The prevention and treatment of the incompetence of esophageal anastomoses]

The main cause of lethal outcomes after operations on the oesophagus and cardia remains failure of esophageal anastomosis. The lack of substantial positive changes in prophylaxis and especially in treatment of this complication is explained by etiological approach to this problem. Pathogenesis of the failure is determined by the only trigger--penetration of infection into the tissues of anastomotic area. The authors have developed and introduced into practice the method and the device to influence the basic link of the pathogenesis. The application of the method of permanent irrigation and sealing of the esophageal anastomosis line in treatment of 917 patients made it possible to cut down lethal outcomes from insufficiency of esophageal anastomosis to 0.1%.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术常见并发症的防治

目的:观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的并发症,分析产生并发症的原因,探讨预防措施。方法:将1998~2005年300例LC患者出现的并发症进行总结、分析。结果:300例LC患者发生各种并发症8例,发生率为2.66%。结论:预防并发症的关键是术前仔细阅片,做到心中有数,术中规范操作,一旦发生腹腔镜下不易处理的并发症应立即中转开腹。尤其在基层医院及时果断中转开腹手术对防止并发症的发生尤为重要。     

回肠造口并发症的护理干预

目的为了处理和预防回肠造口并发症,提高造口病人的生存质量。方法运用护理程序,通过对35例回肠造口术病人术后进行仔细观察和评估,找出病人存在和潜在的问题,制定针对性的护理措施。结果通过一系列对症处理,除一例病人因全身衰竭死亡外,其余所有病例均无并发症发生,全愈出院。结论有目、有计划、有步骤地采取一系列的护理措施,达到防治造口并发症的目的,提高了造口病人的生存质量。     

末端回肠外置造口在低位直肠癌手术中的应用

目的探讨末端回肠造口在低位直肠癌手术中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析16例低位直肠癌前切除术中加行末端回肠外置造口术防治吻合口漏的临床资料。结果 16例均经直肠癌低位前切除术切除病灶一期吻合并加行末端回肠外置造口术。术后未发生吻合口漏。2个月后二期手术回纳回肠造口,回纳前3例出现直肠吻合口狭窄,所有病人如期实施造口回纳,未出现并发症。结论末端回肠外置造口制作和回纳简单,手术并发症少,可有效预防和治疗直肠癌术后吻合口漏,尤其在高龄、全身情况较差、有伴发病、手术操作难度大等不利于低位吻合病人中有较好的临床推广价值。     

管扎式结肠肛管吻合术治疗低位直肠癌(附256例报告)

目的:评价管扎式结肠肛管吻合术治疗低位直肠癌的安全性和临床效果.方法:回顾性分析1991年10月至2005年12月共256例低位直肠癌行管扎式结肠肛管吻合术的临床资料.结果:无手术死亡,术后发生吻合漏1例,吻合口狭窄16例,术后肛门功能优良率96.7%,术后5年肿瘤局部复发13.1%,5年存活率为71.9%.结论:该法具有操作简单易行安全可靠,减少了吻合口漏的发生,适用于各级医院开展.     

经皮椎体成形术并发症的预防及处理

目的探讨预防和处理经皮椎体成形术常见并发症的经验。方法回顾性分析56例接受经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折（共75个椎体）患者的资料。结果55例患者术后疼痛症状消失或缓解,优良率达98.22%。共21例出现术中及术后并发症,占37.50%;其中骨水泥向椎体外周软组织渗漏、椎旁静脉内渗漏、椎间盘内渗漏各4例,椎管内渗漏及肋骨骨折各1例,其他并发症7例。结论经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折临床疗效好,同时要重视对并发症的预防和处理。     

Diverting loop ileostomy, effective prevention of colonic complications in necrotizing acute pancreatitis]

The operative diagnosis of colonic ischaemia in association with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) may be difficult in the absence of unequivocal transmural necrosis or perforation. We introduced in May 1988 a new policy whereby, when colonic viability was dubious, resection was avoided and a diverting loop ileostopy (DLI) was performed. If necrosectomy led to extensive mobilization of the splenic flexure with a capillary drainage system placed in close contact, a DLI was again performed. Colectomy was only performed for unequivocal transmural necrosis. Among 30 patients operated on for ANP, 12 underwent DLI. This policy allowed us to spare potentially ischaemic colons. No secondary colonic complication occurred and there was no rise in the mortality rate. Among patients whose colon was kept in circuit there were bouts of bowel distension and unexplained bacteriemia ultimately leading to death from multiorgan failure. When colonic viability is dubious and when drainage is brought up in close contact with the bowel wall DLI might allow colonic resection to be avoided. In our experience DLI also seemed to prevent secondary colonic complications.     

腔镜甲状腺切除术并发症防治

腔镜甲状腺切除术改变了在颈部切口的传统 ,把手术切口微小化并隐藏起来 ,达到裸露的颈部没有手术瘢痕的美观效果 ,因此深受患者欢迎。但由于颈部解剖复杂 ,甲状腺血供丰富 ,周围邻近重要的神经血管等器官 ,颈部又没有天然手术空间 ,因此手术操作具有相当难度 ,如果技术不熟练     

The prevention and treatment of complications from extracorporeal lithotripsy

Since October 1987, remote lithotripsy (RL) has been performed at the Research Institute of Urology, RSFSR Ministry of Health, over 3 years. "Specific" complications associated with RL made with a Urat-P lithotriptor are common in the immediate period following the procedure. The paper describes the analysis and outlines complications, causes of their occurrence, and prophylactic measures. A total of 2,300 lithotripsies conducted in 1988-1990 were analyzed. The incidence of the complications was 2.4%, which is similar to the values observed with foreign lithotriptors. The occurrence of acute pyelonephritis caused by RL is likely to increase when there is a baseline active inflammatory process in the urinary tract. The paper proposes a procedure for selecting patients in RL, antibacterial preoperative therapy, methods for lithoclasty with the use of the national lithotriptor. Involving two lithotripsy regimens. The authors find it necessary to drain the urinary tract within the first days of the appearance of signs of acute pyelonephritis by renal catheterization or paracentetic nephrostomy.     

下眼袋整形术常见并发症及防治

下眼袋整形术并发下睑外翻的主要原因是去除皮肤过多或切除眼轮匝肌过多所致。预防要点在于术中掌握好去除皮肤及眼轮匝肌的尺度，应恰到好处。严重外翻者需再次手术修复纠正。下睑凹陷主要是由于去除眶隔脂肪过多所致，故应掌握好去脂的量，术中如发现脂肪去除过多，可将去除的脂肪部分回植，若术后发生凹陷，可行脂肪充填术予以弥补。眼袋部分存留主要是对多余皮肤和脂肪去除的量过于保守所致。两侧不对称，是因术前两侧眼袋大小不一，而去除的皮肤及脂肪量却相同，或是因术前两侧眼袋大小相同，而去除的量不一致所造成，故术中要仔细观察，进行对照，如发现不对称则予调整纠正。血肿系止血不彻底而引起，球后血肿虽然少见但却是严重的并发症，应予以高度重视。去除眶隔脂肪时止血必须彻底，一旦发生球后血肿应及时再次手术止血。此外，作者还对切口线靠下、睫毛脱落、复视、外眦眼裂变小、感染等并发症的发生原因作了分析，提出防治方法。     

Risk factors for complications after diverting ileostomy closure in patients who have undergone rectal cancer surgery

Purpose

To clarify the risk factors for complications after diverting ileostomy closure in patients who have undergone rectal cancer surgery.

Methods

The study group comprised 240 patients who underwent a diverting ileostomy at the time of lower anterior resection or internal anal sphincter resection, in our department, between 2004 and 2015. Univariate and multivariate analyses of 18 variables were performed to establish which of these are risk factors for postoperative complications.

Results

The most common complications were intestinal obstruction and wound infection. Univariate analysis showed that an age of 72 years or older (p?=?0.0028), an interval between surgery and closure of 6 months or longer (p?=?0.0049), and an operation time of 145 min or longer (p?=?0.0293) were significant risk factors for postoperative complications. Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio, 3.4236; p?=?0.0025), the interval between surgery and closure (odds ratio, 3.4780; p?=?0.0039), and operation time (odds 2.5179; p?=?0.0260) were independent risk factors.

Conclusions

Age, interval between surgery and closure, and operation time were independent risk factors for postoperative complications after diverting ileostomy closure. Thus, temporary ileostomy closure should be performed within 6 months after surgery for rectal cancer.

     

PPH术后合并直肠口袋征的防治（附2例报告）

目的探讨PPH术治疗脱垂痔术后合并直肠口袋征的原因和处理。方法回顾性分析2例PPH术后合并直肠憩室患者的临床资料,总结手术并发症的发生原因及处理措施。结果 1例（男性）PPH术后肛门局部肿物脱出,伴出血及低热,1例（女性）术后排脓血黏液便伴低热,均经直肠指诊发现及肛镜诊断吻合口局部形成直肠口袋征。其中男性患者经保守治疗治愈,女性患者出现间断性肛周肿痛感染,行脓肿切开引流及开放＂口袋＂后治愈。结论荷包缝合不当可导致PPH术后发生直肠口袋征,开放引流疗效确切。     

肛门紧缩术在直肠脱垂治疗中的应用

目的 研究肛门紧缩术在直肠脱垂手术治疗中应用的可行性.方法 70例直肠脱垂Ⅲ度患者做直肠黏膜柱状缝合术和硬化剂注射术为A组,66例直肠脱垂Ⅲ度患者做直肠黏膜柱状缝合、硬化剂注射+肛门紧缩术为B组,对比其疗效.结果 术后随访2年,A组无神经系统损伤的治愈率75.93%,B组无神经系统损伤的治愈率94.12%(P=0.02),差异有统计学意义.A组有神经系统损伤的治愈率37.5%,B组有神经系统损伤的治愈率86.7%(P=0.015),差异有统计学意义.结论 肛门紧缩术是治疗直肠脱垂非常重要的术式,应作为治疗直肠脱垂的常规术式之一.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的防治体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)并发症的预防及处理措施。方法:回顾分析2008年11月至2011年9月为986例患者施行LC的临床资料,其中胆囊结石818例,胆囊息肉111例,结石合并息肉57例。结果:981例成功完成LC,5例中转开腹。术中出血6例,均于镜下成功止血;术后胆漏4例,胆管残余结石2例。术中3例行胆管造影,19例放置腹腔引流管。术后住院4～18 d,平均6.5 d。无切口感染,均治愈出院。结论:手术适应证与术者熟练程度有关,严格把握手术适应证及手术时机,重视术毕对腹腔的探查,可减少LC并发症的发生。     

后腹腔镜手术的并发症及其防治策略

目的 分析后腹腔镜泌尿外科手术发生并发症的原因和防治措施.方法 总结开展后腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿系疾病发生的各种并发症,并对其发生原因进行分析.结果 本组148例手术中出现并发症共18例,占12.16% ,严重并发症5例(3.38%),包括下腔静脉损伤2例、十二指肠损伤1例、胸膜损伤2例;轻度并发症13例(8.78%),包括腹膜撕裂6例、皮下气肿7例;有4例中转开放手术.结论 在后腹腔镜手术开展的学习曲线阶段,由于经验不足,手术并发症发生率较高.部分并发症需要中转开放手术,严重者可危及患者生命.因此,临床医生对于后腹腔镜手术的各种并发症及其发生因素和防治策略要有充分的认识.