Diagnosis of bladder carcinoma using protoporphyrin IX fluorescence induced by 5-aminolaevulinic acid

OBJECTIVE: To report the results of a clinical study investigating the diagnosis of malignant and dysplastic bladder lesions by protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) fluorescence and to compare them with those from earlier studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 55 patients with suspected bladder carcinoma (at initial diagnosis or at tumour follow-up visits); 130 bladder biopsies from 49 patients were classified by pathological analysis. All patients received an intravesical instillation of 50 mL of a 3% 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) solution a mean of 135 min before cystoscopy, which was then performed under white and blue light. Malignant/dysplastic lesions showing red fluorescence under blue-light excitation were noted and the increase in detection rate calculated. RESULTS: There were 63 benign and 67 malignant/dysplastic areas biopsied; 10 malignant/dysplastic lesions (four transitional cell carcinoma, two carcinoma in situ, four dysplasia) were not detected during routine white-light cystoscopy but were identified under blue light. Fluorescence cystoscopy improved the overall diagnosis of malignant/dysplastic bladder lesions by 18% over standard white-light cystoscopy. The improvement was greater for dysplastic lesions and carcinoma in situ (50%). However, the improvement over standard cystoscopy was less than that found by other groups. CONCLUSION: The ALA-based fluorescence detection system significantly enhanced the diagnosis of malignant/dysplastic bladder lesions. However, determining the optimum drug exposure time requires further investigation using well-characterized instrumentation and study protocols, which would then allow comparison of the results from different groups.     

Clinical results of the transurethreal resection and evaluation of superficial bladder carcinomas by means of fluorescence diagnosis after intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The high recurrence rate of superficial bladder carcinomas requires new approaches in diagnosis and therapy. Particularly, an improvement in detection, resulting in better resection of flat lesions, which are poorly or not detectable under white light, is necessary. The effectiveness of fluorescence diagnosis for detection and transurethral resection of bladder carcinomas was investigated in a prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 120 patients, 347 biopsies were taken or tumors resected with the aid of fluorescence from 5-aminolevulinic acid. Urothelial carcinomas and dysplasias were detected in 124 cases. RESULTS: Of the lesions, 119 were fluorescence positive (N = 74 pTaG1/2; N = 9 pT1G1/2; N = 11 pT1G3; N = 7 carcinoma in situ; N = 6 p > T1; N = 12 dysplasia II), and 5 were falsely negative (N = 3 pTaG1/2; N = 1 pT1G1/2; N = 1 dysplasia II). The sensitivity of the fluorescence diagnosis (96.0%) was significantly higher than the 67.5% sensitivity of white-light cystoscopy (P < 0.0001). Taking the data for primary or recurrent tumor resection and secondary resection separately, the sensitivity was 100% and 80%, respectively, and was significantly higher than that of white-light cystoscopy, which was 80.8% and 20 %, respectively (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0008). The lower sensitivity of fluorescence diagnosis in secondary transurethral resection is attributed to the higher rate of false-negative findings in areas of former resection. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of false-positive findings limits the correct interpretation of fluorescence findings. In spite of this, fluorescence diagnosis is superior to white-light cystoscopy in every case. By means of better detection of urothelial neoplasias and dysplasias, as well as more thorough and extensive resection under fluorescence control, it should be possible to reduce the recurrence rate of superficial bladder carcinomas.     

膀胱内灌注ALA光动力学技术早期诊断和治疗膀胱乳头状癌的初步体会

为了研究以5-氨基果糖酸(ALA)作为荧光物质的光动力学诊断系统(PDD)对膀胱微小乳头状癌、上皮的不典型增生和原位癌诊断的敏感性和特异性,对12例临床诊断为膀胱癌的患者,于术前用ALA 1．5克 8．4％NaHCO3 50ml行膀胱内灌注,2～4小时后进行常规膀胱镜检和荧光膀胱镜检(光源为λ=375～440nm蓝光),然后在有荧光部位行活检送病理检查。12例共69个活检标本,病理结果显示PDD对膀胱癌及不典型增生的诊断敏感性为100％,特异性为86．7％,假阳性率为13．3％,无假阴性。荧光膀胱镜检可以发现常规膀胱镜检难以发现的微小癌灶及不典型增生,指导电切,对减少肿瘤的遗漏和降低复发率有较大的临床意义。     

The fluorescence biodistribution and kinetics of aminolevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX in the bladder of a rat model with orthotopic urothelial carcinoma

PURPOSE: Photodynamic therapy is an alternative intravesical therapy modality for superficial bladder cancer. Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) induces the production of the endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). We compared intravenous versus intravesical administration of ALA and established the proper timing and dose of ALA for photodynamic therapy. To characterize the distribution of ALA in rat bladder tumor and normal bladder layers a cooled charge coupled device camera was used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 female Fisher F344 rats were used as test animals, including 36 inoculated with AY-27 tumor cells intravesically. PpIX accumulation was investigated by fluorescence microscopy comparing 100 and 300 mg./kg. intravenous administration with a 100 mg./ml. intravesical dose of ALA. Three areas of urothelium, submucosa and muscularis of the bladder wall were chosen for analysis. The software used allowed semiquantitative analysis by calculating the mean fluorescence count plus or minus standard error of mean within any chosen area on the fluorescence image. RESULTS: In this study the highest fluorescence difference in PpIX accumulation in tumor and the normal epithelium to the muscularis layer was achieved at 2 hours with intravenous administration (7:1 to 50:1). The highest absolute fluorescence levels were observed at 2 hours with the 100 mg./kg. intravenous dose and at 4 hours with the higher 300 mg./kg. dose. The difference in fluorescence intensity in tumor tissue to normal urothelium was 2:1 to 3:1 at 2 hours. At 4 hours it was less than 2:1. After intravesical administration no difference in PpIX accumulation in tumor and normal urothelium was observed. However, there was a 7:1 ratio in regard to the muscularis layer at 4 hours. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study a difference in PpIX accumulation in urothelial carcinoma or normal urothelium and the muscular layer of the bladder can be achieved by each route of ALA administration. Although intravesical installation provided tumor and normal urothelium labeling comparable to the intravenous route, it lost the selectivity of PpIX accumulation in tumor and normal urothelium. The effect of this finding on clinical therapy results remains to be resolved in the future.     

Is photodynamic diagnosis using hypericin better than white‐light cystoscopy for detecting superficial bladder carcinoma?

OBJECTIVE: To review the initial clinical results of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using hypericin (a new photosensitizer for PDD that helps to label flat urothelial tumours to facilitate biopsy) for the early detection of superficial bladder carcinoma, as flat noninvasive tumours of the bladder may be missed during conventional white-light cystoscopy (WLC) if there is bladder overdistension or ongoing cystitis. PATIENT AND METHODS: Between 1 January 2001 and 30 October 2004, 41 consecutive patients (mean age 66.1 years, sd 9.1, range 46-81) had transurethral resection for bladder cancer. Hypericin was introduced intravesically for 2 h before cystoscopy. Immediately after WLC, fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) was used at the same location and the same bladder site inspected using violet light. FC findings, e.g. positive or negative red fluorescence, were documented for each specific bladder site examined, and the exact location sampled for biopsy. RESULTS: The mean (sd, range) bladder capacity of the patients was 431 (86, 300-650) mL. In all, 179 biopsies were taken from the 41 patients; urothelial cancers were found in 41% (74) and 80% (33) had macroscopically visible bladder tumours; 40% (71) of the biopsies were positive under FC and 86% (61) of the 71 FC-positive biopsies showed cancer on histology. Twenty-five biopsies (14%) were positive on FC but not WLC. PDD testing with hypericin had a sensitivity of 82% (61/74) and specificity of 91% (95/105), vs WLC, at 62% (46/74) and 98% (103/105), respectively. The PDD test had a positive predictive value of 86% (61/71) and a negative predictive value of 88% (95/108), vs 96% (46/48) and 79% (103/131), respectively for WLC. There were no reports of significant complications after the procedure. CONCLUSION: PDD using hypericin shows promise, as it has a higher sensitivity but equivalent specificity than WLC. It can be used to detect flat lesions not seen on WLC. PDD testing is also well tolerated with minimal side-effects.     

Fluorescence detection of bladder tumors with 5-amino-levulinic acid

BACKGROUND: Preliminary data suggest that photodiagnosis by fluorescence detection of protoporphyrin IX, a biosynthetic product of the photosensitizer 5-amino-levulinic acid (ALA), is superior to conventional cystoscopy in bladder tumor detection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We instilled 1.5 g of ALA into the bladders of 52 patients with suspect bladder lesions 1 to 4 hours prior to transurethral resection or biopsy. Red fluorescence was induced by violet-blue light (wavelength 380-450 nm). RESULTS: In 13 patients (25%), significant tumors were detected by fluorescence that were missed on conventional cystoscopy. In the present series, ALA photodetection had a sensitivity of 94.6% (compared with 76% for cystoscopy) and a specificity of 43%. CONCLUSION: Fluorescence diagnosis with ALA may become a standard procedure for bladder tumor detection and resection, especially in endoscopically difficult situations (carcinoma in situ, multifocal tumors, multiple prior resections, or previous drug instillation therapy).     

5-ALA诱导荧光膀胱镜下膀胱肿瘤电切除术(附31例报告)

目的:探讨5-ALA诱导荧光膀胱镜下膀胱肿瘤电切治疗的彻底性.方法:对31例血尿患者在5-ALA诱导荧光染色膀胱镜下行活组织检查及电切术.结果:31例呈荧光阳性,其中26例经术后病理证实为尿路上皮癌,5例为良性病变.其中11例移行细胞癌患者在癌旁或远处发现普通膀胱镜下无法识别的微小荧光阳性区域,经活检均证实有肿瘤存在.对该区域均在荧光指示下进行电切或电灼术.结论:5-ALA诱导荧光膀胱镜检对膀胱肿瘤诊断高度敏感,能发现微小及癌旁肿瘤,在荧光指示下能彻底切除肿瘤,减少复发.     

Fluorescence detection of flat bladder carcinoma in situ after intravesical instillation of hypericin

PURPOSE: We determined the sensitivity and specificity of detecting flat bladder carcinoma in situ through fluorescent detection after intravesical hypericin instillations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients, of whom 26 presented with macroscopic visible tumor, 9 had a positive cytology without visible tumor and 5 underwent cystoscopy after bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations (4) or radiotherapy (1). We instilled 40 ml. of a 8 microM. solution of hypericin intravesically for at least 2 hours. Fluorescence excitation with blue light was effective up to 16 hours after termination of the instillation. RESULTS: All visible papillary tumors showed red fluorescence. In addition, 134 flat fluorescent areas were detected. Analysis of 281 biopsies from flat bladder wall indicated 93% sensitivity and 98.5% specificity for detecting carcinoma in situ. Visible lesions resulting from radiotherapy, chemotherapy or immunotherapy did not show any fluorescent signs and, therefore, did not induce false-positive readings. There were no signs of photobleaching during inspection and resection. CONCLUSIONS: We report a simple yet comprehensive endoscopic method for early detection of bladder cancer, including carcinoma in situ. Hypericin induced fluorescence has a high sensitivity and specificity for detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma, papillary and flat carcinoma in situ. When carcinoma in situ is suspected, this technique is highly recommended.     

Improved detection and treatment of bladder cancer using hexaminolevulinate imaging: a prospective, phase III multicenter study

PURPOSE: We determined if improved tumor detection using hexaminolevulinate (HAL) fluorescence cystoscopy could lead to improved treatment in patients with bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 146 patients with known or suspected bladder cancer were assessed in this open, comparative, within patient, controlled phase III study. Patients received intravesical HAL for 1 hour and were assessed with standard white light cystoscopy and blue light fluorescence cystoscopy. All lesions were mapped onto a bladder chart and biopsies were taken from suspicious areas for assessment by an independent pathologist. An independent urologist blinded to the detection method used recommended treatment plans based on biopsy results and medical history according to European Association of Urology bladder cancer guidelines. Any differences in recommended treatment plans arising from the 2 cystoscopy methods were recorded. RESULTS: HAL imaging improved overall tumor detection. Of all tumors 96% were detected with HAL imaging compared with 77% using standard cystoscopy. This difference was particularly noticeable for dysplasia (93% vs 48%), carcinoma in situ (95% vs 68%) and superficial papillary tumors (96% vs 85%). As a result of improved detection, additional postoperative procedures were recommended in 15 patients (10%) and more extensive treatment was done intraoperatively in a further 10. Overall 17% of patients received more appropriate treatment at the time of the study following blue light fluorescence cystoscopy, that is 22% or 1 of 5 if patients without tumors were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: HAL imaging is more effective than standard white light cystoscopy for detecting bladder tumors and lesions. This leads to improved treatment in a significant number of patients (p <0.0001).     

Recent developments in fluorescence cystoscopy: do novel agents bring a benefit?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In flat bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ, and in multifocal papillary cancer, some smaller lesions may be overlooked at cystoscopy. For 10 years fluorescence cystoscopy has been promoted to solve these problems without wider acceptance. New fluorophobes now promise better clinical applicability. RECENT FINDINGS: In prospective multicenter studies fluorescence cystoscopy shows significant improvement in the detection of flat bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ. It also permits more reliable identification of all neoplastic lesions with multifocal tumors, hence more precise removal and as a consequence lower recurrence rates. SUMMARY: New agents bring a significant benefit. Hexyl-aminolevulinate offers more rapid urothelial accumulation, better fluorescence contrast and less photobleaching than previously used fluorophobes. It is simple to use in everyday practice and has a favorable toxicity profile.     

WHO2004膀胱非浸润乳头状泌尿上皮肿瘤病理分级和预后的关系

目的：研究WHO2004膀胱非浸润乳头状泌尿上皮肿瘤病理分级和预后的关系。方法：回顾性分析了2003-2007年收治的229例病理检查证实为膀胱非浸润乳头状泌尿上皮肿瘤的病例资料,其中乳头状瘤39例,低恶潜能乳头状泌尿七皮肿瘤（PUNLMP）62例,乳头状泌尿上皮低级别癌（LGPUC）72例,乳头状泌尿上皮高级别癌（HGPUC）56例。结果：乳头状瘤、PUNLMP、LGPUC和HGPUC的复发率及进展率分别为5％（2／39）、18％（11／62）、33％（24／72）、50％（28／56）和0（0／39）、0（0／62）、10％（7／72）和20％（11／56）,肿瘤的复发率和进展率在各病理分缄之间差辑有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：WHO2004的病理分级能较好反映膀胱非浸润乳头状泌尿上皮肿瘤的侦后情况。     

Detection of bladder dysplasia using 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced porphyrin fluorescence

OBJECTIVE: To report results of a clinical investigation on the detection of bladder dysplasia and in situ carcinoma by using fluorescence induced by 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 50 patients with a primary bladder lesion, who had a bladder instillation of 50 mL of 3% ALA solution >or= 1 h before transurethral resection of the tumour. Random biopsies were taken using white-light cystoscopy, then using blue light to induce fluorescence; positive zones were noted and biopsied. The primary lesion was then resected. The frequency of dysplasia detected by ALA-induced fluorescence was evaluated, as was the risk of recurrence with a follow-up of >or= 2 years. RESULTS: In all patients the tumours were positive; in 21 fluorescence distant from the tumour was detected. The pathological report of the biopsies showed 11 cases of dysplasia, six of carcinoma in situ and four of inflammatory lesions. In 29 patients there was no fluorescence and quadrant biopsies were normal in all but three with moderate dysplasia. Within the minimum follow-up patients with bladder dysplasia detected by ALA-induced fluorescence had a higher risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION: ALA-induced fluorescence of the bladder significantly enhanced the detection of dysplasia and in situ carcinoma. However, this technique requires further investigation using well-characterized instrumentation and study protocols to determine any effect on treatment choice.     

Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy

PURPOSE: In this European multicenter study we compared hexaminolevulinate (HAL) fluorescence cystoscopy and standard white light cystoscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situ (CIS) in patients suspected of having high risk bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a prospective controlled, within-patient comparison of standard and HAL fluorescence cystoscopy. Eligible patients received an intravesical instillation of 50 ml HAL 8 mM solution. Cystoscopy was performed using a D light system, which provided white and blue light at 375 to 440 nm. The bladder wall was inspected and mapped, first under white light, followed by blue light. All tumors and suspicious areas identified under white light and by red fluorescence were resected or biopsied. Histological findings were assessed by an independent central pathologist blinded to the identity of the biopsies. RESULTS: Of 211 evaluable patients 83 (39%) had CIS, of whom 18 (22%) were detected by HAL cystoscopy only, 62 (75%) were detected by standard and HAL cystoscopy, 2 (2%) were detected by standard cystoscopy only and 1 (1%) was detected by nonguided biopsy. Therefore, HAL cystoscopy identified 28% more patients with CIS than standard cystoscopy. The side effects of HAL instillation were negligible and no unexpected events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: HAL fluorescence cystoscopy improves the detection of bladder CIS significantly, which has consequences for clinical management and may improve the patient prognosis. The procedure is easily implemented as an adjunct to standard cystoscopy and it adds no significant risk of complications.     

Application of new technology in bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment

Recent advances in imaging technology may offer the ability to augment bladder cancer diagnosis, staging, and treatment. Fluorescence cystoscopy has been shown in numerous clinical studies to improve the detection of papillary and flat bladder lesions over conventional cystoscopy. Photosensitizing agents like aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its derivative hexaminolevulinate (HAL) have undergone the most extensive investigation. Prospective clinical trials have demonstrated improved diagnostic ability, enhanced tumor resection, and reduced tumor recurrence. Optical coherence tomography is an emerging technology that shows promise in revealing subsurface information about bladder lesions in real-time, potentially leading to more accurate staging. Narrow-band imaging may augment standard endoscopic tools by providing increased contrast between normal and abnormal tissue. Virtual cystoscopy may allow non-invasive tumor diagnosis, treatment planning, and surveillance. We aim to provide an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of these imaging modalities and examine their potential impact on the diagnosis and management of bladder cancer.     

5-ALA荧光膀胱镜的应用对非肌层浸润性膀胱癌早期复发率的影响

目的：探讨5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-ALA）荧光膀胱镜的应用对非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后早期复发率的影响。方法：将90例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者随机分为两组,每组45例,分别在白光膀胱镜和5-ALA荧光膀胱镜下行TURBt,术后6周所有患者均行5-ALA荧光膀胱镜检查以观察肿瘤复发情况,并对复发肿瘤行二次TURBt。结果：行二次TURBt后,90例患者中,25例（27．7％）发现有肿瘤发生,其中自光膀胱镜组18例（40％）,荧光膀胱镜组7例（15．5％）,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．05）。结论：5=ALA荧光膀胱镜对膀胱肿瘤的诊断和治疗具有较高价值,可以显著降低非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后早期复发率。     

Screening for bladder tumours in men aged 60-70 years with a bladder tumour marker (UBC) and dipstick-detected haematuria using both white-light and fluorescence cystoscopy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relevance of bladder tumour screening using haematuria dipsticks and a bladder tumour marker in a random selection of men, age 60-70 years, from a well-defined geographical area using both fluorescence and white-light cystoscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 2000 randomly selected men, age 60-70 years, were invited by mail to participate in a screening for bladder tumours by having their urine tested with a dipstick for haematuria and a bladder tumour marker (UBC). Men with 5-10 red blood cells (RBC)/microl and an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of >10 and all men with =25 RBC/microl and/or elevated UBC levels underwent both white-light and fluorescence cystoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 1096 men (55%) responded and were included in the study. The incidence of 5-10 RBC/microl was high: 14%. A tumour was detected in one of the 62 men with 5-10 RBC/microl and an IPSS of >10. Among the 10% of men (n=112) with =25 RBC/microl, four bladder tumours were detected. Another two tumours were detected in men without haematuria (positive UBC test). No tumours were observed using only fluorescence cystoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescence cystoscopy and the UBC test were of no use in this screening situation. The incidence of haematuria (=5-10 RBC/microl) was so high (1:4) that this borderline for bladder tumour screening appears unrealistic. The incidence of =25 RBC/microl was 1:10 and one of 28 cystoscopies revealed a bladder tumour. All seven tumours were detected in men who were or had been smokers. A haematuria-based screening among older male smokers with =25 RBC/microl on dipstick testing is thus an option that should be considered.     

Accurate pathological staging of urothelial neoplasms requires better cystoscopic sampling

PURPOSE: The frequency with which muscularis propria was sampled by urologists and the sources of interpretive discrepancies among pathologists were studied in a community practice setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 217 consecutive cases of urothelial neoplasm were independently reviewed by 3 pathologists. The presence or absence of muscularis propria as well as interpretive discrepancies were recorded. RESULTS: Despite clinical emphasis on accurate pathological staging portions of muscularis propria were absent from samples of histologically documented urothelial neoplasms in up to 51% of cases. Failure to obtain muscularis propria varied widely among urologists but was most often associated with cases of low grade papillary neoplasms, in which invasion is less likely. Muscularis propria was usually present in cases of noninvasive carcinoma in situ but this may have represented inadvertent sampling of structures in close proximity. The incidence of interpretive discrepancies among pathologists who are required to assess the status of muscularis propria was significant (24%). Almost all problems were related to artifacts and most may have been avoided if careful attention had been given to specimen sampling and processing. CONCLUSIONS: The well documented tendency toward cystoscopic under staging has not necessarily resulted in a high incidence of muscularis propria in bladder cases of urothelial neoplasms. Even when muscle may have been sampled, artifacts that were often due to thermocoagulation hampered accurate pathological staging.     

Flexible Cystoscopy Assisted by Hexaminolevulinate Induced Fluorescence: A New Approach for Bladder Cancer Detection and Surveillance?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was the assessment of flexible cystoscopy assisted by hexaminolevulinate (HAL) fluorescence. METHODS: This study was a prospective controlled, within-patient comparison of flexible HAL cystoscopy with standard flexible cystoscopy, HAL rigid and standard white light rigid cystoscopy. Eligible patients received an intravesical instillation of 50 ml hexylaminolevulinate 8 mM solution. First flexible than rigid cystoscopy was performed in each patient using a Combilight PDD system (Richard Wolf, Germany), which provided standard white light and blue light at 375 to 440 nm, with mapping of all lesions detected. All tumors and suspicious areas identified under white light and by red fluorescence with flexible or rigid cystoscopy were then resected by TUR or biopsied. The specimen was assessed by an independent blinded pathologist. RESULTS: In the 45 patients studied 41 (91%) patients had exophytic tumors, of which 39 (95.1%) were detected by HAL flexible cystoscopy and 40 (97.5%) by HAL rigid cystoscopy. 17 (37.8%) patients had concomitant or carcinoma in situ only, which was identified by HAL flexible cystoscopy in 14 (82.3%), by HAL rigid cystoscopy in 15 (88.2%), by flexible standard in 11 (64.7%) and by standard white light rigid cystoscopy in 13 (76.7%) patients. CONCLUSION: HAL fluorescence flexible cystoscopy compared to HAL rigid cystoscopy showed almost equivalent results in detecting papillary and flat lesions in bladder cancer patients. Both procedures were superior to standard white light flexible cystoscopy.     

螺旋CT仿真内窥镜技术在膀胱肿瘤分期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨螺旋CT仿真内窥镜(CTVE)对膀胱肿瘤分期诊断的作用。方法 对10例正常对照和40例经手术病理检查证实的膀胱肿瘤患者术前采用多层面螺旋CT机进行容积扫描,将所得扫描数据转入工作站利用三维重建检查软件进行后处理,获得膀胱CTVE三维图像。将重建图像分别与冠状或轴位CT扫描、膀胱镜检查所见、手术中所见及病理检查结果进行比较分析。结果 CTVE对膀胱肿瘤检出率及分期准确率分别为98％(39／40)和85％(33／39),直径≥0．5cm的肿瘤显示率为100%。可观察尿道内口及膀胱颈部病变,弥补膀胱镜视野盲区,但不能显示膀胱黏膜的表浅病变及进行活检。结论 CTVE具有无创优点,在膀胱肿瘤临床分期及膀胱镜视野盲区的肿瘤诊断方面是膀胱镜较好的替代和补充方法。     

窄光成像膀胱镜在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的 探讨窄光成像诱导光动力学检查对膀胱肿瘤早期诊断的应用价值. 方法 应用高清窄光成像膀胱镜系统对28例血尿患者进行膀胱镜检,术中分别对普通光下及窄光下的可疑部位膀胱黏膜组织活检,普通光组取样35处,窄光组取样79处(含普通光35处,普通光镜下疑似者窄光均显示镜下疑似,不重复取样)送病理检查.比较窄光取样组和普通光取样组肿瘤检出敏感性.结果 窄光取样组活检病理报告尿路上皮癌32处(21例),其中原位癌11处,腺性膀胱炎5处(2例),良性病变(炎性病变)3处(2例),正常黏膜4处(3例).普通光取样组尿路上皮癌17处(15例),腺性膀胱炎2处(1例),无原位癌.活检病理阳性32处,窄光组病理阳性32处,肿瘤检出率100%(32/32);普通光组病理阳性17处.肿瘤检出率53%(17/32);膀胱肿瘤及原位癌检出率2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).共取样79处,其中窄光组阳性32处,敏感性41%(32/79);普通光组阳性17处,敏感性22%(17/79),2组肿瘤取样敏感性比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01). 结论 窄光成像膀胱镜能提高对膀胱肿瘤特别是原位癌的诊断敏感性,降低术中残存率,减少膀胱肿瘤复发危险性.