126例急性白血病异常免疫表型分析

白血病细胞异常免疫表型是区别于正常造血细胞的重要特征之一,也是流式细胞术检测微小残留病的基础。为了了解急性白血病的异常免疫表型特征,本研究采用四色流式细胞术CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门技术对126例急性白血病患者的异常免疫表型进行分析,并初步探讨其在微小残留病检测中的意义。结果显示:约76%的患者可以检测到明确的异常抗原表达,白血病异常免疫表型可分为以下四类:抗原跨系列表达、跨阶段表达、过度表达及缺失表达,其阳性率分别为39%、46%、21%和29%。约11%的患者仅发生了单一的表型异常,其余患者则可以检测到两类或更多的表型异常。结论:在大多数急性白血病患者中可以检测到明确的白血病异常免疫表型,在此基础上应用多参数流式细胞仪可以有效检测微小残留病变。     

异常免疫表型模式在急性髓系白血病微小残留检测中的应用

目的用多参数流式细胞术区分急性髓性白血病细胞与正常骨髓原始细胞免疫表型,建立急性髓系白血病细胞异常免疫表型模式和流式细胞术检测急性白血病微小残留病的方法。方法选择正常骨髓标本和急性髓性白血病患者骨髓标本,用流式细胞术分析髓系原始细胞免疫表型特征。并将标记抗原用于分析初发白血病细胞免疫表型,以寻找急性髓系白血病细胞异常免疫表型模式和确定用于微小残留病检测的抗体组合,更好地提示患者复发情况。并将流式细胞术结果、骨髓细胞形态学结果和PCR融合基因检测结果进行比较。结果分析20例非恶性血液系统恶性疾病患者的骨髓标本中髓系原始细胞的免疫表型,CD117阳性髓系原始细胞占2.51%±0.84%,CD34阳性髓系原始细胞占1.21%±0.83%,均有特定免疫表型特征。检测346例非早幼粒细胞白血病的急性髓性白血病患者免疫表型特征,异常免疫表型有314例,占90.80%,其中跨系表达抗原主要包括CD7(31.21%)、CD56(23.70%)、CD19(13.87%),跨阶段共表达的抗原包括CD34/CD64(2.89%)、CD14/CD117(1.16%),抗原表达强度变化或抗原缺失主要包括原始粒细胞不表达HLA-DR(4.62%)、CD13(7.51%)或CD33(12.14%),以及单核细胞不表达CD14(5.20%)。早幼粒细胞白血病患者31例,有异常免疫表型的仅占16.7%,低于非早幼粒细胞白血病的急性髓性白血病。根据白血病异常免疫表型模式,与PCR结果符合度高,能很好地提示白血病进展。结论急性髓性白血病细胞具有明显不同于正常来源原始细胞的异常免疫表型特征,适合采用流式细胞术进行微小残留病检测,并能反映体内白血病细胞负荷和病情变化。     

急性B淋巴细胞白血病抗原异常表达与微小残留病检测（附17例报告）

多参数流式细胞术（FCM）免疫表型分析已成为白血病分型诊断的重要工具。近年来主张用CD45／SSC双参数散点图设门的方法进行多色分析，容易将恶性克隆细胞与正常细胞群相区别，使白血病分型更为准确，并可用于微小残留病的检测。作应用FCM对70例初诊为急性B淋巴细胞性白血病（B—ALL）患进行免疫分型，发现多种抗原异常表达，并试用不同的抗体组合对其中18例缓解后的患进行微小残留病（MRD）的追踪检测。报告如下。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病的流式细胞术分析

目的 根据白血病细胞的异常免疫表达,建立流式细胞术检测儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)微小残留病(minimal residual disease,MRD)的方法 ,探讨流式细胞术检测MRD在儿童ALL个体化治疗中的意义.方法 用流式细胞术以多种四色荧光抗体组合对健康儿童骨髓进行检测,建立健康儿童骨髓细胞双参数点图分析模板.对75例ALL初诊患儿的骨髓细胞进行MRD筛选,找出在双参数点图上的位置明显区别于正常骨髓细胞的免疫表型组合作为MRD监测的有效免疫表型组合,对其中60例患儿诱导治疗结束及后续治疗中的骨髓标本用这些有效免疫表型组合进行MRD监测.同步进行细胞形态学检测和PCR检测29种融合基因、IgH/T淋巴细胞受体(TCR)基因重排.结果流式细胞术检出69例(92.0%)可用于MRD监测的有效免疫表型组合,PCR检出21例(28.0%)可用于MRD监测的融合基因或IgH/TCR基因重排;诱导治疗结束后及后续治疗中有25份骨髓标本细胞形态学未检出白血病残留细胞,流式细胞术检测仍有0.021%～4.130%的白血病残留细胞.结论 流式细胞术检测儿童ALL MRD能较好地评估临床缓解期间ALL患儿体内残留白血病细胞的数量,其覆盖面和速度优于PCR检测方法 ,敏感性高于形态学检测方法 .     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病的流式细胞术分析

目的 根据白血病细胞的异常免疫表达,建立流式细胞术检测儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)微小残留病(minimal residual disease,MRD)的方法 ,探讨流式细胞术检测MRD在儿童ALL个体化治疗中的意义.方法 用流式细胞术以多种四色荧光抗体组合对健康儿童骨髓进行检测,建立健康儿童骨髓细胞双参数点图分析模板.对75例ALL初诊患儿的骨髓细胞进行MRD筛选,找出在双参数点图上的位置明显区别于正常骨髓细胞的免疫表型组合作为MRD监测的有效免疫表型组合,对其中60例患儿诱导治疗结束及后续治疗中的骨髓标本用这些有效免疫表型组合进行MRD监测.同步进行细胞形态学检测和PCR检测29种融合基因、IgH/T淋巴细胞受体(TCR)基因重排.结果流式细胞术检出69例(92.0%)可用于MRD监测的有效免疫表型组合,PCR检出21例(28.0%)可用于MRD监测的融合基因或IgH/TCR基因重排;诱导治疗结束后及后续治疗中有25份骨髓标本细胞形态学未检出白血病残留细胞,流式细胞术检测仍有0.021%～4.130%的白血病残留细胞.结论 流式细胞术检测儿童ALL MRD能较好地评估临床缓解期间ALL患儿体内残留白血病细胞的数量,其覆盖面和速度优于PCR检测方法 ,敏感性高于形态学检测方法 .     

成人急性白血病的免疫表型分析

目的 探讨成人急性白血病的免疫表型特征与诊断价值。方法 采用流式细胞仪对59例成人急性白血病进行免疫表型分析。结果 急性淋巴细胞白血病除均表达淋系抗原外，有15．0％伴有髓系抗原（CD13、CD33、CD11b)的表达；急性髓细胞白血病均表达髓系抗原，同时有13．9％伴有淋系抗原（CD7）的表达。2例细胞形态学不能确定的白血病结合免疫表型分别确诊为M7和HAL；1例形态学诊断为慢粒急淋变的病例，经免疫表型检测后诊断为HAL。结论 免疫表型分析能确诊一些特殊类型的白血病，在急性白血病的诊断分型及治疗预后中具有重要价值。     

形态学酷似幼淋巴细胞白血病的急性髓系白血病

为了探讨形态学酷似幼淋巴细胞白血病（PLL）的急性髓系白血病（AML）的临床、骨髓细胞形态学、免疫表型及细胞遗传学特点，用显微镜观察骨髓细胞形态学特点，用流式细胞术检测骨髓细胞的免疫表型，用传统的细胞遗传学方法分析骨髓细胞核型，用荧光原位杂交技术测定骨髓细胞的杂交信号。结果表明：该患者的临床特点表现为急性白血病，骨髓细胞形态学提示为淋巴系统疾病，但免疫表型分析亦为髓系抗原表达，细胞遗传学分析该例患者存在8号染色体三体，对化疗反应性差。结论：急性髓系白血病细胞形态学可表现淋巴细胞样特点，结合免疫分型有助于进一步确定白血病细胞的类别分型，     

急性髓系白血病微小残留病的多色流式细胞术检测

目的:建立本实验室急性髓系白血病微小残留病检测的十色抗体组合方案,探讨其临床应用价值.方法:根据初发急性髓系白血病患者白血病细胞的抗原表达特征,采用多参数流式细胞术检测骨髓微小残留病,并将检测结果与骨髓细胞形态学和PCR结果进行比较,确定本实验室微小残留病检测的十色抗体组合方案.结果:分析郑州大学第一附属医院392例初...     

急性双表型白血病细胞形态学和免疫表型的研究

目的探讨骨髓细胞免疫表型在急性双表型白血病中的诊断价值及其与骨髓细胞形态学的比对研究。方法对190例急性白血病患者采用流式细胞仪四色免疫荧光直接标记技术检测细胞免疫表型,通过骨髓细胞形态学分型进行分析。采用流式细胞术四色免疫荧光直接标记技术与CD45/SSC设门分析技术检测11例双表型急性白血病患者,根据欧洲白血病免疫分类协作组(EGIL)积分标准进行免疫学分型。结果 190例急性白血病中被免疫分型诊断为急性髓系白血病88例(占46.3%),急性淋系白血病88例(占46.3%),未分化白血病3例(占1.6%),与骨髓细胞形态学和组织化学诊断具有高符合率。190例急性白血病中被免疫分型诊断为急性双表型白血病11例(占5.8%),其中髓系与B系共表达的抗原7例(占3.7%),均共同表达cCD79a和cMPO,胞膜抗原CD19和CD10表达量较高;髓系与T系共表达的抗原3例(占1.6%),均共同表达cCD3和cMPO,胞膜抗原CD5和CD7表达量较高;髓系、B系与T系均表达的抗原1例(占0.5%)。此外,急性双表型白血病患者高表达CD34胞膜抗原(占81.8%),提示预后不良。结论急性双表型白血病发病率较低,骨髓细胞免疫表型对诊断及鉴别双表型急性白血病有特异性,以髓系和B系抗原共表达为主。采用骨髓细胞形态学和流式细胞术联合检测急性双表型白血病可提高诊断准确性,能有效地指导临床制订治疗方案和进行预后判断。     

免疫表型分析与急性白血病诊断

免疫表型分析与急性白血病诊断肖志坚郝玉书自细胞形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学（ＭＩＣ）协作组提出急性白血病（ＡＬ）ＭＩＣ分型以来，染色体核型、免疫表型分析在ＡＬ诊断、治疗策略制定、预后、微量残留病检测以及发病机制研究中的地位已提高到一个新的高度。现就免疫...     

Immunophenotypic analysis in acute leukemia]

Acute leukemias have been classified on French-American-British (FAB) criteria depending on the morphocytochemical features of blasts. Immunophenotyping and clonal rearrangement analysis of lineage-associated genes can decide a frozen stage of the hematopoietic differentiation process in blasts from acute leukemias. B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and T-lineage ALL are systematically classified according to the sequential expression of differentiation-associated antigens. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), several new entities are proposed: AML-M0 is an AML without cytologic maturation, in which the myeloid commitment should be demonstrated by myeloperoxidase-positive microgranule on immunohistochemical staining or electron-microscopy, or by positive reaction for CD13 or CD33 antigens. CD7-positive AML is considered to be one of immature subtypes of AML, rather than hybrid leukemia. Thus, immunological studies on blasts enable us to discriminate a subgroup of leukemias, which will perhaps contribute to the improvement of treatment approach.     

髓系/前体NK细胞急性白血病及髓系/NK细胞急性白血病的回顾和进展

随着流式细胞术的普及,白血病的分类变得更为详细。髓系／前体NK细胞急性白血病及髓系／NK细胞急性白血病是目前认为的两种罕见白血病,在形态学上与常见白血病难以区分,表达髓系与淋系的双重抗原,预后较差,其独特的免疫表型是确诊的唯一依据。CD7分子与CD56分子在两种疾病的分类及临床表现中的作用引人关注。另一方面,随着基础研究的进展,NK细胞的分化途径也得到了进一步的认识。本文将就两种疾病的生物学起源、临床表现及诊断和治疗、CD56分子及CD7分子在两种疾病进程中所起的作用进行综述。     

荧光定量PCR检测急性白血病患者外周血 WT1基因表达及其临床意义

为研究WT1基因表达与临床疗效和预后的关系,探讨其在白血病微小残留病检测中的作用,用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测55例初发白血病患者外周血及10例正常人外周血的WT1基因表达,跟踪20例急性白血病患者外周血WT1基因表达。结果显示,白血病初治组(40例ANLL、15例ALL)与正常人外周血WT1基因表达有显著差异(P<0.001)。在急性白血病患者中,WT1≤6.8×10-3组生存期长于WT1>6.8×10-3组(P=0.027);白血病患者初发时WT1呈高度表达,完全缓解后,迅速或缓慢下降至少1个对数级,复发时再次增高。跟踪检测20例急性白血病患者外周血WT1基因表达,结果7例复发,5例在临床复发前2-3月WT1的水平明显增高,至少上升0.8个对数级。结论:荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测白血病外周血WT1表达具有简便易行、准确性高、特异性好的特点。与正常人外周血比较,WT1在各类白血病外周血中呈高度表达,且表达水平与预后负相关;对外周血WT1基因表达进行定量分析,可用于微小残留病的监测。     

急性白血病免疫治疗的研究现况和前景

要进一步延长急性白血病治疗后缓解期和消灭残余微量白血病细胞，重要方法之一是开展免疫治疗。在研究中的免疫治疗方法有4种：D单克隆抗体(单抗)，其中Mylotarg(抗CD33单抗接上细胞毒抗生素利东霉素)用于治疗复发和难治急性髓性白血病(AML)及急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)分子复发，取得良好效果；Campath—1H(抗CD52单抗)治疗幼淋细胞白血病(PLL)，美罗华治疗B—PLL，缓解率高。其他研究的单抗尚有IL-22单抗治疗急性T细胞白血病、抗220KD单抗6G7治疗急性白血痛、重组免疫毒素BL22(抗CD22)治疗毛细胞白血病以及一些用同位素标记的单抗治疗各种急性白血病；②过继性细胞免疫治疗，用细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞、同种反应NK细胞、同种或自身白血病特异的CD8^ 细胞毒T淋巴细胞和其他免疫效应细胞；⑧细胞因子及其他免疫调节剂，诸如IL-2，IL-12，GM—CSF，CD40L,LT-3L，沙利度胺及其衍化物；④白血病疫苗，有抗原特异的、白血病细胞为基础的、负载白血病抗原的树突状细胞(DC)和白血病来源的DC疫苗等几种不同剂型，以后两者剂型更受重视。总之，到目前为止，急性白血病免疫治疗中最有效的方法是应用单抗，其他大多数方法也已显示应用前景，值得进一步研究.     

282例急性白血病流式细胞术免疫分型的特点分析

目的探讨急性白血病免疫表型特征及诊断价值。方法采用流式细胞术三色荧光直接标记技术检测282例AL患者,根据抗体积分系统进行分型。结果①按免疫表型的特征可将急性白血病分为4类:单表型急性白血病(82.27％),表达某一系列抗原为主的急性白血病(9.22％),急性杂合性白血病(HAL)(7.09％),未分化型急性白血病(AUL)(1.42％);②80％以上急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANLL)患者主要表达MPO(96.38％)、CD13(89.86％)、CD33(69.57％),90％以上急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)主要表达cCD79a(100％)、CD19(93.67％)或cCD3(100％)、CD2(100％),表达某一系列抗原为主的AL以急性B淋巴细胞白血病伴随系表达(My B-ALL)为主(62.50％),HAL以B-ALL及MAL为主。结论流式细胞仪三色免疫荧光直接标记法进行AL免疫分型,cCD3、cCD79a、MPO为系列特异性标志,CD117为早期髓细胞的标志,对AL的诊断及一些特殊类型的白血病的确诊、治疗和预后均有重要意义。     

Leukemias of indeterminant lineage

Two biologically and clinically important forms of acute leukemia have been described. Evidence suggests that both undifferentiated acute leukemia and many types of hybrid leukemia arise from relatively fewer differentiated cells than do the more straightforward acute leukemias. Clinical correlations suggest that patients with these leukemias may have a poorer prognosis, although some findings may be associated with an improved prognosis. More data in which multiple techniques are applied to the same leukemic cells are clearly needed. Patients with certain types of hybrid leukemias may be suitable candidates for more aggressive forms of chemotherapy or, possibly, combinations of therapy directed at cells of both lineages.     

急性微分化型髓细胞白血病转换为急性混合表型白血病一例诊断分析

目的 分析1例急性微分化型髓细胞白血病转换为不另作特定分类急性混合表型白血病的诊断过程,并探索其与其他急性微分化型髓细胞白血病和急性混合表型白血病病例的异同.方法 采用细胞涂片染色或化学染色方法对1例原发急性微分化型髓细胞白血病转换为不另作特定分类急性混合表型白血病病例进行细胞形态学分析;采用流式细胞术进行免疫表型分析;采用染色体G显带技术进行核型分析;应用RT-PCR技术进行融合基因的检测.并与2例急性微分化型髓细胞白血病和1例急性混合表型白血病进行实验室诊断结果比较,了解这一罕见的急性白血病发生转化的特征.结果 转换前急性微分化型髓细胞白血病在形态上表现为骨髓原始细胞占0.82,可见明显核仁,无Auer小体;免疫表型为造血相关抗原CD38和HLA-DR阳性,部分髓系抗原(CD13、CD56和CD11b)阳性,淋系抗原CD7阳性;其他髓系抗原(MPO、CD33和CD15)阴性,B系抗原(CD79a、CD19和CD22)阴性,T系抗原(胞内CD3、CD4和CD8)阴性.而转换后不另作特定分类急性混合表型白血病在形态上表现为骨髓原始细胞极度增生,占0.42,嗜酸粒细胞增多,嗜碱粒细胞可见;免疫表型为造血相关抗原CD38和HLA-DR阳性,髓系抗原(MPO和CD13)阳性,B系抗原(CD19和CD79a)阳性,T系抗原(胞内CD3)阳性,淋系抗原CD7阳性.对照组白血病具有典型的形态学和免疫表型特点,均未见异常染色体核型和融合基因.结论 该病例诊断复杂,临床少见,综合分析急性微分化型髓细胞白血病和不另作特定分类急性混合表型白血病的实验室特征对确诊十分重要,而免疫表型的变化是关键.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the diagnostic process of a rare case of acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation undergoing a lineage switch to mixed phenotype acute leukemia, NOS-rare types,and to investigate its difference from other acute myeloid leukemia and mixed phenotype acute leukemia. Methods Following tests were performed on the patient with switched mixed phenotype acute leukemia and three control leukemia patients ( including two acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation and one mixed phenotype acute leukemia ). Cell morphology was analyzed by bone marrow smear and related cell chemical staining. Immunophenotyping of bone marrow was performed by flow cytometry ( FCM ). G-banding technique was used for karyotype analysis and RT-PCR was used for fusion gene detection. All the laboratory data of the switched patient were compared to that of three control patients in order to reveal the characteristics of such a rare phenotype switch in acute leukemia. Results Before switching, the morphology of acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation demonstrated 0.82 blasts occurring in bone marrow, distinct nucleoli and absence of Auer rods. Blast cells expressed hematopoieticassociated antigens ( CD38, HLA-DR ), myeloid antigens ( CD13, CD56, CD11b ) and CD7. And these blasts were negative for MPO, CD33, CD15, CD79, CD19, CD22, cytoplasmic CD3, CD4 and CD8. After switching, 0. 42 blasts were found in bone marrow, showed eosinophilia and presence of basophile. Blast cells expressed hematopoietic-associated antigens ( CD38, HLA-DR ), myeloid antigens ( MPO, CD13 ),lymphoid antigens ( CD19, CD79a ,cytoplasmic CD3, and CD7 ). The control group showed typical morphology and immunophenotyping. No abnormal karyotype and fusion gene were detected. Conclusions It is a rare and complicated case that acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation switched to mixed phenotype acute leukemia, NOS-rare types. The laboratory features, especially the change of immunophenotyping play an important role in the diagnosis.     

Stability of leukemia-associated aberrant immunophenotypes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia between diagnosis and relapse: comparison with cytomorphologic, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic findings

BACKGROUND: Multiparameter flow cytometry is increasingly used to monitor minimal residual disease in patients with acute myeloid leukemia to identify leukemic cells by leukemia-associated aberrant immunophenotypes (LAIPs). Changes in LAIPs during the course of the disease may be a limitation for this approach. METHODS: We analyzed 49 patients at diagnosis and relapse by flow cytometry, cytomorphology, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics. RESULTS: In 37 patients (76%), at least one LAIP detectable at diagnosis was present at relapse; in 12 patients (24%), none of the original LAIPs were present in at least 1% of bone marrow cells. Three groups were identified: no change in LAIPs, partial changes in LAIPs, and complete change in LAIPs. There were significant differences across these groups with regard to changes in cytomorphology (11%, 40%, and 58% of all cases, respectively; P = 0.007), cytogenetics (15%, 20%, and 25%; not significant), and molecular genetics (18%, 0, and 86%; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that, in a subset of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, the disease is biologically different at relapse; therefore, monitoring of minimal residual disease is difficult to accomplish. In most patients with acute myeloid leukemia, multiparameter flow cytometry may be used to monitor minimal residual disease.     

急性髓系白血病M_2微小残留病与细胞遗传学关系探讨

目的 了解急性髓系白血病(AML)M2微小残留病(MRD)水平与细胞遗传学分组的关系.方法 采用多参数流式细胞仪(MFC)进行白血病免疫分型,然后再根据白血病相关免疫表型(LAIP)选择抗体组合,完成对117例M2病人的MRD监测.结果 将初次缓解AML-M2病人的微小残留病灶水平以5×10-4为界,在细胞遗传学预后较好组、预后中等组、预后较差组之间进行比较,发现三组MRD水平差异无显著性.动态监测中比较了45例患者1年内不同遗传学分组MRD从10-3水平后上升到10-2水平的发生率:预后较好组33%,预后中等组32%,预后较差组50%.结论 MFC检测AML-M2病人MRD水平可用于评估治疗反应及预测复发.     

Antigens of leukemias induced by naturally occurring murine leukemia virus: their relation to the antigens of gross virus and other murine leukemia viruses

Leukemias can be induced in W/Fu inbred rats by neonatal inoculation of normal thymus cells of C58 mice. These leukemias are not transplantable to C58 mice or to adult W/Fu rats, but they can be kept in passage in W/Fu rats aged 0 to 7 days. Adult W/Fu rats inoculated repeatedly with these isogenic leukemias produce cytotoxic and precipitating antibodies. These antisera are of particular value in the analysis of the antigens of leukemia cells and of leukemia viruses because their mode of preparation precludes the formation of antibody against any normal constituents of the cell. Analysis based on the cytotoxic test indicates the presence of 2 distinct cell surface antigens in leukemias induced by Passage A Gross virus or occurring spontaneously in mice of high-incidence strains. All leukemias and other tissues known to contain G (Gross) leukemia antigen have both determinants, but certain leukemias of low-incidence strains have only 1 of them and so were previously classified G-. Immunoprecipitation with these antisera reveals the presence of a cellular antigen common to G+ cells and absent from G- cells; the same antigen can be demonstrated in ether-treated Gross virus, but not in intact virus. This antigen is present also in ether-treated preparations of the Friend, Moloney, and Rauscher leukemia viruses, but not in Bittner (mammary tumor) virus. Thus it may be regarded as a group-specific antigen of murine leukemia viruses, in contrast to the type-specific cellular antigens demonstrable by the cytotoxic test. Four additional antigens associated with leukemias induced by wild-type Gross virus have been demonstrated by immunoprecipitation, but their relation to viral and cellular antigens has not been determined.