内侧髌股韧带重建术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效研究

目的探讨游离肌腱移植重建内侧髌股韧带的手术方法及治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法自2006年6月至2012年7月收治复发性髌骨脱位患者共40例（47膝）,男10例（12膝）,女30例（35膝）,年龄7～51岁,平均19．4岁。全部经膝关节镜检最后确诊,其中43膝采用游离自体半腱肌,4膝采用异体肌腱,通过髌骨双隧道移植重建内侧髌股韧带,镜下动态调整移植肌腱的张力,使髌股关节对合达到正常,并用挤压螺钉将肌腱游离端固定在股骨止点。其中8例（10膝）同时行髌韧带止点内移术。结果有36例（42膝）患者获得随访,随访时间3—70个月,平均随访23个月。临床疗效评价包括髌骨主观稳定性评估、Lysholm膝关节评分及Insall疗效标准（1976年）。术后髌骨外推试验和恐惧试验均为阴性。手术前后Lysholm评分术前平均为（63．1±9．1）分,术后评分为（87．1±6．4）分,手术前后的差异有统计学意义（t=21．7,P〈0．05）。按Insall疗效标准,优良率为85．7％。结论采用以游离肌腱重建MPFL为主的综合术式治疗复发性髌骨脱位,手术效果满意。     

大收肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗青少年复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌股韧带(medial patello femoral ligament,MPFL)治疗青少年复发性髌骨脱位(recurrent dislocation of patella,RDP)的手术方法和临床疗效。方法 2011年4月至2013年7月,本院收治复发性髌骨脱位19例(20膝),其中男4例4膝,女15例16膝,年龄14~18岁,平均15.2岁。脱位次数2~4次。所有患者均行大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌股韧带术,术前、术后采用Lysholm评分及Insall标准评价膝关节功能。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6~36个月,平均22个月。术后髌股关节稳定,无髌骨脱位再次发生。Lysholm评分术前平均(61.6±4.0)分,术后(93.4±3.4)分(P0.01)。术后疗效按Insall标准进行评价,优13例(13膝),良4例(5膝),可2例(2膝)。优良率为90.0%(18/20)。结论采用大收肌腱转位重建MPFL手术治疗RDP疗效可靠,手术创伤小,操作简单,康复快,可有效防止髌骨脱位的复发,值得临床推广。     

半腱肌肌腱移植双束解剖重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位

 目的 探讨关节镜下半腱肌肌腱移植双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 自2006年1月至2010年1月收治复发性髌骨脱 位29例（31膝）,男11例,女18例（20膝）;年龄16～32岁,平均22岁。游离自体半腱肌肌腱,双束重建内侧髌股韧带,以双锚钉及骨槽固定于髌骨,股骨止点 采用界面螺钉固定,于关节镜下调整髌骨复位。5例同时行胫骨结节前内移术。所有病例均获得随访,随访时间9～22个月,平均14个月。影像学评价包括测量髌 股适合角、外侧髌股角、髌骨外移率;临床疗效评价包括国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC）膝关节功能主观评分 、Lysholm膝关节功能评分及Tegner膝关节运动评分。结果 术后恐惧试验均阴性,随访期间无髌骨再脱位及骨折发生。末次随访时髌股适合角5.65°±2.23°、 外侧髌股角3.52°±2.63°、髌骨外移率0.25±0.46,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;IKDC膝关节功能主观评分（93.20±5.33）分、Lysholm膝关 节功能评分（93.02±6.08）分及Tegner膝关节运动评分（6.58±0.87）分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 关节镜下半腱肌肌腱移植双束解 剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的近期效果可靠。     

关节镜下重建内侧髌股韧带与射频消融治疗髌骨半脱位的对照研究

目的比较关节镜下半腱肌肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带与射频消融在治疗髌骨半脱位中的作用。方法自2008—06—2010—06收治髌骨半脱位60例,分别采用关节镜下半腱肌肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带（A组,30例）与射频消融（B组,30例）治疗,比较2组手术前、后膝关节功能Lysholm评分。结果60例均获得2年随访。A组术前Lysholm评分平均（63．2±5．3）分。末次随访时平均（87．2±5．1）分;B组术前Lysholm评分平均（65．1±6．2）分,末次随访时平均（84．2±5．4）分。A、B组末次随访时Lysholm评分均较术前明显提高;差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;末次随访时A组Lysholm评分高于B组。差异有统计学意义（忙3．112,P=0．003）。结论关节镜下半腱肌肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带相对于射频消融在治疗髌骨半脱位中能取得更好的治疗效果。     

关节镜下内侧髌股韧带重建和外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的:评价内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果.方法:2011年3月至2013年6月在关节镜下进行内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位15例,男5例,女10例;年龄14～32岁,平均19.4岁;髌骨脱位2次及以上.术前常规行X线、CT、MR检查了解髌股关节及内侧髌股韧带情况,关节功能Lysholm评分69.85±11.52,术中镜下查看髌股对合关系及髌骨运动轨迹.术中使用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带同时关节镜下外侧支持带松解.结果:所有患者获随访,时间12～36个月,平均27.6个月,患者无再发髌骨脱位及半脱位,伸直位及屈曲30°位恐惧试验和髌骨外移试验均为阴性,术后12个月患者完全恢复正常活动,膝关节无主观不适,术后Lysholm评分92.60±5.75,较术前提高.结论:关节镜下内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解手术能有效治疗复发性髌骨脱位,缓解症状,重建髌骨稳定性.     

内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的 回顾性分析自体半腱肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股韧带联合外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床结果.方法 复发性髌骨脱位31例行内侧髌股韧带重建联合外侧支持带松解,并对患者进行影像检查及膝关节功能评分.结果 术后随访24～56个月,31例均无再次脱位;功能评分术前与术后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 自体半腱肌腱移植重建内侧髌股韧带联合外侧支持带松解治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位效果可靠.     

自体半腱肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股韧带治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位

[目的]探讨自体半腱肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股韧带治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位的疗效和安全性.[方法]2008年2月～ 2010年2月治疗复发性髌骨脱位患儿7例.术中关节镜探查髌骨轨迹,处理合并损伤.行外侧支持带松解,自体半腱肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股韧带.股骨侧避开骺软骨放置3.5 mm锚钉,髌骨内缘钻2个4.5 mm骨道,髌骨复位后将肌腱穿入骨道打结固定.[结果]随访12 ～24个月(平均17个月),手术效果满意,无复发脱位,无骨骺早闭,术后X线片示髌股关节解剖关系恢复正常.[结论]关节镜探查结合外侧支持带松解和自体半腱肌腱游离移植重建内侧髌股韧带治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位,方法简单安全,疗效可靠.     

关节镜辅助下半腱肌解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下半腱肌解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位及临床疗效。方法我科在2014年4月至2016年7月,通过关节镜辅助下半腱肌解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位17例,术后定期随访,末次随访评估手术前后外侧髌股角、膝关节Kujala、Lysholm评分。结果 17例患者,2例后期失访,平均随访时间19.4个月。复查J-sign(-)、髌骨恐惧试验(-)、髌骨外推移位试验(-),末次随访评估手术前后外侧髌股角、膝关节Kujala、Lysholm评分,行配对t检验,结果显示术后较术前差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论关节镜辅助下自体半腱肌肌腱解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位是一种疗效显著的手术方式。     

锚钉固定重建髌股韧带治疗中的失误分析

目的分析锚钉缝线固定法重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位脱位的技术失误。方法自2009年3月至2013年3月收治复发性髌骨关节脱位患者21例,其中男10例,女11例;年龄15~40岁,平均20岁。无固定型脱位17例,固定型脱位4例。脱位发生2~10次。关节镜下采用自体肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带,髌骨止点用缝线固定并锚钉加强,股骨止点用挤压钉固定。结果患者均获随访,随访时间12个月。术后2例髌骨再脱位,2例屈膝受限。17例膝关节活动正常,无髌骨不稳。结论内侧髌股韧带重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位的失败病例主要表现为术后屈膝受限和髌骨再脱位,易发生在术前固定型脱位的病例上。     

大收肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗青少年复发性髌骨脱位

目的 :探讨大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗青少年复发性髌骨脱位(RDP)的手术方法和临床疗效。方法:自2012年5月至2014年9月,收治复发性髌骨脱位患者19例,其中男6例,女13例;年龄13~17岁,平均16岁;病程3~18个月,平均6个月。所有患者行大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌股韧带。比较手术前后Lysholm评分、外侧髌股角及Q角变化情况。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间12~18个月,平均16.5个月。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。无膝关节疼痛、肿胀,髌骨脱位或半脱位发生。外侧髌股角由术前的(-3.8±4.9)°恢复到术后的(10.3±4.1)°;Q角由术前的(16.4±3.1)°减小至术后的(10.5±1.2)°;Lysholm评分由术前的(68.6±8.5)分提高至末次随访的(93.7±6.5)分,其中优15例,良3例,可1例。结论:采用大收肌腱转位重建内侧髌骨韧带可明显恢复髌骨稳定性,是治疗青少年复发性髌骨脱位的有效的方法之一。     

A “sandwich” method of reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using a titanium interference screw for patellar instability in skeletally immature patients

Background

No standard surgical procedure for medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction exists in skeletally immature patients with patellar instability. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a novel reconstruction technique for the MPFL in patients with patellar instability because of non-closure of the epiphyseal line.

Methods

The “sandwich” method was fixation of the patella between a double-stranded semitendinosus tendon through the posterior third of the femoral insertion of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) as a pulley with a titanium interference screw in a single patellar tunnel. Five knees in five patients were studied: four with recurrent and one with habitual patellar dislocations. Subjects underwent MPFL reconstruction with or without lateral release. Patients were evaluated using pre-operative and post-operative physical and radiographic examinations, including apprehension testing, assessment of tilting and congruence angles, medial and lateral shift ratios under stress measured using X-ray imaging, and Kujala and Lysholm scores.

Results

No patient experienced recurrent post-operative episodes of dislocation or subluxation. By the final follow-up, patellar apprehension had disappeared in all patients. In addition, all patients showed significant improvement in the following: tilting angle, congruence angle, lateral shift ratio, Kujala score, and Lysholm score.

Conclusions

The MPFL reconstruction methods, using a double-stranded semitendinosus autograft and sparing the femoral physeal line in non-closure of the epiphyseal line, provide acceptable short-term results for the treatment of patellar instability.     

关节镜辅助下小切口重建内侧髌股韧带治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下小切口同种异体肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2006年1月～2010年4月共收治28例创伤性复发性髌骨脱位,所有患者在第一次脱位均为膝关节外伤所致,伤后患膝明显肿胀及髌骨脱位-复位感,此后出现髌骨脱位3次以上者。手术方法:先行关节镜检查,髌骨外侧支持带紧张者行松解术,关节镜监视下调整MFPL的张力并于其解剖止点以同种异体肌腱重建MFPL,术后接受正规功能康复锻炼。结果术后平均随访26个月(12～36个月)。重建术后无髌骨再次脱位发生,髌股关节稳定。术前、术后均采用Lysholm和Kujala膝关节评分标准,手术前后评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论选择适当的病例,重建内侧髌股韧带是治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法。     

Die Rekonstruktion des medialen patellofemoralen Ligaments mit der getunnelten Semitendinosussehne

OBJECTIVE: Stabilization of the patella by reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament. INDICATIONS: Chronic recurrent lateral dislocation or subluxation of the patella. Habitual lateral dislocation of the patella. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Primary dislocation of the patella. Genu valgum with a Q-angle > 15 degrees . Status following semitendinosus tendon transfer to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. Joint infection. Neurogenic instability, ischiocrural muscle deficiency. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Division of the distal insertion of the semitendinosus muscle at the pes anserinus. Subligamentous tunneling at the proximal insertion of the medial collateral ligament. The distal end of the semitendinosus tendon is transferred through the subligamentous tunnel to the medial patellar margin. Fixation of the tendon to the medioproximal patellar margin by passing it through an oblique transpatellar drill hole. RESULTS: The patella was stabilized by dynamic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament in 14 patients with chronic recurrent or habitual lateral patellar dislocation. Ten patients were available for clinical follow-up assessment at an average of 13 months (8-27 months) postoperatively. The postoperative Kujala Index (maximum 100 points) increased on average from 56 to 95 points.     

Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: Indications,Technique, and Outcomes

The medial patellofemoral ligament is the primary static restraint to lateral patellar translation. It is injured in 96% to 100% of patellar dislocations that affect approximately 6 to 29 of 100,000 patients and is more common in patients younger than 20 years of age. Risk factors for patellar dislocation include patella alta, trochlear dysplasia, genu valgus, increased Q angle, and hyperlaxity. The treatment for patellar instability depends on the clinical and radiographic findings and can be nonoperative for first-time dislocations (bracing, proximal strengthening, and progressive return to sport) or operative for recurrent dislocations. It is critical for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction to reproduce the anatomy and isometry of the native ligament. Graft choice and methods of fixation are less critical to achieve successful outcomes. Studies have reported successful outcomes and improved Kujala scores, with recurrent instability ranging from 1% to 5%. Careful surgical technique can avoid complications, including fracture, graft failure, loss of range of motion, persistent anterior knee pain, medial instability, and recurrent instability. The role of the medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament also should be considered more in future research.     

Editorial Commentary: From Lateral Release and Medial Plication to Complex Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Techniques: Medial Quadriceps Tendon Femoral Ligament Reconstruction Is the Most Anatomic Repair

Patella instability and dislocation are common in younger patients, and 1 in 5 patients are at risk of recurrent dislocations. Conservative treatment should be considered for first dislocations unless other concomitant injuries are present. Historically, lateral patella release and medial plication techniques were used for repair but have been superseded by medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Overconstraint is a potential problem and often related to nonanatomic femoral tunnel position and graft tension, which could result in increased patellar contact pressures and graft failure. The medial quadriceps tendon–femoral ligament reconstruction technique (MQTFL) avoids patellar tunnels without the risk of patella fracture. When comparing medial patellofemoral ligament, MQTFL, and the combination of both techniques in a cadaver model, MQTFL resulted in less constraint with no differences for patellar contact pressures. Medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament reconstruction is the most anatomic repair.     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 2005年1月-2010年1月,对22例(22膝)复发性髌骨脱位患者采用关节镜下外侧支持带松解,取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗。男5例,女17例;年龄15～19岁,平均17.3岁。髌骨脱位3～8次,平均4次。主要临床症状为患膝关节疼痛、肿胀、无力,活动受限。髌骨倾斜试验、恐惧试验、内侧髌股韧带止点处压痛、髌骨向外推移时恐惧征均呈阳性。根据国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分标准,膝关节功能主观评分为(36.7±4.7)分,Lysholm评分为(69.3±3.8)分。X线片示患者髌骨向外倾斜。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间18～49个月,平均34个月。术后患者关节疼痛、肿胀、无力等症状较术前明显改善。随访期间患者髌骨脱位无复发。末次随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(92.4±5.3)分,Lysholm评分为(91.7±5.2)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带可明显改善髌骨稳定性,是治疗复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法之一。     

内侧髌股韧带重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的介绍采用内侧髌股韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位的手术技术和效果。方法 2005年6月-2007年9月,采用MPFL重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位29例。男6例,女23例;年龄13～45岁,平均20.3岁。髌骨脱位2～10次。末次髌骨脱位至手术时间为1～144个月,平均43.9个月。术前CT检查测量胫骨结节-股骨滑车间距(tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance,TT-TG);并行Kujala、Lysholm和Tegner评分,分别为(72.03±17.38)、(72.65±14.70)、(5.25±1.83)分。手术采用同种异体肌腱作为移植物,在股骨侧使用骨隧道技术,可吸收挤压螺钉固定;在髌骨内侧缘制作双L形隧道,调节移植物张力后,缝合固定移植物的游离端。同时行关节镜检查、游离体取出和髌外侧支持带松解。对于TT-TG>20 mm的16例患者,同时行胫骨结节内移截骨。结果 27例获随访,随访时间40～67个月,平均45.5个月。患者术后均无髌骨再脱位,也无髌骨错动或半脱位。0°位和屈膝30°位髌骨外推试验和外推恐惧试验均为阴性。术后1年患者膝关节屈伸活动度均恢复正常,能够完全下蹲。末次随访时Kujala评分、Lysholm评分分别为(94.10±7.59)、(95.44±6.25)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Tegner评分为(4.33±1.00)分,与术前比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.302,P=0.213)。术前TT-TG>20 mm的患者末次随访时TT-TG为(16.88±5.92)mm,与术前(23.38±3.70)mm比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.822,P=0.026)。结论 MPFL重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位能够明显改善髌骨稳定性,且术后膝关节功能评分和运动等级评分均较术前明显改善。     

关节镜下双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移治疗骨骺未闭合青少年复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下自体半腓骨长肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗骨骺未闭合青少年复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-07—2018-09诊治的20例骨骺未闭合且胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟间距>20 mm的青少年复发性髌骨脱位,在关节镜下采用自体半腓骨长肌腱经大收肌肌腱止点悬吊双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗。结果 20例均获得随访,随访时间平均21.2(12~36)个月。所有患者术后复查均未再发生髌骨脱位或半脱位,膝关节功能恢复满意。末次随访时髌股适合角为(-1.79±3.26)°,髌骨倾斜角为(11.11±1.08)°,较术前明显减小;末次随访时膝关节功能Lysholm评分为(94.60±2.58)分,髌股关节功能Kujala评分为(91.05±2.33)分,较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于骨骺未闭合且胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟间距>20 mm的青少年复发性髌骨脱位患者,关节镜下采用自体半腓骨长肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗可获得稳定的髌骨滑动轨迹,髌骨脱位矫正良好。     

Patellaluxationen

Dislocation of the patella represents a frequent knee problem in childhood and adolescence. There are traumatic, recurrent, habitual and chronic forms. Many anatomical variations, which promote patellar dislocation, are known. The first traumatic dislocation is primarily treated conservatively with the exception of concomitant osteochondral fragments or very large soft tissue damage which justify surgical interventions. Recurrent, habitual and chronic dislocations are best cured surgically by vastus medialis advancement, reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament, strengthening of the medial retinaculum together with a lateral release and by fixation of the patella using tendon grafts or medialisation of the insertion of the patellar ligament. To improve the femoropatellar groove by trochleoplasty is a different surgical concept. The long-term results following medialisation of the patellar ligament insertion or trochleoplasty are good with regards to patellar stability but mediocre in terms of avoiding degenerative changes in the patellofemoral joint.