食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和良性狭窄球囊扩张后的随访评价

目的　评价食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和良性狭窄球囊扩张后的长期随访疗效。方法92例食管狭窄做了内支架或球囊扩张 ,有较完整的随访资料。 5 9例恶性食管狭窄均置入了内支架 ,其中置入支架前后行放射治疗 (简称放疗 )和 (或 )化学药物治疗 (简称化疗 ) 3 7例 ,占 63 % ;3 3例良性食管狭窄做了单纯球囊扩张治疗。内支架置入类型 :国产镍钛记忆合金网孔支架 2 4例 ,带膜支架2 2例 ;国产GianturcoZ形支架 7例 ,带膜支架 4例 ;Ultreflex支架 2例。门诊行食管造影和内窥镜检查随访 78例 ,14例通过电话或信件随访。结果　本组病例经过 1～ 4 1个月的随访观察 ,仅 1例支架发生轻度移位 ,但仍能覆盖病变全长。食管恶性狭窄 17例死亡 ,术后生存时间 2～ 3 0个月 ,平均 8 2个月。死亡原因 :肿瘤多脏器转移 15例 ,心肌梗死 1例 ,其他原因引起死亡 1例。恶性食管狭窄内支架置入后再狭窄 11例 ,因食物在支架内阻塞 1例 ,发生食管 气管瘘 1例 ,因肿瘤组织生长发生狭窄 8例 ,因支架上端组织增生发生狭窄 1例。发生再狭窄的 11例均再次做了内支架置入或球囊扩张治疗。结论　中晚期食管癌内支架置入是解除吞咽困难有效的姑息治疗方法 ,应用带膜支架和同时行放疗、化疗可防止因肿瘤生长而发生再狭窄 ,延缓患者生命。球囊扩     

食管良、恶性狭窄球囊扩张及内支架治疗的随访研究(附156例分析)

目的　评价食管良、恶性狭窄球囊扩张和内支架置入的远期疗效及并发症。方法　 15 6例食管良、恶性狭窄 ,行球囊扩张及置入内支架治疗 ,其中 12例良性狭窄行单纯球囊扩张 ,1例化学灼伤后食管自发性破裂并发纵隔脓肿及脓胸 ,采用可回收式记忆合金覆膜网状支架 ;14 3例恶性狭窄中 ,134例置入了金属内支架 ,9例作了球囊扩张。门诊食管造影或纤维内窥镜检查随访。结果　食管恶性狭窄随访 1～ 48个月 ,6 1例死亡 ,术后生存时间 1～ 33个月 ,平均 8.9个月。支架放置后再次出现吞咽困难 6 3例( 4 7% ) ,因食物及粘液在支架内嵌塞 3例 ,支架两端和支架腔内不规则狭窄 33例 ,狭窄仅局限于支架上端 19例 ,狭窄位于支架两端8例。纤维内窥镜检查发现 ,肿瘤组织 (或肉芽组织 )通过支架“网眼”向腔内和 (或 )两端生长。再次发生吞咽困难的 6 3例 ,均做了球囊扩张或再次内支架置入等治疗。食管良性狭窄随访 5～ 6 1个月 ,仍能进普食。结论　内支架置入术是姑息性治疗食管恶性狭窄的有效方法 ,肿瘤组织和增生的肉芽组织是引起再次狭窄的主要原因 ,带膜支架可有效降低再狭窄率 ,但不能阻止两端的狭窄 ;球囊扩张无效的良性狭窄 ,可放置回收式覆膜支架。     

金属内支架治疗食管恶性狭窄和球囊扩张治疗食管良性狭窄的随访研究

目的 研究食管恶性狭窄内支架治疗和食性狭窄球囊扩张的疗效。材料与方法 191例有较完整的随访资料，其中149例食管恶性狭窄置入内支架，93例置入支架前后作了放射治疗或化学药物治疗（占65％）；42例良性食管狭窄作了球囊扩张治疗。门诊行食管造影和／胃内镜检查随访115例，通过电话或信伴随访34例。结果 随访观察1－56个，其中3野架发生轻度移位，但仍能改善病变全长，未作特殊处理。42例死亡，均为食管癌患者。术后生存时间2－34个月，平均9．5个月。恶性食管狭窄内支架置入再狭窄29例，因食物在支架内阻塞1例，因肿瘤生长发生狭窄24例，因支架上端组织增生发生狭窄4例。发生再狭窄的29例均再次作了内支架置入或球囊扩张治疗。结论 内支架置入治疗恶性食管狭窄能有效解除吞咽困难；应用带膜支架和同时作放化疗，可防止因肿瘤生长发生再狭窄，并能有效封堵食管气管瘘；吻合口和贲门癌狭窄应用返流支架，可预防返流性食管炎的发生。球囊扩张治疗良性食管狭窄，只要扩张充分，临床效果良好。     

暂时性内支架治疗食管良性狭窄疗效分析

目的分析暂时性内支架治疗食管良性狭窄疗效,为食管良性狭窄提供有效的介入治疗方法。对象与方法１２例食管良性狭窄患者食管最窄处直径１ｍｍ～５ｍｍ,吞咽困难评分为３～４级。在Ｘ线下置入可扩张金属带膜内支架,术后３～７天由胃镜取出内支架。结果１２例患者支架置入和支架取出成功率均为１００％。操作死亡率为０％。支架置入后吞咽困难明显好转,吞咽困难评分０级－１级,平均０．６±０．４级;支架取出后吞咽困难评分０级～２级,平均０．８±０．５级。支架置入后管腔直径１６～２２ｍｍ,平均１８．４±２．９ｍｍ。支架取出后一周内管腔直径１０ｍｍ～１８ｍｍ,平均１４．５±２．７ｍｍ。患者术后随访３～５０个月。随访期内管腔直径未见明显改变,吞咽能力在随访３个月内逐渐好转,３个月后处于维持状态。结论暂时性内支架是食管良性狭窄介入治疗最有效的方法之一     

消化道良恶性狭窄的介入治疗(附31例报告)

目的：评价食管球囊扩张和／或食管内支架置入术临床效果。方法：本组３１例，男２３例，女８例，年龄６～６９岁，良性狭窄１８例，恶性狭窄１３例。球囊扩张２５例，球囊扩张并支架置入６例。对狭窄部位先球囊扩张后用支架输送释放系统放置食管内支架。结果：１５例贲门失驰缓症随访１年以上，１２例能进普食，３例进食有时稍缓慢。６例置入食管内支架，随访４个月，６例均能进普食，其中２例１个月后出现左主支气管瘘；１０例单纯狭窄球囊扩张随访５～９个月能进普食。结论：球囊扩张和内支架置入术是一种简单易行、安全可靠的治疗方法。     

金属内支架在良性食管狭窄中的应用：动物实验和临床应用研究

研究评价金属内支架在衣性食管狭窄中的应用。方法对５头重２０ｋｇ的杂种猪食管内置入镍钛合金网状支架,分别于置入后１、２、４、８、１６周处死进行肉眼和光学显微地良性食管狭窄１５例,每３、６个月做吞钡造影和内窥镜随访一次,随访时间３－３０个月。结果动物实验,内支架置入１周时可见黏膜内炎细胞浸润;８周时黏可见散在小息肉样赘生物,有溃疡形成,镜下黏膜大部分被鳞状上皮覆盖,黏膜下纤维组织增生;１６周时与８周时     

食管支架在兔食管中的实验研究

目的 观察金属支架在兔食管中的病理变化并对临床应用提出建议。方法 对8只健康家兔食管内置于镍钛合金网状支架，分别于置入后2、4、6、8周造影观察；处死实验动物，观察食管组织学变化。结果 内支架置入2周时，可见黏膜下灶性慢性炎症伴轻度水肿；4周，食管近支架上下两端处轻度狭窄，可见小息肉样赘生物为灶性慢性炎症伴炎性增生，支架口部黏膜过度增生，向腔内突起；6周时上述改变有不同程度加重，其中1只动物支架下端一侧嵌入食管壁使其局部增生，与主动脉粘连；8周组于7周末死于支架处食物团滞留梗阻。结论 食管内支架再发狭窄的部位似乎以支架的上下两端食管为主。为了防止再狭窄，支架两端口部的管径、形状、性状有待于进一步改进；支架段食管无蠕动，如无重力作用，食物易在其内滞留梗阻；食管内支架再发狭窄率较高，因此，对良性食管狭窄的临床应用应谨慎。     

食管自扩金属内支架治疗良恶性狭窄

目的：评价食管自扩内支架治疗良恶性狭窄的临床疗效，探讨食管支架放置成功的因素。方法：３２例患者放置了自扩金属食管内支架。其中食管—胃吻合口良性狭窄３例，恶性狭窄２９例。食管中、上段狭窄１７例，下段及贲门狭窄１２例。３５枚支架均经口腔在Ｘ线电视及ＤＳＡ监视下置入完成。结果：５例二次放置成功，一次置入成功率８４．４％（２７／３５）。术前吞咽困难４级１９例（５９．４％），３级１３例（４０．６％）。术后吞咽困难３级３例（９．４％），０～２级２９例（９０．６％），总有效率１００％，治疗前后差异显著。结论：食管支架有助于解决吞咽困难，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

被覆金属内支架治疗食管气管瘘的随访研究

目的;探讨被覆内支架治疗食管癌病人食管气管瘘的远期疗效及并发症。方法：１５例在Ｘ线电视导上置入被覆内支架１５个,１０例门诊随访,５例电话或信访。结果：１５例均一次封闭成功,平均生存期６．４５月,其中６例联合放化疗生存期平均为９．２月,９例死于肿瘤转移,３例死于肺部感染,３例死于其它原因,１例支架滑脱入胃内,１例支架上端再狭窄,１例食物堵塞支架上端,３例有明显胃食管返流,余无明显并发症。结论：被覆     

食管良性狭窄介入治疗方法探讨和再狭窄原因分析

目的:探讨食管良性狭窄有效的介入治疗方法,并分析发生食管再狭窄的主要原因。对象与方法:50例食管良性狭窄病人,其中35例采用X线下不同型号球囊导管扩张治疗。另15例在X线下置入食管内支架。所有病人治疗前皆有不同程度的吞咽困难。结果:35例食管良性狭窄共进行67次球囊扩张,平均1.9次。摄食能力术前后分级和术后症状复发时分别为1.43±0.80级.4.88±0.83级和1.71±0.82级。食管最狭窄处直径术前后和症状复发时分别为4.02±2.09mm.9.86±2.98mm和4.52±1.95mm。症状缓解1～12月,平均3.14±2.37个月。15例食管良性狭窄支架置入术技术成功率100％。支架置入前后摄食能力分级为0.8±0.84级和3.8±0.45级,食管管腔内径术前后为3.6±1.34mm.18.4±0.89mm。术后随访10天～30月,平均10.5个月。发生再狭窄3例。结论:食管狭窄介入治疗是提高食管良性狭窄治疗短期疗效的首选方法。食管再狭窄主要是肉芽组织增生所致。     

食管支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄：附23例分析

作者总结了采用２７根镍钛合金Ｕｌｔｒａｆｌｅｘ食管支架置入术治疗各种良恶性食管狭窄２３例。其中食管化学烧伤后狭窄１例，食管－胃吻合口狭窄６例，食管和／或贲门癌１６例。将吞咽困难分为０￣３级。２３例中，３级１２例，２级１１例。经治疗后，０级１３例（５６．５２％），１级６级（２６．０８％），２级３例（１３．０４％），３级１例（４．３５％）。其中，２级中的３例治疗前为３级，因此，总有效率为９５．６６％。     

镍钛记忆合金食管内支架治疗食管疾病的临床研究

作者应用镍钛记忆合金食管内支架治疗各类食管疾病共９例，置入支加前吞咽困难Ｃｗｉｋｉｅｌ分级均达２－３组，置入后立即缓解，Ｃｗｉｋｉｅｌ０－１级者为１００％。全组病例除有异物感及轻微胸背疼痛外，无严重并发症发生。     

Nitinol Esophageal Stents: New Designs and Clinical Indications

Purpose To evaluate the clinical use of covered and noncovered, knitted nitinol stents in patients presenting new stent indications. Methods Self-expandable, knitted nitinol stents were implanted in four patients for treatment of dysphagia. In two patients who had malignant strictures and had esophago-respiratory fistulae and in one patient with an esophagocutaneous fistula, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered stents were implanted. One patient received a noncovered stent, but a retrograde approach through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) fistula had to be chosen for recanalization of an esophageal occulusion. Two patients received stents for treatment of benign strictures. Results Recanalization of the stricture and stent implantation were performed under fluoroscopic control without any procedure-related morbidity or mortality. Dysphagia improved in all patients and the esophageal fistulae could be sealed off by covered stents. During a maximum follow-up of 18 months, there was no stent migration or esophageal perforation. Complications observed were stent stenosis due to food impaction (1/4) and benign stent stenosis (2/2). Most complications could be treated by the interventional radiologist. Conclusion Self-expandable, covered Nitinol stents provide an option for the treatment of dysphagia combined with esophageal fistulae. In combination with interventional radiology techniques, even complex strictures are accessible. For benign strictures, the value of stent treatment has not yet been proven.     

Palliative treatment of neoplastic strictures by self-expanding nitinol Strecker stent

The purpose of this study was to evaluate technical and clinical results of self-expanding esophageal stent implanted in patients with malignant esophageal strictures and clinically significant dysphagia. From June 1992 to September 1994, 27 patients with inoperable tumors of the esophagus or gastric cardiac were treated by placement of 37 self-expanding nitinol stents. Water-soluble contrast and endoscopy studies were performed after the procedure and during the follow-up period. Successful stenting of the stricture was achieved in 27 patients. The mean dysphagia grade dropped from 2.3 to 1 (SD ± 0.54) immediately after the procedure. After the insertion of the stent, 16 patients died in a period of time ranging from 0 to 13 months (mean 5.6 months), whereas at the end of the study 11 patients were alive 4–15 months after the procedure (mean 8.3 months). No major complications were observed. The results of this study are encouraging because esophageal stent placement was technically easy and clinically effective. Correspondence to: F. Maspes     

暂时性食管支架成形术治疗儿童食管良性狭窄

目的 评价儿童食管良性狭窄使用暂时性食管支架成形术治疗的疗效.方法 儿童烧灼性食管狭窄及食管术后吻合口狭窄患儿10例,支架置入前均先行食管吞钡检查,吞咽评分为3,并置入覆膜可回收支架.结果 支架置入后,所有患儿无明显并发症,并安全回收.支架置放期间所有患儿能进食固体食物,无吞咽困难.支架取出后6～12个月随访,患儿均能正常进食,吞咽评分为0.结论 应用暂时性支架成形术治疗儿童食管良性狭窄安全、有效.     

Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in patients with benign esophageal strictures: initial experience

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and clinical effectiveness of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in 25 patients with a benign esophageal stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under fluoroscopic guidance, covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 25 patients with a benign esophageal stricture and were removed with a retrieval hook 1-8 weeks later. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful in all patients, with no procedural complications. After stent placement, all patients could ingest solid food. The stents were successfully removed from all but two patients. One patient passed the stent via the rectum, and the other regurgitated a high cervical stent. After stent removal, one patient developed a small esophagobronchial fistula, which spontaneously sealed within 1 week of stent removal. After stent removal or migration, all patients could ingest solid food. During follow-up (mean, 13 months; range, 2-25 months) after stent removal or migration, 12 patients maintained their improvement in dysphagia and needed no further treatment. Thirteen patients with recurrence were treated by means of repeat balloon dilation. CONCLUSION: Use of retrievable expandable nitinol stents seems to be a safe and effective method of treatment in selected patients with benign esophageal strictures.     

Treatment of tracheobronchial obstruction with a polytetrafluoroethylene-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stent

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents in tracheobronchial strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With fluoroscopic guidance, PTFE-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 15 symptomatic patients with benign (n = 6) or malignant (n = 9) tracheobronchial strictures. Complications and improvement in respiratory status were evaluated. Stents were removed electively 6 months after placement in benign strictures or if complications occurred. Membrane degradation or separation from the wire mesh was evaluated in removed stents. RESULTS: A total of 17 stents were successfully placed and were well tolerated in all patients. Sputum retention, stent migration, and tissue hyperplasia occurred in 23.5% (n = 4), 17.6% (n = 3), and 17.6% (n = 3) of stents, respectively. A total of 11 stents were successfully removed electively 6 months after placement (n = 4) or when complications occurred (n = 7). All 11 such stents were removed without difficulty with use of standard techniques, antecedent balloon dilation being necessary in two cases as a result of tissue hyperplasia. No removed stent showed signs of membrane degradation, and two removed stents showed signs of membrane separation from the mesh. CONCLUSIONS: PTFE-covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were effective in the treatment of tracheobronchial strictures. Stent removal was easy with use of standard techniques, and no removed stent showed evidence of membrane degradation.     

Double-Layered PTFE-Covered Nitinol Stents: Experience in 32 Patients with Malignant Esophageal Strictures

We evaluated the effectiveness of a double-layered polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered nitinol stent in the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal strictures. A double-layered PTFE-covered nitinol stent was designed to reduce the propensity to migration of conventional covered stent. The stent consists of an inner PTFE-covered stent and an outer uncovered nitinol stent tube. With fluoroscopic guidance, the stent was placed in 32 consecutive patients with malignant esophageal strictures. During the follow-up period, the technical and clinical success rates, complications, and cumulative patient survival and stent patency were evaluated. Stent placement was technically successful in all patients, and no procedural complications occurred. After stent placement, the symptoms of 30 patients (94%) showed improvement. During the mean follow-up of 103 days (range, 9–348 days), 11 (34%) of 32 patients developed recurrent symptoms due to tumor overgrowth in five patients (16%), tumor ingrowth owing to detachment of the covering material (PTFE) apart from the stent wire in 3 (9%), mucosal hyperplasia in 2 (6%), and stent migration in 1 (3%). Ten of these 11 patients were treated by means of placing a second covered stent. Thirty patients died, 29 as a result of disease progression and 1 from aspiration pneumonia. The median survival period was 92 days. The median period of primary stent patency was 190 days. The double-layered PTFE-covered nitinol stent seems to be effective for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal strictures. We believe that the double-layer configuration of this stent can contribute to decreasing the stent’s migration rate.     

Covered metallic stent placement in the management of cervical esophageal strictures

PURPOSE: To describe the authors' experience with self-expandable covered metallic stents in 16 patients with malignant and benign cervical esophageal strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen expandable covered metallic stents were placed with fluoroscopic guidance in 16 patients (14 men, two women; mean age, 60 years; age range, 26-75 years) with malignant and benign strictures of the cervical esophagus. The causes of strictures were ingestion of corrosive agents (n = 3), biopsy-proved squamous cell carcinoma (n = 12), and postsurgical scarring (n = 1). The mean dysphagia scores at presentation were compared with those after stent placement by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in all patients. The reduction in the mean dysphagia score after stent placement was statistically significant (P = .0327). All patients complained of mild to severe foreign body sensation, with four reporting severe pain necessitating immediate stent removal. With the exception of one patient with limited follow-up, complications requiring intervention occurred in all patients, including migration in nine patients and tissue hyperproliferation in two. Of the 12 patients with a malignant stricture of the esophagus, four patients eventually underwent gastrostomy for the placement of a feeding tube and one patient underwent surgery. All four patients with a benign cervical stricture failed to achieve long-lasting improvement with temporary stent placement. CONCLUSIONS: Although the placement of covered metallic stents in the cervical esophagus provides adequate initial palliation, it is associated with poor patient tolerance and a high complication rate.