帕金森病外科治疗的有关问题

帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD)患病率综合世界各国资料在10～405/10万人之间,我国的PD患病率为81/10万,发病和患病率随年龄增长而增加。由于影像学和计算机技术的进步,使外科治疗PD取得了较大进展。毁损术曾经是PD治疗的最主要方法,随着脑深部电刺激术(DBS)的出现,有逐渐被后者取代的趋势。目前PD常用的毁损靶点主要是丘脑腹中间核(Vim)和苍白球内侧部(Gpi)。其中Vim对震颤的控制效果最为理想,对肢体僵直仅有轻度改善,对其他症状无效;双侧Vim毁损会引起认知功能障碍等严重并发症,已被摒弃。苍白球毁损术(PVP)对症状的改善比较全…     

脑深部电刺激对帕金森病二次手术的临床应用价值

目的探讨帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD)毁损术后再行脑深部电刺激术(deepbrainstimulation,DBS)的可行性、靶点选择、术中电生理学特点和治疗结果。方法应用MRI和微电极记录技术进行靶点定位,对13例毁损术后的PD患者行DBS手术,其中7例曾行单侧苍白球毁损术(posteroventralpallidotomy,PVP),5例曾行单侧丘脑毁损术,1例曾行双侧丘脑及左侧苍白球毁损术。DBS的靶点包括单侧丘脑底核(subthalamicnucleus,STN)6例,单侧丘脑腹中间核(ventralintermediatnucleus,Vim)1例,双侧STN4例,一侧STN及对侧苍白球(globuspallidusinternus,Gpi)2例。结果DBS对毁损术后的PD患者症状有不同程度的改善,其中单侧毁损术后行双侧DBS效果最明显。术后3个月的UPDRS运动及ADL评分较术前明显减少(P<0.05或0.01),美多巴的用量明显减少(P<0.05),无新的手术合并症。结论曾行毁损术的PD患者如面临二次手术,可以选择DBS手术,以双侧STN的DBS效果最好,并可减少药物用量,不加重原有的术后并发症。     

帕金森病毁损术治疗的手术方式选择与疗效关系

目的：总结帕金森病（PD）苍白球和丘脑毁损术的手术方式选择与手术效果关系。方法：对213例PD患者进行了221次微电极导向立体定向手术治疗。临床分型;震颤型17例,僵直型38例,震颤僵直型158例,其中苍白球腹后部毁损术（PVP）171例;丘脑腹中间核（Vim)毁损术21例;同期同侧PVP和Vim毁损术8例;同期双侧PVP5例,分期双侧PVP8例。结果：术后UPDRS评分发现上述各种术式在“关”状态下和“开”状态下症状均有明显改善。改善率分别为50.8%-60.8%和28.7-36.6%,但以多靶点毁损术为佳。同期双侧PVP发生明显构音障碍,吞咽困难1例,结论：应根据不同症状选择不同术式,PVP对僵直、“开-关”现象、异动症,肢体无力及肌肉酸痛效果较好,震颤效果略微差一些,对运动迟缓、连带动作、语言发音也有一定改善率,但对平衡,步态及姿势等轴性症状效果较差。甚至个别症人术后步态障碍加重。Vim毁损术对震颤效果最为理想,同期双侧PVP手术易产生并发症,应慎重采用。     

帕金森病的定向手术适应证

目的 确定各类帕金森病的定向手术适应证。方法 回顾分析1478例帕金森病定向手术，对手术后的手术疗效和某些相关并发症进行评估，进而推断各类帕金森病的定向手术适应证。结果 苍白球毁损术对服用左旋多巴类药物有效的震颤患者均有效，服用左旋多巴类药物震颤无效的患者，苍白球毁损术的手术疗效效果很差，单侧丘脑Vim核毁损术对震颤改善极佳，96.9%的患者彻底消失，同期同侧苍白球＋兵脑Vim核毁损术对震颤改善极佳，96.9%的患者彻底消失，同期同侧苍白球＋丘脑Vim核毁损术的患者震颤改善率为96.3%，苍白球毁损术对僵直、运动迟缓的疗效也显示出与左旋多巴服药的反应的规律性，服药效果好的手术效果好，但是，与震颤不同的是，服药无效的也有一定的疗效。启动不能患者，其手术效果都不佳，流涎、吞咽困难发生率在单侧苍折球毁损术患者中较低，乏力发生率较高，分期双侧苍白球毁损术中患者年龄较大的较易发生乏力、流涎、吞咽困难。结论 我们的临床实践认为左旋多巴类药物服药反应是一个非常重要的判定指标，僵直、运动迟缓、药物引起的“开－关”、异动症服药有效的患者，苍白球毁损术的效果较好；震颤则有所不同，凡是左旋多巴不能完全控制的，采用苍白球＋丘脑Vim核毁损术则手术效果非常满意，启动不能患者手术应该极其慎重，手术的帮助不大。我们不主张同期双侧苍白球毁损术，分期双侧苍白球毁损术也要慎重。     

两种(核团)毁损术治疗帕金森病的疗效比较

目的 研究丘脑腹中间核（Vim核）毁损术与苍白球腹后内侧核（PVP）毁损术在治疗帕金森病（PD）的临床效果、术后反应及并发症。方法 回顾性分析我院从2000～2005年完成立体定向毁损术220例，行单侧Vim核毁损术125例（一组），PVP毁损术（二组）95例，对其两组临床效果、术后反应、并发症及头颅MRI扫描进行比较研究。结果两组术式手术有效率：Vim核124例（99．2％），PVP93例（97．9％）；术后反应：Vim核19例（15．2％），PVP7例（7．4％）；手术并发症：Vim核22例（17．6％），PVP2例（2．1％）。结论 帕金森病（PD）定向毁损术应根据震颤型、僵直型和运动不能型选择丘脑或／和苍白球毁损术，苍白球毁损术术后反应及并发症较丘脑毁损术明显减少，有显著差异。     

微电极记录技术在帕金森病手术治疗价值

目的　总结微电极导向立体定向手术治疗帕金森病的临床经验及治疗效果。方法　自 1 999年 4月至 2 0 0 1年 2月采用微电极导向立体定向手术治疗帕金森病 350例 ,其中苍白球腹后部毁损术 (PVP) 2 78例 ,丘脑腹中间核 (Vim)毁损术 35例 ,同期同侧PVP和Vim毁损术 1 5例 ,行同期双侧PVP 1 1例 ,分期双侧PVP 8例 ,分期一侧PVP或另一侧Vim毁损术 3例。对手术前后的“关”状态和“开”状态进行生活能力评分、UPDRS评分 ,并进行门诊随访。结果　术后日常生活能力评分“关”状态提高 2 9.8% ,“开”状态提高 2 5 .9%。UPDRS :在“关”状态下 ,总的改善率为 57.3 % ,其中精神行为情绪改善率为 50 .8% ,日常活动改善率 59.1 % ,运动功能改善率 58.2 %。结论　PVP对震颤效果不如Vim毁损术 ,对震颤明显 ,无明显僵直的患者可选择Vim毁损术 ,对震颤僵直型患者可分期双侧PVP毁损术。     

帕金森病患者丘脑腹外侧核团神经元振荡活动特点

目的 探讨帕金森病(PD)患者丘脑腹外侧核团(Vop/Vim)神经元振荡活动与PD症状的关系.方法 23例PD患者在接受立体定向丘脑毁损术时应用微电极和肌电记录技术采集细胞和肢体电活动.单细胞和峰间隔分析鉴别细胞放电频率和模式;功率谱分析神经元振荡活动与症状的关系.PD综合评分量表(UPDRS)进行疗效评估.结果 114个振荡活动神经元中78％伴有震颤节律,并与肢体震颤相关;22％伴有β节律.发现震颤节律振荡活动神经元主要分布在Vim,β节律振荡活动神经元主要分布在Vop (P ＜0.05).结论 Vim是改善震颤的最佳靶点.β节律振荡活动神经元与僵直、运动不相关,提示Vop可以改善PD僵直和迟缓.     

丘脑腹中间核毁损术治疗帕金森病的长期疗效观察

目的探讨丘脑腹中间核（Vim）毁损术治疗帕金森病（PD）的临床疗效及手术并发症。方法PD患者151例在采用MRI丘脑长度比例法定位Vim后行射频热凝毁损Vim治疗。术前、术后1周、1年、3年、6年在未服药状态下行统一PD评定量表Ⅲ（UPDRSⅢ）评分评估疗效。结果不同Hoehn-Yahr分级患者术后1周UPDRSⅢ评分较术前均明显下降（P〈0．05）。术后1周不同级别Hoehn-Yahr分级UPDRSⅢ评分改善率均差异显著术后6年,震颤型和震颤僵直型PD患者UPDRAS评分分别为（35．75±2．30）％和（27．27＋2．02）％;震颤型近期及远期疗效较震颤僵直型好（P〈0．05）。随着Hoehn-Yahr分级的增加和术后时间的延长UPDRSⅢ评分改善率下降。术后并发症包括术后毁损灶少量出血6例,构音功能障碍8例,手术同侧口周及对侧肢体麻木7例。结论经MRI丘脑长度比例法定位后行丘脑Vim毁损术治疗PD近期疗效显著,有较好的远期疗效,并发症较低。     

老龄帕金森病手术治疗的体会

目的：介绍微电极引导立体定向手术治疗老龄帕金森病的方法和结果。方法：采用CT/MRI双重影像学定位,术中行微电极记录技术靶点监测,对28例70岁以上老龄帕金森病患者行丘脑腹外侧核、苍白球腹后内侧部射频毁损,其中1例行单侧丘脑腹外侧核毁损术,1例行双侧丘脑腹外侧核毁损术;26例行苍白球腹后内侧部毁损术,其中1例行同期单侧苍白球腹后内侧部及丘脑腹外侧核毁损术,术前及术后12月应用motorUPDRS量表进行评价。结果：2例丘脑腹外侧核毁损术后12月,肢体静止性震颤完全或基本消除,其中1例下颌静止性震颤有明显缓解;26例行苍白球腹后内侧部毁损术,术后静止性震颤、僵直、运动迟缓均有较大改善。结论：微电极引导立体定向手术是治疗老龄帕金森病的有效手段之一。但是仍有可能出现严重的并发症。     

立体定向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病(附52例报告)

目的探讨立体定向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病的安全性及有效性。方法本组男29例,女23例;年龄41~77岁,病程3~15年,其中震颤型40例,肌强直型8例,混合型4例。在局麻下对这些患者行立体定向脑内核团射频毁损术,术后观察治疗的效果。结果本组44例行Vim核毁损术,8例行Gpi毁损术,手术有效率100%,术后出现毁损部位少量出血1例,出现术侧肢体偏瘫1例,经治疗1个月后症状均缓解。结论立体定向脑内核团毁损术治疗帕金森病疗效显著,且靶点选择、毁损范围及程度与手术疗效及并发症密切相关。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。