Screening the toxic potential of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains isolated from Lake Balaton, Hungary

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is becoming a major concern among cyanobacteria, due to its potential ability to produce toxic metabolites. We assessed the cytotoxic potential of four C. raciborskii strains (ACT 9502, ACT 9503, ACT 9504 and ACT 9505) isolated from Lake Balaton (Hungary), by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage measurements and by detecting morphological alterations in CHO-K1 (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells. The Australian AQS (cylindrospermopsin producer) strain of C. raciborskii and purified cylindrospermopsin (CYN) were used as positive references in both the biochemical and morphological studies. Chemical analysis for known cyanotoxins was performed on aqueous extracts of ACT and AQS strains by the HPLC-MS technique.Comparing threshold values of LDH leakage data, different toxic potentials of cyanobacterial extracts are suggested in short term (3 h) and long (24 h) exposure regimes. In the acute (3 h) experiments the aqueous extract of the ACT 9505 strain proved to be most toxic (EC₅₀ = 7.4 mg mL⁻¹), while after 24 h the ACT 9504 extract was the most effective (EC₅₀ = 0.65 mg mL⁻¹). The extract of the AQS strain and the purified CYN exerted most of their toxic effects after 3 h exposure (EC₅₀ = 0.74 mg mL⁻¹, and 0.9 μg mL⁻¹ respectively).The morphological changes of CHO-K1 cells induced by the crude extracts of the ACT strains included fragmentation of the actin filaments then relocation of the depolymerized actin to the perinuclear region, resulting cell rounding and loss of adhesion. Exposure of CHO-K1 cells to the crude extract of the AQS strain, moreover, resulted cell shrinking and formation of filopodia, i.e. distinctly different cytological alterations from that induced by the ACT extracts and the purified CYN.Chemical analysis of the cyanobacterial crude extracts confirmed the presence of cylindrospermopsin in the extract of the AQS strain (8.5 mg CYN g⁻¹ dry weight), and none of the presently known cyanotoxins have been analytically confirmed in the extracts of the ACT strains isolated from the Lake Balaton.Although a significant toxicity of all four ACT C. raciborskii strains is confirmed by both biochemical and morphological studies, our results also pointed out the necessity of further studies to identify the toxic, but still unknown metabolic components produced by these cyanobacterial members of the phytoplankton communities.     

The effect of temperature on growth and production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii C10.

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a cyanobacterium which produces either cylindrospermopsine or paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. We studied the effect of temperature on growth and production of PSP toxins by C. raciborskii C10, isolated from a freshwater reservoir in Brazil. We analyzed the extracellular and intracellular content of PSP toxins at two different temperatures: 19 and 25 degrees C. C. raciborskii C10 produces STX, GTX2, and GTX3 at both temperatures. dcSTX was also detected at 25 degrees C in the intracellular extracts obtained at the end of the stationary phase. The growth achieved at 25 degrees C and estimated by optical density at 700 nm was three times greater than at 19 degrees C. However, no significant differences were observed in the content of PSP toxins in either the cells or the extracellular media. The kinetics of accumulation of PSP toxins within the cells rather than in the media suggests an active PSP toxins-export process that is not related to cell lysis. The extracellular accumulation of PSP toxins at 19 degrees C suggested a biotransformation of STX to the epimers GTX2 and GTX3. The stability of the PSP toxins produced by C. raciborskii C10 was high enough for them to remain active in the media after 30 days (at 25 degrees C) or after 50 days (at 19 degrees C).     

Non-selective retention of PSP toxins by the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense

Mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, were contaminated by paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins by being fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Temporal variations in the toxin content and the profile of mussels during the feeding experiment were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The toxin profile of mussels was compared with that of A. tamarense to clarify the mechanism of uptake of toxins in mussels. The prominent toxins in mussels and A. tamarense were N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins (C1,2) and carbamate toxins, gonyautoxin-1,4 (GTX1,4). The toxin profiles of both mussels and A. tamarense were almost constant throughout the experimental period. There were no remarkable differences in the toxin proportion between mussel and A. tamarense. These results indicate that mussels do not selectively accumulate particular toxins.     

Comparative study on differential accumulation of PSP toxins between cockle (Acanthocardia tuberculatum) and sweet clam (Callista chione).

At the western Mediterranean coast of Morocco, the cockle (Acanthocardia tuberculatum) contained persistent high levels of paralytic shellfish toxins for several years, while other bivalve molluscs such as sweet clam (Callista chione) from the same vicinity were contaminated seasonally to a much lesser extent. In order to understand the causes of this prolonged contamination, a comparative study on PSP decontamination between sweet clam and cockle was conducted from November 2001 until June 2002. PSP toxicity was analysed by automated pre-column oxidation (Prechromatographic oxidation and LC-FD) in several organs of both species, namely digestive gland, foot, gill, mantle, muscle and siphon for sweet clams. The results showed that cockle sequester PSP toxins preferably in non-visceral organs (Foot, gill and mantle) contrary to sweet clam that sequester them in visceral tissues (digestive gland). The toxin profile of cockle organs indicated dominance of dcSTX, whereas sweet clam tissues contained especially C-toxins. Substantial differences in toxin profile between cockle and sweet clam, from the same area as well as from the composition of PSP toxin producer, Gymnodinium catenatum, confirm the bioconversion of PSP toxins in cockle.     

Differential accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum in the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata

To investigate the potential for differential accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in various tissues of the akoya pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata, two feeding trials were carried out using the PST-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium minutum. When fed with A. minutum at concentrations between 100 and 1300 cells ml⁻¹, the maximum clearance by P. imbricata was shown to occur at a density of 300 cells ml⁻¹. When fed twice daily at this rate for up 12 days, P. imbricata accumulated analogues of gonyautoxins (GTXs): GTXs 1,4 and 2,3. The levels of GTXs in the viscera increased progressively on days 4, 8 and 12 to peak at 17.9 ± 4.47 μg STX-equivalent 100 g⁻¹ biomass. Following 12 days of depuration, in the absence of A. minutum, GTX levels fell by approximately 65% to 6.0 ± 2.20 μg STX-equivalent 100 g⁻¹ biomass. No GTX was found in the oysters at the start of the trial or in untreated controls. The accumulation of GTX was found to be tissue specific. No GTX was detected in the muscle tissue of P. imbricata during the feeding trial.     

Cylindrospermopsin occurrence in two German lakes and preliminary assessment of toxicity and toxin production of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) isolates.

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, a freshwater cyanobacterium of tropical origin, is not only increasingly found in (sub) tropical water bodies, but also in temperate regions. Since this species may produce potent toxins such as cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and paralytic shellfish poisons, its massive occurrence in water bodies used as drinking water sources or for recreation is of major concern. The proliferation of C. raciborskii in German water bodies has been documented for the past decade. We investigated the occurrence of CYN in field populations and isolates of C. raciborskii from two lakes, and assessed the toxicity of culture isolates using the mouse bioassay, primary rat hepatocytes and human derived cell lines. We show for the first time the occurrence of CYN in German water bodies. None of seven isolates of C. raciborskii contained CYN, however, all isolates were toxic to primary rat hepatocytes, human hepatoblastoma (HEP-G2) and human colon adenocarcinoma (CACO-2) cells. Methanolic extracts were more toxic than aqueous extracts. Three isolates tested in the mouse bioassay were toxic at a concentration of 800 mg kg(-1) showing liver and spleen damage and inflammation of the intestine. These results give strong evidence that the German isolates of C. raciborskii contain currently not identified or unknown toxins.     

Occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins in Cambodian Mekong pufferfish Tetraodon turgidus: selective toxin accumulation in the skin.

The toxicity of two species of wild Cambodian freshwater pufferfish of the genus Tetraodon, T. turgidus and Tetraodon sp., was investigated. Tetraodon sp. was non-toxic. The toxicity of T. turgidus was localized mainly in the skin and ovary. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), comprising saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), account for approximately 85% of the total toxicity. Artificially reared specimens of the same species were non-toxic. When PST (dcSTX, 50 MU/individual) was administered intramuscularly into cultured specimens, toxins were transferred via the blood from the muscle into other body tissues, especially the skin. The majority (92.8%) of the toxin remaining in the body accumulated in the skin within 48h. When the same dosage of tetrodotoxin (TTX) was similarly administered, all specimens died within 3-4h, suggesting that this species is not resistant to TTX. Toxin analysis in the dead specimens revealed that more than half of the administered TTX remained in the muscle and a small amount was transferred into the skin. The presence of both toxic and non-toxic wild specimens in the same species indicates that PSTs of T. turgidus are derived from an exogenous origin, and are selectively transferred via the blood into the skin, where the toxins accumulate.     

Functional significance of the highly conserved Glu in the putative pore-forming helix 3 of the Bordetella pertussis haemolysin toxin

Adenylate cyclase-haemolysin toxin (CyaA) is a virulence factor secreted from the etiologic agent of whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis. Previously, the haemolysin or pore-forming domain (CyaA-PF) has been shown to cause cell lysis of sheep erythrocytes independently, and the predicted helix 3_(570−593) within the PF-hydrophobic stretch could be a pore-lining constituent. Here, a plausible involvement in haemolytic activity of polar or charged residues (Glu⁵⁷⁰, Gln⁵⁷⁴, Glu⁵⁸¹, Ser⁵⁸⁴ and Ser⁵⁸⁵) lining the hydrophilic side of CyaA-PF helix 3 was investigated via single-alanine substitutions. All the 126-kDa mutant proteins over-expressed in Escherichia coli were verified for toxin acylation as the results are corresponding to the wild-type toxin. When haemolytic activity of E. coli lysates containing soluble mutant proteins was tested against sheep erythrocytes, the importance of Glu⁵⁷⁰, which is highly conserved among the pore-forming RTX cytotoxin family, was revealed for pore formation, conceivably for a general pore-lining residue involved in ion conduction.     

Investigation of extraction and analysis techniques for Lyngbya wollei derived Paralytic Shellfish Toxins

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) are highly toxic metabolic by-products of cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates. The filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei produces a unique set of PSTs, including L. wollei toxins (LWT) 1-6. The accurate identification and quantification of PSTs from Lyngbya filaments is challenging, but critical for understanding toxin production and associated risk, as well as for providing baseline information regarding the potential for trophic transfer. This study evaluated several approaches for the extraction and analysis of PSTs from field-collected L. wollei dominated algal mats. Extraction of PSTs from lyophilized Lyngbya biomass was assessed utilizing hydrochloric acid and acetic acid at concentrations of 0.001-0.1 M. Toxin profiles were then compared utilizing two analysis techniques: pre-column oxidation (peroxide and periodate) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Fluorescence (FL) detection and LC coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS). While both acid approaches efficiently extracted PSTs, hydrochloric acid was found to convert the less toxic LWT into the more toxic decarbamoylgonyautoxins 2&3 (dcGTX2&3) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX). In comparison, extraction with 0.1 M acetic acid preserved the original toxin profile and limited the presence of interfering co-extractants. Although pre-chromatographic oxidation with HPLC/FL was relatively easy to setup and utilize, the method did not resolve the individual constituents of the L. wollei derived PST profile. The LC/MS method allowed characterization of the PSTs derived from L. wollei, but without commercially available LWT 1-6 standards, quantitation was not possible for the LWT. In future work, evaluation of the risk associated with L. wollei derived PSTs will require commercially available standards of LWT 1-6 for accurate determinations of total PST content and potency.     

Occurrence and elimination of cyanobacterial toxins in two Australian drinking water treatment plants.

In Australian freshwaters, Anabaena circinalis, Microcystis spp. and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii are the dominant toxic cyanobacteria. Many of these surface waters are used as drinking water resources. Therefore, the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia set a guideline for MC-LR toxicity equivalents of 1.3 microg/l drinking water. However, due to lack of adequate data, no guideline values for paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) (e.g. saxitoxins) or cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been set. In this spot check, the concentration of microcystins (MCs), PSPs and CYN were determined by ADDA-ELISA, cPPA, HPLC-DAD and/or HPLC-MS/MS, respectively, in two water treatment plants in Queensland/Australia and compared to phytoplankton data collected by Queensland Health, Brisbane. Depending on the predominant cyanobacterial species in a bloom, concentrations of up to 8.0, 17.0 and 1.3 microg/l were found for MCs, PSPs and CYN, respectively. However, only traces (<1.0 microg/l) of these toxins were detected in final water (final product of the drinking water treatment plant) and tap water (household sample). Despite the low concentrations of toxins detected in drinking water, a further reduction of cyanobacterial toxins is recommended to guarantee public safety.     

Accumulation and depuration profiles of PSP toxins in the short-necked clam Tapes japonica fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella.

A toxic dinoflagellate responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), Alexandrium catenella (Ac) was fed to the short-necked clam Tapes japonica, and the accumulation and depuration profiles of PSP toxins were investigated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn fluorescence derivatization (HPLC-FLD). The short-necked clams ingested more than 99% of the Ac cells (4 x 10(7)cells) supplied once at the beginning of experiment, and accumulated a maximal amount of toxin (185 nmol/10 clams) after 12h. The rate of toxin accumulation at that time was 23%, which rapidly decreased thereafter. Composition of the PSP toxin accumulated in the clams obviously different from that of Ac even 0.5h after the cell supply, the proportion of C1+2 being much higher than in Ac, although the reason remains to be elucidated. In contrast, a higher ratio of gonyautoxin (GTX)1+4 than in Ac was detected in the toxin profiles of clam excrements. The variation in toxin composition derived presumably from the transformation of toxin analogues in clams was observed from 0.5h, such as reversal of the ratio of C1 to C2, and appearance of carbamate (saxitoxin (STX), neoSTX and GTX2, 3) and decarbamoyl (dc) derivatives (dcSTX and dcGTX2, 3), which were undetectable in Ac cells. The total amount of toxin distributed over Ac cells, clams and their excrements gradually declined, and only 1% of supplied toxin was detected at the end of experiment.     

橘叶UPLC指纹图谱和化学模式识别研究

目的 建立橘叶UPLC指纹图谱,对不同产地药材进行质量评价,为科学评价各批次橘叶质量提供依据。方法 采用Acquty UPLC BEH C₁₈（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）色谱柱,以0.2%甲酸水溶液-甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱,体积流量为0.3 mL/min,柱温为26℃,检测波长为330 nm。结合聚类分析和主成分分析对20批不同产地橘叶药材的整体质量进行评价。结果 建立20批橘叶的UPLC对照指纹图谱,标定27个共有峰,聚类分析分成4类,利用主成分分析进行验证且确定6个决定峰。结论 结合化学计量学和UPLC指纹图谱为建立全面有效的橘叶药材质量控制模式提供参考。     

Food poisoning due to consumption of the marine gastropod Plicopurpura columellaris in El Salvador

Finishing a red tide event (November 2005–April 2006), and after ingestion of 40–50 specimens of Plicopurpura columellaris (Muricidae), four Salvadoran girls, ranging from 4 to 11 years, presented intoxication symptoms within one hour. They were taken to hospital after more than two hours of symptoms. One fatality occurred when the elder girl died after six hours of ingestion. Specimen samples were taken from the place where the girls took the gastropods. Mouse bioassay indicated as if the collected specimens contained 7-million mouse units/100 g of saxitoxins.     

Biochemistry and toxicology of toxins purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper

The isolation and study of individual snake venom components paves the way for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of envenomings – thus potentially contributing to improved therapeutic modalities in the clinical setting – and also opens possibilities for the discovery of novel toxins that might be useful as tools for dissecting cellular and molecular processes of biomedical importance. This review provides a summary of the different toxins that have been isolated and characterized from the venom of Bothrops asper, the snake species causing the majority of human envenomings in Central America. This venom contains proteins belonging to at least eight families: metalloproteinase, serine proteinase, C-type lectin-like, l-amino acid oxidase, disintegrin, DC-fragment, cystein-rich secretory protein, and phospholipase A₂. Some 25 venom proteins within these families have been isolated and characterized. Their main biochemical properties and toxic actions are described, including, in some cases, their possible relationships to the pathologic effects induced by B. asper venom.     

红花昼夜节律相关基因CtPRR1的特征及功能研究

目的探究昼夜节律基因对红花黄酮类物质生物合成的影响及机制。方法基于红花花冠转录组及代谢组数据库筛选潜在调控红花黄酮类化合物生物合成的昼夜节律基因;用qPCR测定红花各部位以及花冠单日不同时间点昼夜节律基因的表达量,液质联用测定黄酮类化合物的积累量,并分析二者的相关性;酵母双杂交实验验证昼夜节律基因的互作蛋白。结果获得7个昼夜节律基因PRR1、PRR2、ELF3、FT、PHYB、GI、ZTL,其中PRR1基因与黄酮类化合物积累量呈正相关(r≥0.7)。PRR1全长3201 bp,编码421个氨基酸,与水稻OsPRR73基因高度同源,将其命名为CtPRR1(GenBank登录号:MW492035)。CtPRR1主要在花中表达,表达量在日间逐渐升高,晚间逐渐下降;黄酮类化合物芹菜素、槲皮素、HSYA、山奈酚、Carthamin、山奈酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷以及野黄芩素的含量为白天逐渐降低,晚间逐渐升高,二者都有昼夜节律性且呈负相关(r≥?0.7)。酵母双杂实验得到2个热休克蛋白、3个AP2转录因子。结论CtPRR1对红花黄酮类成分的昼夜节律性积累起负调节作用;CtPRR1可能受这些互作蛋白的影响调控红花黄酮类成分的昼夜节律性积累。     

大黄、枳实、厚朴不同炮制品对小承气汤中药效组分的影响

目的研究大黄、枳实、厚朴饮片变化对小承气汤药效组分的影响,以期为临床的合理应用和饮片的质量标准提供参考。方法采用HPLC法分别测定各类成分。大黄游离蒽醌类(芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇–0.1%磷酸;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.8 m L/min;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长254 nm。大黄结合蒽醌类(番泻苷B、番泻苷A):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–0.05%磷酸;梯度洗脱;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长340 nm。枳实黄酮苷类(芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–水;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.7 m L/min;柱温40℃;进样量10μL;检测波长283 nm。厚朴木脂素类成分(和厚朴酚、厚朴酚):Syncronis C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈–0.05%磷酸;梯度洗脱;体积流量0.7 m L/min;柱温30℃;进样量10μL;检测波长294 nm。结果小承气汤配伍剂量(大黄12 g–炒枳实9 g–姜厚朴6 g)不变,大黄、枳实、厚朴饮片改变时,小承气汤药效组分总量变化规律为:大黄–枳实–姜厚朴酒大黄–炒枳实–姜厚朴熟大黄–炒枳实–姜厚朴大黄炭–炒枳实–姜厚朴≈小承气汤大黄–炒枳实–厚朴,变化率分别为酒大黄组(6.561%)、熟大黄组(4.222%)、大黄炭组(0.118%)、枳实组(30.186%)、厚朴组(-11.218%)。除大黄炭组外,其余组的药效组分总量皆明显变化,其中枳实组变化最明显。结论同一味药材的不同炮制品在小承气汤处方中药效组分不同,对其他药味的影响亦不同,在小承气汤处方配伍中不可随意替代。     

Molecular characterization on the genome structure of hemolysin toxin isoforms isolated from sea anemone Actineria villosa and Phyllodiscus semoni

We recently identified the existence of new isoforms of Avt-I (from sea anemone Actineria villosa) and Pstx20 (from sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni) hemolytic toxins, and named them Avt-II and Pst-I. Avt-II and Pst-I differ in length by 14 and 7 bp, respectively, as compared to their corresponding isoform genes. Both newly found isoform genes have the coding regions with the identical length of 1033 bp. The restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with endonuclease HphI was able to clearly distinguish between the two Avt isoforms, but not Pstx isoforms, and based on the densitometric analysis of DNA bands, it indicated that relative expression levels of Avt-I and Avt-II genes were 18.3% and 81.7%, respectively. PCR amplification of the two Avt isoform genes using the genomic DNA as template indicated the existence of two introns within each toxin isoform gene. The first intron with the identical 242 bp in length for both Avt isoform was found within the 5′-untranslated region, and the second intron with lengths of 654 bp and 661 bp in Avt-I and Avt-II isoforms, respectively, was found within the signal sequence coding region. This is for the first time to identify the existence of introns within hemolysin genes of sea anemone. Having several unique characteristics that have identified only for a new member of actinoporin family of A. villosa and P. semoni, e.g., strong toxicity and genes with introns, it is plausible to speculate that these toxins have a unique genetic evolutionary linage differed from that for other sea anemone hemolytic toxins.     

Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats

Oils of Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum are widely used for their medicinal properties, and as food flavours and perfumes. Recently in a study in West Africa, these oils have been recommended to combat Fusarium verticillioides and subsequent fumonisin contamination in stored maize, but their toxicological profile was not investigated. The current study was undertaken to provide data on acute and subacute toxicity as well as on gastric tolerance of these oils in rat. For this purpose, the oils were given by gavage to Wistar rats for 14 consecutive days. The animals were observed daily for their general behaviour and survival, and their visceral organs such as stomach and liver were taken after sacrifice for histological analyses. A dose-dependent effect of the tested oils was observed during the study. Applied at doses generally higher than 1500 mg/kg body weight, the oils caused significant functional damages to stomach and liver of rat. Unlike the other oils, administration of O. gratissimum oil did not result in adverse effects in rat liver at the tested doses. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the tested oils has been established. The three tested oils can be considered as safe to human when applied on stored maize at recommended concentrations.     

NUDT15c.415C>T和TPMT*3C基因多态性检测方法的比较与临床应用

目的 建立准确、快速、经济的方法,检测NUDT15 c.415C>T和TPMT*3C基因多态性,探讨临床应用价值。方法 收集2017年5月-2018年5月期间福建汉族患者服用硫唑嘌呤2周以上的血清样本,提取DNA或白细胞后分别采用PCR-RFLP法、PCR-Sanger测序法和荧光定量PCR法对NUDT15 c.415C>T和TPMT*3C进行基因多态性分型,比较这3种方法的准确性、简便性及经济性。根据白细胞值分组,结合临床资料,探讨基因多态性等因素与硫唑嘌呤致白细胞减少的相关性。结果 共纳入129例患者,其中硫唑嘌呤致白细胞减少15例（11.6%）。3种方法的基因多态性检测结果一致,TPMT*3C未发现突变纯合子。携带NUDT15c.415C>T突变等位基因者服用硫唑嘌呤致白细胞减少的风险高于携带野生等位基因者（OR=6.2,95%CI：2.5~15.4,P=0.000 054）,而携带TPMT*3C突变等位基因者与野生等位基因者出现白细胞减少比例并无显著性差异（P=0.393）。NUDT15c.415C>T基因多态性预测白细胞减少敏感度为53.3%,特异度为85.1%,ROC曲线AUC为0.69。结论 3种方法都可用于临床检测NUDT15 c.415C>T和TPMT*3C基因多态性。PCR-RFLP法不需要专用试剂盒,也不需要昂贵的仪器设备,成本较低,过程简单,易于操作,特别适合条件有限的单位开展工作。福建汉族患者在服用硫唑嘌呤前进行NUDT15c.415C>T基因多态性检测比TPMT*3C更具临床价值。