Effect of rapid glycemic control on progression of diabetic retinopathy.

The effect of the start of glycemic control on the progression of retinopathy was investigated by a case-control study. The changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) were compared between a case group, diabetic cases showing progression of retinopathy (Group 1), and a control group, diabetic cases showing no progression of retinopathy (Groups 2-A and 2-B). Group 2-A was matched with Group 1 on the basis of the grade of retinopathy at the first examination and other clinical data. Group 2-B was matched with Group 1 in terms of HbA1 value and methods of control, but had no retinopathy or background retinopathy. The retrospective follow-up period for the three groups was 24 months. On the basis of the respective matching factors, Groups 1 and 2-A were divided into 9 blocks of homogeneous subjects, and Groups 1 and 2-B were similarly divided into 6 blocks. The resulting data was evaluated block by block, using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a conditional logistic regression analysis. In Group 1, the HbA1 value decreased rapidly 10-6 months before the progression of retinopathy, but the HbA1 value did not change in Groups 2-A and 2-B during the 24-month follow-up. The difference in the estimated mean HbA1 value between 10-9 months and 1-0 month before the progression of retinopathy was 2.46% greater in Group 1 than in Group 2-A, as determined by ANOVA. The relative risks of a 1, 2 and 3% increase in HbA1 value for 7-6 months were estimated as 1.6, 2.4 and 3.8, respectively, by conditional logistic regression analysis. These findings indicate that the decrease in HbA1 value during any 6-month period should be limited to less than 2% in order to prevent the progression of retinopathy. It is also evident that too rapid a decrease at the initiation of glycemic control could cause severe or transient exacerbation of the progression of retinopathy.     

Oscillatory potentials, macular recovery time, and diabetic retinopathy through 3 years of intensified insulin treatment

Forty-five diabetic patients, 18 to 45 years of age, with mild or no retinopathy, were randomly assigned to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), multiple injections (Mls), and conventional insulin treatment (CIT). The effects of near-normoglycemia (CSII and MI) on oscillatory potentials (electroretinography [ERG]) and macular recovery time (nyctometry) were studied prospectively for 41 months. Before randomization, the amplitudes of oscillatory potentials were negatively correlated to age (P = 0.002) and positively correlated to the diameter of retinal veins (P less than 0.05). Men had shorter macular recovery time than women (P = 0.03). Nyctometry and oscillatory potentials were not related to mean blood glucose values, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1), retinopathy, blood pressure levels, or duration of diabetes. Changes in metabolic control (MI and CSII; P less than 0.01) and in microaneurysms and hemorrhages (CSII and CIT) during the study did not affect oscillatory potentials or nyctometry. Soft exudates (15 patients) and proliferative retinopathy (1 patient) transiently developed with MI and CSII regimens. No changes in oscillatory potentials or nyctometry were observed and no pretreatment characteristics of these parameters predicted the occurrence of these ischemic lesions. At the stage of proliferation, however, lowered amplitudes of oscillatory potentials and lengthened macular recovery time were observed.     

Macular recovery during onset and development of diabetic retinopathy in childhood and adolescence

The relationship between the macular recovery recorded by nyctometry and the retinal findings was examined in 60 initially pre-pubescent children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during a 6-year period with special reference to the clinical applicability of nyctometry in selecting children and adolescents at risk of developing proliferative diabetic retinopathy. At the end of the study period the mean age of the patients was 21.9 years (range 18-23 years) and the mean diabetes duration 13.2 years (range 8.1-21.2 years). At the initial recording of macular recovery, only 7% of the children showed retinopathy, and this only in the form of a few microaneurysms or dot haemorrhages. During the study period, however, nearly all (93%) developed retinopathy, and in 9 (14%) the disease progressed into proliferative retinopathy. The initially recorded macular recovery time (MRI) of those children developing proliferative retinopathy was significantly lower (616 +/- 95; X +/- SEM) compared to the initial MRT performances (900 +/- 47) of the rest of the children. However, due to a high coefficient of variation in the material; predictive sensitivity showed low (56%) at a specificity level of 90%, suggesting that nyctometry is less suitable for selecting risk patients in children than in adults.     

不同分期糖尿病视网膜病变超声乳化术后黄斑的改变

目的通过光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)仪测量黄斑区视网膜的厚度,观察不同分期的糖尿病视网膜病变患者超声乳化术后不同时间黄斑区视网膜的改变。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年1月在我院行超声乳化手术的糖尿病患者60例60眼,其中A组为无糖尿病视网膜病变组、B组为非增生期糖尿病视网膜病变组、C组为增生期糖尿病视网膜病变组,每组20例20眼。比较术后1个月3组患者视力、黄斑水肿发生率及术前,术后1d、1周及1个月3组患者黄斑区视网膜的厚度。结果 A组及B组患者术后1个月视力≥0.5者分别占90%、80%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.118,P>0.05)。C组患者视力≥0.5者占70%,与A、B2组相比差异均有统计学意义(χ2=6.00,P<0.05;χ2=4.54,P<0.05)。3组术后1d视网膜厚度与术前比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。术后1周,3组视网膜厚度分别为(202.80±71.79)μm、(189.10±46.23)μm、(234.10±35.57)μm,术后1个月为(211.30±80.24)μm、(180.90±30.51)μm、(243.30±28.53)μm,均较术前增加,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05),且C组较A、B2组增厚(均为P<0.05)。术后1个月,3组黄斑水肿的发生率分别为10%、10%、45%,C组较A、B2组升高,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。结论糖尿病患者超声乳化晶状体吸出术后黄斑区视网膜厚度增加,且糖尿病视网膜病变程度越重,术后黄斑水肿的发生率越高,水肿的程度越重。     

Relationship of corneal endothelial morphology to diabetic retinopathy, duration of diabetes and glycemic control

Using specular microscopy and computer-assisted morphometry, the morphologic features of the corneal endothelium were evaluated in three groups of patients with type II diabetes mellitus: 20 patients without diabetic retinopathy, 24 with background retinopathy, and 26 with proliferative retinopathy. When compared to age-matched nondiabetic controls (30 patients), all diabetic groups had similar endothelial cell densities but demonstrated significant increases in cell size and shape variability (pleomorphism). However, there was no significant difference in the degree of these endothelial changes among the three diabetic groups. Moreover, none of the endothelial morphologic parameters was found to correlate with the duration of diabetes or glycemic control, as estimated from glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) concentrations.     

The effect of long-term near normal glycemic control on mild diabetic retinopathy

Thirty-three type l diabetics who used continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin (CSll) and 24 diabetics on conventional treatment (maximum of two injections per day) were studied prospectively with ophthalmologic examinations, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) determinations. Both groups were similar with respect to age, duration of diabetes, and length of follow-up. At entry almost all patients had only mild forms of diabetic retinopathy although three CSll patients had early proliferative retinopathy. The CSll groups achieved superior glycemic control throughout the study (mean HbA1 = 7.4% vs. 10.2%). After an average follow-up of more than 30 months, the CSll group showed significantly less progression of diabetic retinopathy as measured by macular aneurysm counts and by modified ETDRS grading. Careful control of glycemia may delay the progression of diabetic retinopathy.     

Effect of the start of glycemic control on the progression of diabetic retinopathy

The effect of the start of glycemic control on retinopathy progression was investigated. The changes of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) were compared between the retinopathy progression group (Group 1, 24 eyes) and the non-progression group (Group 2, 23 eyes). The follow-up period was 24 months. The grades of retinopathy, age, duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), sex, and manner of DM control in these subjects were matched between the two groups. They were classified into 9 strata according to the matched systemic factors. In Group 1, HbA1 value decreased rapidly 6 or 7 months before the retinopathy progression, but did not change in Group 2 during 24 months. The change rate was significantly different between Group 1 and Group 2. The block efficacy for 6-7 months follow-up was also statistically significant between the two groups by analysis of variance (ANDVA). The estimated mean HbA1 value for the 9-10 month period in Group 1 was 2.46% less than that of Group 2. The higher the HbA1 value, the higher the relative risk (odds ratio) of retinopathy progression. The relative risk of retinopathy progression of the mean HbA1 value was highest for 9-10 month period. The relative risks of 1, 2, and 3% decrease of HbA1 for 9-10 months were 1.7, 2.8, and 4.7, respectively.     

Subclassification of preproliferative diabetic retinopathy and glycemic control: relationship between mean hemoglobin A1C value and development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE: We evaluated the relationship between long-term glycemic control and the proportion of patients developing proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) among cases with mild type preproliferative diabetic retinopathy (PPDR). METHODS: The relationship was evaluated between the mean hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) value during a period of at least 2 years and the proportion of patients developing PDR among cases with mild type PPDR, based on our previously proposed subclassification. RESULTS: During follow-up, 27% of the total PPDR cases developed PDR. The mean HbA1C value in those patients who had developed PDR was 9.4% and was significantly higher than the 7.6% in those who had not developed PDR. The proportion developing PDR was 48% of the cases with a mean HbA1C value of 8.6% or more. By comparison, the proportion developing PDR was 8% among those with a mean HbA1C value below 8.6%. The proportion developing PDR was estimated to approximately double with each 1% increase in the mean HbA1C value. The cumulative occurrence rates of PDR at 2, 5, and 10 years were estimated to be 5%, 28%, and 60% in cases with a mean HbA1C value of 8.6% or more, and 0%, 7%, and 14% in those with a mean HbA1C value below 8.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Stricter systemic and ophthalmological control is indicated for cases with a mean HbA1C value exceeding 8.6%.     

Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor plasma levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: To determine whether glycemic control of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to type 2 diabetes was related to VEGF plasma levels. Methods: The prospective study included 30 patients with DR due to type 2 diabetes. Retinopathy was classified according to the international clinical DR disease severity scale. The concentrations of VEGF in the blood plasma were measured by ELISA. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed all patients. Results were reported as DCCT/NGSP‐HbA1c (%) values. Results: The median plasma level of VEGF was 34.5 (range 15–217) pg/ml. Median HbA1c was 7.5 (range 5.3–10.6). The highest individual plasma VEGF measurements were found in patients with severe non‐proliferative DR. HbA1c levels revealed a significant correlation with plasma VEGF concentrations (r = 0.573, p = 0.001). Age (r = 0.097, p = 0.611), gender (r = ?0.315, p = 0.09) and severity of DR (r = 0.256, p = 0.172) were with no significant relationship to the VEGF measurements. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control is positively correlated with increased levels of plasma VEGF in patients with type 2 diabetes. As normalization of HbA1c is one of the most effective ways to prevent progression of DR and VEGF has been to shown to be clearly implicated in the development of DR, it affirms the importance of glycemic control in patients with DR.     

Macular edema formation and deterioration of retinal function after intravitreal bevacizumab injection for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Purpose

To report a case of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) showing transient macular edema (ME) and deteriorated retinal function after intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVB).

Methods and Results

A 53-year-old man received IVB (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) in both eyes for the treatment of PDR. There was no treatment-related complication. However, he complained of photopsia in both eyes 6 h after the injection. Slit-lamp examination revealed mild cellular infiltrations (1+) in the anterior chamber in both eyes. Optical coherence tomography showed ME formation in the left eye. Both full-field and multifocal electroretinography (ERG) revealed the deterioration of all parameters in both eyes compared with pretreatment. The inflammation in the anterior segment and ME disappeared 1 day after the injection. ERG parameters were improved 9 days after the injection, except for the N1 and P1 amplitude of multifocal ERG in the left eye.

Conclusion

We propose that patients who undergo IVB should be carefully informed and followed up for possible complications including temporal ME formation and retinal function deterioration.Key Words: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, Bevacizumab, Avastin, Multifocal electroretinography, Full-field electroretinography, Diabetic retinopathy, Optical coherence tomography, Macular edema     

Macular recovery function (nyctometry) in diabetics without and with early retinopathy.

Nyctometry was used to assess macular recovery function in 234 diabetic patients; their retinopathy ranged from no retinopathy (99) to early background retinopathy (135). None had visual symptoms or macular oedema. Abnormal (reduced) nyctometry findings were significantly and directly related to the deterioration of diabetic retinopathy. There was no significant association between reduced or normal nyctometry findings and glycaemia at the time of the examination. The value of nyctometry in screening and follow-up is discussed.     

Macular function assessed with mfERG before and after panretinal photocoagulation in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: To examine macular function and its correlation to macular thickness before and after panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy in diabetic patients. Methods: Ten diabetic patients (aged 57 ± 10 years, diabetes duration 21 ± 10 years) treated with panretinal photocoagulation outside the great vascular arcade underwent multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and 6 months after treatment. When focal treatment in the macular region was performed prior to panretinal photocoagulation the investigations took place 3 weeks after this treatment but before the panretinal photocoagulation. One eye per patient was examined. Amplitudes and implicit times of the mfERG response were analyzed within the four innermost (27°) of the six concentric rings registered by the mfERG, which corresponds to the area measured by the OCT (Ø 3.5 mm). Results: Visual acuity was similar before and after photocoagulation, 1.0; 0.7–1.0 (md, range) versus 1.0; 0.6–1.0 (md, range). The mean values of the ring average amplitudes were reduced in the first and second, third and fourth concentric rings from foveola after photocoagulation, p= 0.001, p= 0.011 and p= 0.004, respectively. No change was seen in implicit time after treatment. OCT values were similar before and after photocoagulation. There was no correlation between retinal thickness assessed with OCT and amplitudes measured by the mfERG. Conclusion: In spite of unchanged values of retinal thickness and visual acuity, panretinal photocoagulation seems to cause a functional impairment in the adjacent untreated macula, shown by reduced amplitudes measured by the mfERG.     

血糖控制达标2型糖尿病患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变的影响因素

目的：探究血糖控制达标2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)后血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)、炎症指标中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)水平及影响患者发生DR的因素。

方法：回顾性分析2017-02/2020-02我院收治的142例血糖控制达标的T2DM患者的临床资料,根据眼底造影检查结果将患者分为眼底正常组(N组,74例)、非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变组(NPDR组,36例)和增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变组(PDR组,32例)。比较三组患者的一般资料和血液检查指标; 多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者发生DR的因素; 构建预测患者发生DR的列线图预测模型并评价其预测效能。

结果：PDR组患者的DM病程、血清生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、尿微量白蛋白(UA)、视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)水平、NLR、PLR明显高于N组和NPDR组,C肽(C-P)、2h C-P明显低于N组和NPDR组(P<0.05); DM病程>12a、IGF-Ⅰ>145μg/L、C-P<0.75ng/mL、UA>245ng/mL、RBP4>54mg/L、NLR>1.8、PLR>110均是导致患者发生DR的危险因素; 列线图模型预测的区分度和校准度较高,具有良好的预测效能。

结论：除DM病程、IGF-Ⅰ、C-P、UA等常见的危险因素外,RBP4、NLR、PLR增加也是DR发生的危险因素,可能参与了DR的发生和发展。     

Progression of diabetic retinopathy after cataract extraction.

The course of diabetic retinopathy following cataract extraction was studied retrospectively in 89 patients (89 eyes). Cataract extraction was extracapsular in 12 eyes (13.5%), extracapsular with intraocular lens implantation in 37 (41.6%), and intracapsular in 40 (45%). In 55 eyes (61.8%) there was no change in the retinal status after surgery, and in 34 (38.2%) there was progression of diabetic retinopathy. In the eyes showing progression there was appearance or aggravation of non-proliferative changes in 85.3% and development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 14.7%. Most of these eyes (91%) deteriorated within six months of surgery. Risk factors for the progression of diabetic retinopathy were the preoperative existence of diabetic retinopathy (p less than 0.005) and the need for antidiabetic agents in addition to dietary control in the management of diabetes (p less than 0.025).     

Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy sub-classification and glycemic control--relationship between mean hemoglobin A1C value and development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy]

PURPOSE: We evaluated the relationship between long-term glycemic control and the proportion of patients developing proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) in cases of mild preproliferative diabetic retinopathy(PPDR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the relationship between the mean hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) value during a period of at least 2 years and the proportion of patients developing PDR in cases of mild PPDR, based on our previously proposed subclassification. RESULTS: During follow-up, 27% of all cases developed PDR. The mean HbA1C value in these cases was 9.4%, which was significantly higher than the 7.6% in cases which had not developed PDR. The proportion of patients developing PDR was 48% in cases with a mean HbA1C value 8.6% or more. In contrast, the proportion was 8% in cases with a mean HbA1C value below 8.6%. It was estimated that the proportion of patients developing PDR will approximately double if the mean HbA1C value increases by one percent. The cumulative occurrence rates of PDR at two, 5, and 10 years were estimated to be 5, 28, and 60% in cases with a mean HbA1C value 8.6% or more and 0, 7, and 10% in cases with a mean HbA1C value below 8.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on the above results, we conclude that more strict systemic and ophthalmological control is indicated for patients with a mean HbA1C value exceeding 8.6%.     

Correlation between progression of diabetic retinopathy and blood glucose control.

The relationship between the progression of diabetic retinopathy and consecutive blood glucose control evaluated by glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) values was statistically analyzed based on 422 eyes of 211 diabetic subjects who were followed up 2 years or more. The Cox regression model (proportional hazard model) with HbA1, as a time-dependent covariate was applied in the analysis. The cumulative effect and the relative risk of HbA1 affecting the progression of diabetic retinopathy was estimated. The effect of the moving average of HbA1 values for the previous 1-30 months on the progression of retinopathy was assessed to investigate the cumulative effect of HbA1. The cumulative effect of HbA1 on the progression of diabetic retinopathy was significant when the time span of the moving average was 6 months or more than 6 months. The moving average of HbA1 value for 7 months was most relevant to the retinopathy progression. The relative risk corresponding to the increase in the moving average of HbA1 values for 6 months by 1, 2 or 3% was 1.18, 1.39 or 1.63, respectively. When the HbA1 level was adjusted to its average value in the subjects (9.6%), the estimated cumulative retinopathy progression rate for 6, 12, 18 or 24 month follow-up was 3.6, 14.5, 22.5 or 30.5%, respectively. The differences in the cumulative retinopathy progression rate between a well-controlled group with a low moving average of HbA1 value (3% lower than the average) and a poorly-controlled group with a high moving average of HbA1 value (3% higher than the average) were estimated as 3% (6-month follow-up) and 23% (24 months).