tissue was observed. In 8 patients 10 common bile duct stones were crushed without complications. Mechanical gallstone lithotripsy has proved to be a safe procedure. With its aid the removal of small stones by endoscopic papillary dilatation has become possible. Large stones in patients with a high papillotomy risk can be crushed before extraction.     

Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for gallstones: effectiveness, toxicity and influence on bile acid metabolism.

Chenodeoxycholic acid (1 g daily) was administered to 10 patients with gallstones and three patients with biliary stricture and recurrent cholangitis. Four gallstone patients showed diminution or disappearance of stones including one patient whose stone was in the common bile duct. The patients with recurrent cholangitis showed marked improvement in symptoms during treatment. Serum bile acid levels were significantly elevated in 8 gallstone patients during treatment. Liver biopsy in eight gallstone patients during treatment revealed minor changes in five. Lithocholic acid and bile acid sulphates were found in only small amounts in the bile of patients during treatment. No significant trend in biliary lipid composition during treatment was observed. There was no overall trend in the group of patients whose stones disappeared or diminished. Changes in biliary bile acid composition and in bile acid pool sizes were variable following treatment and could not be correlated with the clinical results of treatment. A further trial of chenodeoxycholic acid is recommended in patients with stones in the biliary tree and recurrent cholangitis who are not amenable to surgical treatment.