乳腺癌乳房切除术后大分割与常规分割放疗的Meta分析

目的 比较乳腺癌乳房切除术后大分割放疗与常规放疗之间的疗效差异。方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane图书馆、万方、维普、CNKI及中国生物医学等数据库,搜集有关乳腺癌乳房切除术后大分割放疗与常规放疗比较的临床对照研究资料,汇总数据采用RevMan5.3及Stata14.0软件进行分析。两组间差异采用优势比(OR)及95%可信区间(95%CI)描述。结果 根据纳入和排除标准,最终纳入19个包括2652例患者的临床对照资料。Meta分析结果显示,大分割组与常规分割组两组间无瘤生存率(OR=1.10,95%CI=0.78~1.56,P=0.59),总生存率(OR=1.18,95%CI=0.92~1.53,P=0.19)、局部区域复发率(OR=1.01,95%CI=0.68~1.51,P=0.96)、远处转移率(OR=1.14,95%CI=0.82~1.59,P=0.43)、皮肤不良反应(OR=1.01,95%CI=0.80~1.26,P=0.96)、心脏不良反应(OR=1.17,95%CI=0.71~1.93,P=0.53)及肺不良反应(OR=0.78,95%CI=0.44~1.37,P=0.38)均相近。结论 乳腺癌乳房切除术后大分割放疗与常规放疗疗效相近,均是安全有效的放疗分割模式,但还需大型随机临床试验进一步证实,并长期随访患者的晚期并发症。     

Surgery or radiotherapy for early stages carcinomas of the glottic larynx.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The choice of treatment in limited squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx often depends on individual and tumor factors. Data of the literature clearly show that surgery and radiotherapy tend to give identical results in terms of survival. We examined 196 cases of T1-T2/N0 cancers of the glottic larynx. We review the literature and discuss the indications and the efficacy of the various available treatments. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: 196 consecutive cases of T1-T2/N0 cancers of the glottic larynx were examined. In 54.5% the tumor was confined to the vocal cord; in 38.2% it extended to the anterior commissure, in 4.6% to the arytenoid cartilage and in 2.5% to the floor of the ventricle. We performed partial laryngeal surgery in 41.3% (81 cases). Radiotherapy alone was employed in 58.6% (115 cases). RESULTS: In T1a and T1b cases there was no statistically significant difference in 5-year disease-free survival. In T2 cases the NED survival of patients who underwent partial laryngectomies (90% of cases) was significantly better (P <0.05) than among patients given radiotherapy (73%). NED survival at 5 years in patients with the primary tumor on a vocal cord, ventricle or anterior commissure was 78%, 80% and 81%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference among the various sites. It is possible that involvement of the anterior commissure exposes patients to greater risk of recurrence when radiotherapy alone is used (5 out of 23 cases, 21.7%, compared to 3 out of 52 cases, 5.7%, among our surgically treated patients). CONCLUSIONS: When the tumor is confined to the vocal cord and mobility is not impaired (T1a), surgery and radiotherapy give comparable results, and the latter yields a better functional outcome. When the anterior commissure is involved, recurrences appear to be less likely after surgery. In T2 glottic carcinoma, surgery gives better results than radiotherapy alone. In any event, the choice of treatment should be patient-specific and based on a careful analysis of the factors involved in each case.     

Risk factors for voice quality after radiotherapy for early glottic cancer

Background and purpose

In the majority of patients irradiated for early glottic cancer an abnormal voice was reported. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors influencing voice quality after radiotherapy for T1 glottic cancer.

Methods

The voices of 75 male patients irradiated for T1 glottic carcinoma were assessed subjectively and objectively by acoustic analyses and aerodynamic measurements. The laryngeal function and morphology were evaluated by videolaryngostroboscopy. The data on smoking habits, the associated diseases influencing voice quality, the extent of the tumor, the type of biopsy, and the irradiation technique were collected from the medical records. The data on the factors influencing voice quality were compared for patients with a normal/near-normal voice and those with a hoarse voice.

Results

Voice quality was at least slightly abnormal in 94.7% and 81.3% of patients, when assessed perceptively and objectively, respectively. Smoking after the completed treatment, more severe morphologic alterations of the vocal folds, dryness of the throat, incomplete closure of the vocal folds and functional voice disorders expressed as supraglottic activity adversely influenced the voice quality. A good correlation between the perceptive voice assessment and the acoustic analyses was established.

Conclusions

After the successful irradiation for T1 glottic carcinoma, the great majority of the patients have at least a slightly hoarse voice. A better voice outcome could be achieved if radiotherapy was followed by the patient’s cessation of smoking and the appropriate voice therapy.     

Sphincter preservation following preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: report of a randomised trial comparing short-term radiotherapy vs. conventionally fractionated radiochemotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim was to verify whether preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation offers an advantage in sphincter preservation in comparison with preoperative short-term irradiation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with resectable T3-4 rectal carcinoma without sphincters' infiltration and with a lesion accessible to digital rectal examination were randomised into: preoperative 5x5Gy short-term irradiation with subsequent total mesorectal excision (TME) performed within 7 days or chemoradiation to a total dose of 50.4Gy (1.8Gy per fraction) concomitantly with two courses of bolus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin followed by TME after 4-6 weeks. Surgeons were obliged to base the type of operation on the tumour status at the time of surgery. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2002, 316 patients from 19 institutions were enrolled. The sphincter preservation rate was 61% in the 5x5Gy arm and 58% in the radiochemotherapy arm, P = 0.57. The tumour was on average 1.9 cm smaller (P < 0.001) among patients treated with chemoradiation compared with short-term schedule. For patients who underwent sphincter-preserving procedure, the surgeons generally followed the rule of tailoring the resection according to tumour downsizing; the median distal bowel margin was identical (2 cm) for both randomised groups. However, in the chemoradiation group, five patients underwent abdominoperineal resection despite clinical complete response. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant downsizing, chemoradiation did not result in increased sphincter preservation rate in comparison with short-term preoperative radiotherapy. The surgeons' decisions were subjective and based on pre-treatment tumour volume at least in clinical complete responders.     

Changes in serum and salivary amylase during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: a comparison of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy with CHART.

The changes in serum amylase that occur when radiotherapy is given in the treatment of head and neck cancer has been studied in 41 patients, 29 treated by CHART and 12 by conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. The peak rise in serum amylase following the start of treatment is seen earlier and is greater in the patients receiving continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART). The serum amylase returns to normal earlier in the CHART patients so that the area under the curve is the same for both groups. The difference probably reflects the more rapid delivery of treatment to the patients receiving CHART. A close correlation between the peak rise in serum amylase and the amount of parotid tissue in the treatment volume is demonstrated. For six patients the total amount of amylase secreted by the parotid gland during CHART was measured and found to decline rapidly within a few days of the start of radiotherapy. The rise in serum amylase that results from the irradiation of salivary tissue provides a unique biochemical measure of an early radiation effect in a normal tissue. This probably reflects the interphase cell death of serous salivary cells. Although these immediate changes are of considerable interest they may not relate to the late effects of radiation on salivary gland function.     

早期声门型喉癌放射治疗的预后因素分析

目的：分析单纯放射治疗早期声门型喉癌（TINOMO）的预后因素。方法：1958年8月至1994年12月，肿瘤医院共收治 行单纯放射治疗的TINOMO声门型喉鳞癌238例，其中男性220例，女性18例。用6、8MNVX射线或^60Co予平行对穿野放射治疗，中位放射总剂量为68Gy，中位治疗时间52d，中位放射野大小22．5cm^2。用Kaplan-Meier计算生存率和局部控制率，Logrank法做差异检验。Cox回归法统计影响局部控制率（LC）和总生存率（OS）的预后因素。结果：中位随访时间127个月（4－410 个月）。5、10年总生存率分别为84．0％和74．9％。5年局部控制率为82．1％。44例在随访过程中出现局部复发（41例为原发部位复发，2例为颈部淋巴结复发，1例因失访复发部位不祥），23例出现第二原发肿瘤。对LC不利的预后影响因素为局部大肿块、前联合受侵和治疗过程中血红蛋白下降。结论：单纯放射治疗TINOMO声门型喉癌可得到很好的局部控制率，但局部大肿块、前联合受侵和血红蛋白在治疗过程中下降是对局部控制不利的预后因素。     

单纯放疗或单纯手术治疗早期声门型喉癌

目的分析早期声门型喉癌单纯手术和单纯放疗的治疗结果和预后因素。方法T1～T2N0M0期声门型喉癌患者456例,其中136人行单纯手术(手术组),320例接受单纯放疗(单放组)。结果手术组和单放组的5、10年总生存率(OS)分别为95.2%和84.8%、89.1%和76.5%(P<0.01)。手术组和单放组的5年无病生存率(DFS)分别为86.6%和80.6%(P=0.250)。手术组和单放组首程治疗后的5年局部控制率(LC)分别为86.2%和81.9%(P=0.420)。全组中80例出现局部区域复发或远地转移,其中70例出现喉部复发,57例进行了挽救性手术。单放组喉保留率显著高于手术组,分别为91.6%和83.9%(P=0.010)。Cox多因素回归分析表明,年龄大、声带活动受限和治疗年代远是影响OS的不良预后因素,前联合受侵是DFS和LC的不良预后因素,前联合受侵和声带活动受限是癌症相关生存率(CSS)的不良预后因素。结论早期声门型喉癌单纯放疗与单纯手术的DFS、LC相同,而且喉保留率高于手术组。影响各项生存率和局部控制率的主要因素为年龄大、声带活动受限、治疗年代久远和前联合受侵。     

Liposomal doxorubicin and conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: Stealth (ALZA Corporation, Palo Alto, CA) liposomal drug formulation allows a higher intratumoral accumulation and a prolonged plasma half-life of the encapsulated drugs. In the study presented here, we evaluated the feasibility of Stealth liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx; ALZA Corporation) administered concurrently with conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck cancer (HNC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with NSCLC and 15 with squamous-cell HNC were recruited in two phase I dose-escalation trials. The starting dose of Caelyx was 10 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks (for three cycles during radiotherapy) and was increased by 5 mg/m(2) dose increments for every three patients. RESULTS: The maximum tolerated dose of Caelyx was 20 mg/m(2) for HNC and 25 mg/m(2) in NSCLC patients. Oral/pharyngeal mucositis was the dose-limiting toxicity for HNC patients. "In field" radiation skin toxicity was slightly increased. Hematologic toxicity was minimal. Single photon emission computed tomographic evaluation of Caelyx distribution, using technetium-99m-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid labeling, revealed a high intratumoral accumulation of the drug. The tumor to thoracic vessel area count ratio in the NSCLC cases ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 (mean +/- SD, 1.01 +/- 0.29), whereas this ratio was higher (0.8 to 1.85; mean +/- SD, 1.35 +/- 0.39) in HNC cases (P =.049). The complete response rate was 21% in the NSCLC cases and 75% in the HNC cases. NSCLC cases with higher Caelyx tumor accumulation responded better to the regimen. The tumor microvessel density assessed with the anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody directly correlated with the degree of the Caelyx accumulation (P =.007; r =. 92). CONCLUSION: We conclude that combination of radiotherapy with Stealth liposomal doxorubicin is feasible. The potential role of such a regimen in the treatment of highly angiogenic tumors requires further investigation.     

Postoperative hypofractionated radiotherapy versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in malignant gliomas. A preliminary report on a randomized trial

A prospective randomized study of 108 patients with cerebral malignant gliomas was carried out at the Department of Radiation Oncology of Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Center in Kraków. 44 patients with histologically proven glioblastoma multiforme and 64 patients with anaplastic astrocytoma received postoperative radiotherapy. Patients were randomized to two treatment arms: Conventionally Fractionated Radiotherapy (CFR) and Hypofractionated Radiotherapy (HF). In the CFR group, the whole brain was irradiated to the total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks, then a 10 Gy boost in 5 fractions in 5 days was delivered to the site of the primary lesion. In the HF group, there were 3 courses of irradiation separated by a one month interval. In each of the two first series the patients received 20 Gy in 5 fractions in 5 days to the whole brain, and in the third course, 10 Gy boost in 5 days was delivered as in the CFR regimen. The tolerance to treatment has been found to be good in both groups. The 2-year actuarial survival rate for patients with anaplastic astrocytoma was 22% for CFR and 18% for HF. Patients with glioblastoma multiforme treated with HF had a better prognosis in comparison to the CFR group with the two-year actuarial survival rates being 23% and 10%, respectively. This difference is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.     

Dose-time relationships in fractionated radiotherapy for cancer

The irradiation time and the dose per fraction are two key parameters in the fractionated therapy of patients with cancer. Reduction of the total treatment time and the use of low doses per fraction lead to improvements in the therapeutic relationship in cancer of the head and neck and at other tumour localisations of epithelial origin. The introduction of the linear-quadratic model and the biologically effective dose concept into the clinical setting has enabled quantitative analysis of the biological effects of radiation on malignant tumours and on acutely and slowly responding tissues, notably enhancing the perception of relationships between basic phenomena and clinical data. As a result, new and better irradiation regimens have been developed for the treatment of patients with specific tumours.     

早期声门型喉癌放疗与手术治疗的疗效分析

167 patients with early glottic carcinoma treated by surgery or radiotherapy in the past 25 years are analysed. Of these patients, 74 with T1 N0 M0 glottic carcinoma treated by surgery gave a 5-year survival rate of 93.2%. In these 74 patients, 5 who received total laryngectomy and 69, partial laryngectomy gave 5-year survival rates of 80% and 94.2%. In this series, 93 patients treated by radiotherapy gave a 5-year survival rate of 87.4%. There was no significant difference between the two groups (X2 test P greater than 0.05). The above results showed that the results of surgery and radiotherapy are similar. The authors suggest that radiotherapy be considered as the first choice for this type of cancer for its advantages over surgery.     

Conservative treatment of early glottic carcinomas with exclusive radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Early glottic carcinomas can be treated with radiotherapy or surgery with similar local control rates but with better functional results with radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of our experience of exclusive radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1975 to 2001, 155 patients with Tis, T1 and T2 glottic carcinomas were treated with exclusive radiotherapy. Prognostic factors of survival, local control and larynx-preservation rates were analyzed in uni and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Median prescribed dose was 65 Gy in 44 days. Overall survival was 75% for the whole group, 75% for Tis, 85% for T1a, 72% for T1b, 59% for T2. Specific survival was 88% for the whole group, 75% for Tis, 94% for T1a, 90% for T1b, 69% for T2. Disease-free survival was 68% for the whole group, 75% for Tis, 77% for T1a, 51% for T1b, 58% for T2. Laryngeal preservation rate was 85% (133/155). Twenty-nine (29/155, 18%) patients developed a local relapse within 31 months. Out of the 10/86 (12%) T1a-Tis relapses, 7/10 patients underwent total laryngectomy and 79/86 larynx were preserved (92%). Out of the 8/22 (36%) T1b relapses, 4/8 patients underwent total laryngectomy. Out of the 11/47 (23%) T2 relapses, 8/11 patients underwent total laryngectomy. Increased overall treatment time, tumor stage, sub-glottis extension were associated with poorer local control. Second malignancies remain a major problem in the outcome of this population. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy remains an efficient option in the treatment of early glottic carcinomas providing a high local control rate with excellent functional results in laryngectomy-free patients. This strategy should be discussed according to the tumor stage, feasibility of conservative surgery and patient's preferences.     

早期乳腺癌根治术后不同剂量分割方案的放射治疗

目的 探讨早期乳腺癌根治术后或改良根治术后不同剂量分割放射方案的疗效。方法 367例早期乳腺癌根治术后放疗患者,根据术后放射治疗的不同剂量分割方案分为3组;常规分割组149例,2Gy／次,每日1次,每周5次,总DT50Gy;隔日照射组177例,3Gy／次,每周3次,总DT45Gy;快速照射组41例,第1天和第3天DT5Gy／次,第15天和第17天DT6．5Gy／次,总DT23Gy。共有257例接受了化疗和(或)内分泌治疗。结果 全组5年总生存率和无病生存率分别为87．4％和89．6％。常规分割组、隔日照射组和快速照射组的5年无病生存率分别为90．8％、86．5％和84．6％(P=0．16);局部区域复发率分别为2．7％、2．8％和2．4％,差异无显著性。结论 隔日照射可取得和常规分割照射同样的疗效;快速照射缩短了疗程时间,其疗效和毒副作用值得进一步研究。     

中高危局限期前列腺癌大分割及常规分割放疗疗效对比——Meta分析

目的 比较中高危局限期前列腺癌大分割放疗与常规分割放疗的疗效、不良反应的差异。方法 通过计算机检索国内外相关数据库,搜集有关中高危局限期前列腺癌大分割放疗及常规分割放疗比较的临床对照研究资料,采用Stata12.0软件进行分析。两组间差异采用HR和RR及95%CI描述。结果 根据纳入排除和标准,最终纳入5项包括1621例患者的临床对照研究资料。Meta分析结果显示两组OS率(HR=1.00,95%CI为0.85-1.17,P=0.980)和生化失败结果(RR=0.87,95%CI为0.68-1.12,P=0.274)均相似。与常规分割放疗比较,大分割放疗组≥2级急性胃肠反应发生率偏高(RR=1.94,95%CI为1.23-3.06,P=0.004)。两组≥2级急性泌尿系统不良反应(RR=1.03,95%CI为0.92-1.14,P=0.626),晚期≥2级胃肠(RR=1.17,95%CI为0.90-1.51,P=0.238)和泌尿系统(RR=1.11,95%CI为0.94-1.30,P=0.228)不良反应均相似(P值均>0.05)。结论 中高危局限期前列腺癌大分割放疗与常规分割放疗疗效相当,虽然大分割放疗组急性胃肠反应发生率略高于常规分割组,但两组晚期胃肠和泌尿系统反应并无差异,患者可耐受。     

Management of early glottic cancer

A detailed retrospective analysis of 136 patients with early glottic cancer treated at the University of Louisville, Radiation Center from October, 1953 to December, 1975 was done. Majority of the patients were in the age range of 55 to 74 years. Of them, 89% were male and 85% were Caucasian. The most common histological type was squamous cell carcinoma. The adjusted 5-year survival rate was 84%, with a standard error of 3%. Of these patients, 18% had local failures, and 68% of which were salvaged by surgery. The overall local control rate was 93%. The median time to recurrence was 23 months. There was no case of laryngeal necrosis, and a good function of larynx was achieved in a majority of the patients. Eighteen second cancers were diagnosed in 17 patients during the follow-up. A brief review of the literature is also done in the paper.     

Hypofractionated versus standard fractionation radiotherapy in early glottic cancer: A retrospective review

Aim: This retrospective review was conducted to compare outcomes using different fractionation schedules for early stage glottic cancer treated with radiotherapy between 1991 and 2003. Methods: The records of 87 patients with either T1 or T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the glottic larynx were analysed, dividing the patients into those treated with a hypofractionated schedule, mostly 51 Gy/16# (<53 Gy) and standard fractionation, minimum 60 Gy/30# in 2 Gy fractions. The median follow up was 4 years and 7 months. Results: Local control at 5 years was 81% with standard fractionation vs 93% in the hypofractionated group (P = 0.1). Laryngectomy free survival at 5 years was 78% with standard fractionation versus 95% in the hypofractionated arm (P = 0.017). Overall survival at 5 years was 65%with standard fractionation versus 74% in the hypofractionated arm (P = 0.55). Conclusion: In early stage glottic cancer, a hypofractionated course of radiotherapy has been shown to be a safe and possibly more effective treatment compared with standard fractionation.