小学生社会技能与同伴接纳的关系研究

目的 探析小学生社会技能与同伴接纳的关系,为研究小学生社会适应与健康发展提供参考依据.方法 采用自编的小学生社会技能同伴行为描述问卷和班级限定提名法,对460名小学生进行施测.结果 在社会技能方面,女生的积极行为技能水平显著高于男生,分别为(1.04±0.14)分和(0.48±0.19)分(P＜0.01);在消极行为水平上,女生显著低于男生,分别为(0.44±0.18)分和(0.70±0.22)分(P＜0.01).积极行为技能对受欢迎同伴接纳、消极行为技能对被拒绝同伴接纳、积极行为技能与消极行为技能对被忽视同伴接纳和一般型同伴接纳具有明显的预测效应.结论 小学女生社会技能水平高于男生,其社会技能对4类同伴接纳类型均有显著预测效应.     

武汉市某小学学生关系攻击行为调查

目的 了解武汉市某小学学生关系攻击行为状况,为心理健康教育提供依据.方法 采用班级戏剧问卷及同伴提名的方法,对武汉市某小学553名学生进行测查.结果 小学生关系攻击行为的年级差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),性别差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),女孩的关系攻击水平高于男孩(P＜0.01).受欢迎组、普通组男孩关系攻击水平高于被拒绝组(P＜0.05),有争议组女孩关系攻击水平显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05),其他各组之间的差异无统计学意义.结论 对小学生关系攻击的干预应考虑到性别差异.     

唐山市中小学生同伴接纳性及其相关因素分析

目的探讨中小学生同伴接纳性的相关因素,为提高中小学生心理健康水平提供参考。方法运用社会测量法、班级戏剧问卷等方法 ,随机测查唐山市中小学生398名的同伴接纳性及相关因素。结果对小学和初中学生同伴接纳具有预测作用的首要因素是社交/领导性,但教师接纳对小学生同伴接纳有预测作用;对小学和初中学生同伴拒绝具有预测作用的首要因素分别为受欺侮和外部攻击。结论影响学生同伴接纳性的主要影响是社会行为因素,但教师接纳对小学同伴接纳性有影响。     

欺负及受欺负小学生同伴关系分析

目的探讨欺负、受欺负小学生的同伴关系,为校园欺负行为的干预提供参考依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取海口市6所小学的742名三～六年级学生进行问卷调查。结果欺负者、欺负/受欺负者的同伴拒绝显著高于受欺负者(P<0.05)。男生受欺负者的同伴接纳显著低于女生,女生欺负者、欺负/受欺负者的同伴接纳显著低于男生(P<0.05)。求助者的同伴接纳高于不求助者(P<0.01)。男生欺负者与欺负/受欺负者的被拒绝比例高于其他组,欺负者受欢迎比例高于受欺负者与欺负/受欺负者,而受欺负者与欺负/受欺负者的被忽视比例最高(P<0.01)。结论小学生同伴关系存在欺负行为角色与性别差异。     

大学生攻击行为现况及影响因素分析

了解大学生攻击行为现况及其家庭和个人心理影响因素,为预防和减少大学生攻击行为的发生提供理论依据.方法 以家庭教养方式量表、青少年心理弹性量表、人格量表及攻击量表为工具,在江苏、安徽省随机分层抽取10所高校的842名大学生进行调查.结果 父母关系不和谐的大学生身体攻击及攻击总分高于父母关系和谐的大学生.父母为高中以上学历的大学生,除身体攻击外,攻击的其他维度及总分均低于父母为小学及或初中学历的大学生.高攻击组大学生家庭关爱维度得分低于低攻击组,而控制维度得分高于低攻击组.除目标关注维度外,高攻击组大学生心理弹性各个维度的得分均低于低攻击组.高攻击组大学生神经质得分高于低攻击组,人格特征其余维度的得分均低于低攻击组.结论 大学生的攻击行为受到父母关系、父母学历水平、家庭教养方式、心理弹性和人格特征的影响.     

淮北市中学生同伴依恋与攻击行为的相关分析

目的分析中学生同伴依恋与攻击行为的关系,为青少年心理行为干预提供科学依据。方法采取整群方便抽样方法,对安徽省淮北市6所中学2 707名中学生同伴依恋和攻击行为进行问卷调查。结果 2 707名中学生同伴依恋总分和攻击行为总分均存在显著的性别和学段差异,同伴依恋总分女生高于男生,初中学生高于高中学生;攻击行为总分男生高于女生,高中学生高于初中学生。同伴不安全依恋的中学生攻击行为总分显著高于同伴安全依恋的中学生,同伴依恋与攻击行为显著负相关。结论良好的同伴依恋关系可以减少攻击性行为,应重视青少年同伴安全依恋的培养。     

某高校大学生关系攻击行为现状分析

关系攻击行为是故意操纵和破坏他人的同伴关系从而伤害他人的行为[1].与身体攻击造成的后果一样,关系攻击导致的心理和社会适应困难也是广泛且稳定的[2].目前,随着社会对校园暴力和攻击行为的关注,越来越多的人提出学校发生的关系攻击行为也不容忽视.本研究旨在调查大学生关系攻击行为状况,为进一步开展相关研究提供依据,并为营造积极、安全、尊重的学校文化提供参考.     

儿童关系攻击行为及教育对策研究进展

“关系攻击”这一术语,最早由Crick等[1]提出,是指通过有目的地操纵和损害他人的人际关系而达到伤害他人目的的行为,如将他人从游戏群体中排斥出去以进行报复;为了伤害和对同伴实施控制,用终止友谊或认同来威胁;散布谣言让同伴拒绝他/她等.国内外研究发现,关系攻击者和受害者都会出现一系列心理一社会适应问题,主要涉及情绪适应或内化问题、行为适应或外化问题以及人际适应问题:经常受到关系攻击的儿童容易情绪抑郁、焦虑、自卑孤僻、厌学,严重的会出现社会退缩行为甚至自杀;而对关系攻击者来讲,攻击他人则可能会造成其情绪抑郁,在生活和人际关系中体验到更多的不满,具有较高的冲突性和排他性,有自我伤害行为并缺乏冲动的控制和情绪管理技能[2-4].     

澳门在学青少年攻击行为及其与物质滥用关系

目的了解澳门在学青少年攻击行为现状、特征以及物质滥用对攻击行为发生的影响。方法于2018年9—12月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对中国澳门地区中小学生进行问卷调查,使用攻击行为调查量表和物质滥用测量方法,对澳门在学青少年的攻击行为和物质滥用状况进行评估。结果本次调查对象共3 664人,澳门在学青少年攻击行为平均总得分为(36.40±19.23)分,其中被动性攻击行为平均得分为(19.94±9.86)分,主动性攻击行为平均得分为(16.46±10.05)分,被动性攻击得分高于主动性攻击。单因素分析结果显示,澳门在学青少年攻击行为得分的年级差异有统计学意义(P 0.001),初中年级学生的攻击行为得分高于小学和高中年级;在学青少年攻击行为得分因学习成绩而异且有统计学意义(P 0.001),学习成绩较好的在学青少年攻击行为得分低于学习成绩差者;主观生活满意度与在学青少年攻击行为得分显著相关(P=0.005),生活满意度较高的在学青少年攻击行为得分更低。多因素线性回归结果显示,曾经饮酒次数(P=0.012)、最近1个月饮酒频率(P 0.001)、最近1个月吸烟频率(P 0.001)、最近1个月吸食毒品频率(P=0.027)是影响在学青少年攻击行为的重要因素。结论澳门在学青少年的被动性攻击行为水平高于主动性攻击行为,物质滥用是攻击行为衍生的风险因素,需要家庭、学校、政府和社会共同行动以预防和减少青少年攻击行为的发生。     

安徽省中学生青春期发育时相与不同维度攻击行为的关系

目的探究青春期发育时相与青少年不同维度攻击行为的关系。方法按照整群随机抽样方法,从安徽省铜陵市、阜阳市和滁州市分别抽取1所普通初中和1所高中,共计调查5760名中学生,分别采用青春发育事件自我评定量表(PDS)和自我感知青春期发育时相两种方法评价青春期发育时相,同时采用Buss-Perry攻击问卷调查青少年攻击行为。结果 PDS量表评价青春期发育状况与攻击行为关系表现为:初中男女生不同维度攻击行为得分均为青春期发育提前组最高,青春期延迟组最低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);高中男生躯体攻击、言语攻击行为维度青春期发育提前组和适时组得分高于青春期延迟组,女生在躯体攻击、愤怒、敌意维度表现为发育提前组和适时组得分高于发育延迟组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。自我感知青春期发育状况与攻击行为关系表现为:初中和高中女生,躯体攻击、愤怒、敌意维度得分均为自我感知青春期发育提前组最高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);男生中,仅言语攻击维度在高中男生表现为青春期发育适时组和延迟组得分高于发育提前组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用PDS量表评价青少年青春期发育提前与其攻击行为密切相关,自我感知青春期发育状况对女生攻击行为影响相对较大。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.