功能性下丘脑性闭经患者生活事件、个性及激素水平

功能性下丘脑性闭经 (functionalhy pothalamicamenorrhea ,FHA)是除外下丘脑、垂体器质性病变 ,由于促性腺激素功能不足而导致性腺功能低落的闭经 ,其发病率约占继发性闭经的 5 5 % [1 ] 。自Refeinstein ( 1946年 )首次应用“精神性(心理性 )闭经”[2 ] 来描述应激诱发的月经紊乱以来 ,人们研究FHA时才开始考虑心理因素的作用。本研究从心理生理学的角度探讨FHA患者的生活事件、个性及激素水平 ,为临床防治对策的应用提供科学依据。本文选取 2 0 0 1年 3月—2 0 0 1年 6月 ,经本省省级医院确诊为FHA的患者 ,共 3 3例。病例组闭经时…     

心理社会因素对FHA机制影响的研究现状分析

目的 FHA即功能性下丘脑性闭经，是临床最常见的一类闭经，其发病率约占继发性闭经的55％。本病多发于年轻妇女，严重影响其身心健康。引起FHA的原因较复杂，大致有紧张应激、体重下降和营养缺乏、运动过度、药物等，其中以紧张应激导致的闭经最常见。关于FHA的发病机理，假说颇多，但确切的机制不明，诊断仍需依靠排除法，治疗上则多采用药物疗法，治疗效果不甚理想。随着社会的飞速发展，竞争日趋激烈，人们所承受的心理负荷和心理压力日益增多，因而与精神因素密切相关的FHA发病呈上升趋势。而临床对FHA的认识大多仍停留在生物医学模式上，尚未对其心理社会因素引起足够的重视。为此，本文通过综述国内外学者在心理社会因素对FHA机制影响的现状分析为下一步进行临床和实验研究做准备。     

中老年乳腺癌术后患者心理应激反应及相关因素

正中老年女性是乳腺癌的高发人群[1]。乳腺癌作为应激事件易使患者产生负性心理应激反应[2]。应激系统模型[3]提出认知评价、社会支持、应对方式等因素相互作用使个体产生生理心理的应激反应。积极心理学中的益处发现作为一种认知及行为上的积极应对[4],尚未有研究探讨社会支持与益处发现是如何相互作用对心理应激反应产生影响的。故本研究旨在调查中老年乳腺癌术后患者社会支持、益处发现与心理应激反应的关系,为改善乳     

功能性胃肠障碍患者心理社会因素研究思路

为什么要研究心理社会因素 ?情绪与应激对胃肠疾病的影响早已为消化科医生所熟知[1] ,功能性胃肠障碍 ,如易激惹结肠 (ＩＢＳ) ,与心理社会因素的密切关系更是引起了广泛的兴趣[2 ] 。而且 ,即便是没有将心理状况列为研究目的、取样中特意除去有潜在心理社会缺陷 (ｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇｐｓｙｃｈｏｓｏｃｉａｌｉｍｐａｉｒ ｍｅｎｔ)的研究 ,患者对消化不良的归因仍首推应激与焦虑 (占 5 8%) [3 ] 。一项对功能性消化不良的实验室研究本不涉及心理问题 ,但作者在讨论中提示 ,即使是同样的环境和步骤 ,健康对照和反复就诊者对它的反应也会…     

性激素检测在卵巢早衰中的诊断价值

卵巢早衰(premature ovarian failure,POF)是指女性在40岁前因某些因素引起的闭经、不孕、雌激素缺乏、促性腺激素水平增高为特征的一种疾病,并伴有不同程度的绝经期表现。国内报道,发病率1%～3.18%[1],国外报道,发病率1%[2]。有研究表明,患有POF的妇女比健康妇女有更多的     

影响癌症病人屈服应对策略的心理社会因素

心理社会因素与癌症的发生发展和康复有密切关系[1-3 ] ,应对显得较为突出[2 ,4] 。本文对影响癌症病人屈服 (PES)应对策略的有关因素进行探讨。对癌症康复俱乐部的各类癌症病人168名 ,男女各 84例施测 ;年龄 3 2～ 81岁 ,平均年龄 5 8± 10岁 ,采用①医学应对量表[5] :用于评估癌症病人对疾病的应对策略。本研究选择其中的屈服 (RES)量表分 ;②特质应对问卷[5] :积极应对(PC)和消极应对 (NC)两种量表分 ,评估病人在生活中对各种事件的应对方式 ;③自编调查问卷 :包括患者人口学特征、目前的身体状况和对社会支持的自我评估等。主要评估…     

某些社会因素与应届大学毕业生焦虑的相关性研究

自本世纪 30年代Ｓｅｌｙｅ提出应激的概念以来 ,心理社会因素作为一种应激源与心身健康的关系引起广泛关注[1] ,其心理社会因素包括心理、社会、文化等方面一些被人感知到 ,并对其作出具有威胁意义的认知评价 ,而引起紧张的各种内外刺激。如心理方面包括人际关系方面的冲突、挫折、工作与学习的压力和紧张 ;社会方面包括各种生活事件 (如亲友重病与亡故 )和生活变化。据国内 12个地区流行病学调查焦虑症患病率为 1‰[2 ] ;国家教委抽样调查12 .6万名大学生显示心理疾病的患病率达到 2 0 .2 3% ,其中焦虑是突出问题之一[3] 。目前有关大学生…     

产褥期妇女生命质量评价及其影响因素

目的测评产褥期妇女健康水平,探讨产褥期妇女生命质量在社会学、医学、家庭与心理学等方面的影响因素。方法应用WHO统一设计的生命质量测评问卷对513例产褥期妇女的生理、心理和社会功能等维度健康水平进行测量,采用多元逐步回归分析法对可能影响产褥期妇女生命质量的因素进行了初步探讨。结果产褥期妇女在三个维度的生命质量评分均低于一般育龄妇女(91.44±4.05/97.84±3.66,u=25.95,82.42±7.02/89.81±8.50,u=17.53,88.87±4.99/98.12±4.59,u=29.47,均P<0.01),有居住地、职业状况、生产胎次、产妇并发症、夫妻感情、产妇有无慢性病、妊娠结局、伤口或刀口愈合情况、家庭人均年收入、与公婆有无矛盾等18个因素能够影响产褥期妇女生命质量的生理、心理和社会功能维度的健康评分。结论影响产褥期妇女生命质量的因素广泛,社会、家庭和产妇要共同参与产褥期保健;研究结果还可为卫生部门对该群体制订针对性的健康干预措施提供理论依据。     

新兵训练后功能性闭经女兵的心身症状与激素水平

目的:探讨新人伍女兵功能性下丘脑性闭经(FHA)者与月经正常者激素水平及心理健康状况的差异。方法:在某部队新人伍女兵98人接受了为期近4个月的体能训练之后,有54人出现闭经.其中闭经3个月以上者有35人(研究组)。训练后月经正常、在采血时月经周期处于第5～11天者有26人(对照组)。分别测定她们血清中的促卵泡生成素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E_2)、孕酮(P)、泌乳素(PRL)、睾酮(T)、ACTH、T_3、T_4的水平,并用SCL-90分别评定她们的心理健康状况。结果:FHA 者血清FSH 值为4.96±1.73 mIU/ml,LH 值为2.63±1.78 mIU/ml,E_2的值为7.23±5.37 pg/ml,对照组血清相应值为10.73±2.30mIU/ml、12.31±2.15mIU/ml、41.67±6.13pg/ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),闭经组低于对照组。FHA 组SCL-90的躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑及其他因子分大于2的比率分别为:51.4%、42.9%、48.6%、51.4%及37.1%;而对照组这5项分值大于2的比率分别为15.4%、15.4%、19.2%、21.3%及11.5%,两组间这5个因子大于2的人数差异有统计学显著意义(P<0.05),闭经组高于对照组。结论:诊断为FHA 的女兵与月经正常女兵的激素水平有差异,闭经组心身症状的发生率也高于对照组。     

交通伤患者创伤后应激障碍的特点及影响因素

探讨交通伤患者创伤后应激障碍的特点及影响因素,在中国知网、谷歌学术、维普等数据库中,以交通伤、创伤后应激障碍、人口学变量、人格特征、应对方式、社会支持作为关键词,搜索相关中文文献,进行文献综述。交通伤患者创伤后应激障碍的特点主要表现在生理、心理和社会功能3个方面;影响因素主要是性别、年龄及受教育程度、性格特征、社会支持和应对方式等5个方面。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.