苍白球内侧部毁损术治疗帕金森病概率功能图谱再研究

目的建立改良的苍白球内侧部(Gpi)毁损术治疗帕金森病最佳靶点的概率功能图谱。方法回顾分析92例帕金森病患者MRI影像学资料、电生理资料和术后评分基础上,对毁损电极尖端裸区进行建模,然后利用Marching Cube算法,坐标归一化,通过空间转换构建Gpi毁损靶点概率功能图谱。结果通过坐标归一化所建立的概率功能图谱与之前的图谱比较能够更好显示帕金森病最佳靶点的空间分布。结论改良Gpi概率功能图谱是立体定向功能神经外科有效的辅助工具。     

苍白球内侧部毁损术治疗帕金森病最佳靶点概率功能图谱的建立

目的建立苍白球内侧部(Gpi)毁损术治疗帕金森病最佳靶点的概率功能图谱。方法回顾分析帕金森病患者92例,在分析MRI影像学资料、电生理资料和术后帕金森病综合评分(UPDRS)基础上,对毁损电极尖端裸露区进行建模,然后利用Marching Cube算法,通过空间转换将Gpi最有效的毁损靶点转换成概率功能图谱。结果所建立的概率功能图谱清楚地显示了利用Gpi毁损术治疗帕金森病最佳靶点的空间分布。Z值范围在-3.0～-6.3mm之间,最佳功能靶点坐标值为5mm;X值范围在18～23mm之间,最佳功能靶点坐标值为21mm;Y值范围在2-3mm,最佳功能靶点坐标值为2.7mm。结论立体定向手术最佳靶点的概率功能图谱是立体定向功能神经外科有效的辅助工具。     

苍白球内侧部运动觉细胞空间位置测定及其意义

目的 研究苍白球内侧部运动觉细胞空间位置排列及其在苍白球毁损术中的意义。方法 对34例病人苍白球内侧部运动觉细胞进行了空间位置测定，每例病人测定5～13个部位，共记录322个部位。结果 82(25．5％)个细胞随对侧肢体关节被动运动其放电频率有变化，其变化形式为放电频率或幅度的增加及减少。上肢的运动觉细胞主要集中在GPi的背侧和腹侧，而下肢的运动觉细胞更靠近GPi的中心部位。结论 上肢和下肢的运动觉细胞在GPi内有很明确的空间定位，为合理选择毁损部位提供了依据。     

中国人脑黑质立体定向数字化解剖图谱的研究

目的探讨建立立体定向MRI黑质数字化、可视化图谱的可行性,为立体定向功能神经外科提供解剖学依据。方法健康中国自愿者150人,在标准的立体定向空间内进行全脑扫描,测量黑质体积。选取其中30例利用eFilm软件对黑质中心点坐标进行测量。随机选取1名自愿者,利用其成像数据,对黑质进行三维重建,并对其进行可视化、数字化处理。结果黑质的平均体积左侧为（327．26±24．19）mm3,右侧为（307．28±25．11）mm3,左右侧黑质的体积存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。黑质中央截面的中心点坐标X、Y、Z分别为（8．45±0．69）mm、（一4．36±0．50）mm和（一9．47±0．80）mm,左右侧黑质的中心点坐标无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,性别之间黑质的中心点坐标亦无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论建立立体定向MRI黑质数字化、可视化图谱是可行的。     

脑深部电刺激苍白球内侧部治疗肌张力障碍

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激(DBS)苍白球内侧部(GPi)治疗肌张力障碍的有效性和安全性,以及术后程控策略.方法 采用微电极记录GPi的电生理信号,埋置脑深部刺激器治疗肌张力障碍患者8例,同时记录患者对侧受累肌肉的电活动.所有患者的刺激靶点均为双侧GPi.结果 除1例继发性全身肌张力障碍患者外,其余患者因随访时间长短,均有不同程度改善,随访时间12-36个月,改善率35.5％～87.5％.其中随访超过18个月的患者症状改善率均＞59.6％.1例因全身扭动造成电极外露,锁骨下切口感染,最终将DBS装置取出.另有1例术后靶点区域少量出血,血肿吸收后原有症状仍有改善.结论 通过对现有DBS刺激GPi治疗肌张力障碍病例资料有效性和安全性的总结,DBS成为治疗肌张力障碍的一种有效方法.GPi是治疗肌张力障碍较为有效的靶点.     

数字化构建人脑豆状核及其亚结构图谱

目的 应用<中国数字化可视人体图谱>男性尸脑切片构建豆状核及其亚结构的三维可视化图谱.方法 利用哈尔滨工业大学Bio-X中心开发的软件对尸脑切片豆状核及其亚结构进行识别、分割等图像转换与处理,并进行三维重建.结果 三维重建后的结果显示豆状核为一个前后径较长、上下径较高、左右径相对较窄,近似蚕豆形状的灰质团块.应用透明处理方法进行的三维重建清晰地显示了豆状核及其亚结构的空间位置关系.结论 利用超薄尸脑切片可以成功构建人脑核团的亚结构.

Abstract：

Objective To establish a 3D atlas of the lenticular nuclei and its subnucleus with the cryosection images of the male from Atlas of Chinese Visible Human.Method The lenticular nuclei and its subnucleus were segmented from the cryosection images and reconstructed with the software developed by Harbin Institute of Technology.Results 3D model of the lenticular uuclei illustrated that it was fabaceous with its anteroposterior and superoinferior diameter longer,and the mediolateral diameter shorter.The spatial relationship between the lenticular nuclei and its subnucleus was clear with the surface of the lenticular nuclei semitransparent.Conclusions It is feasible to establish 3D model of the subnucleus in the human brain with the cryosection images.     

丘脑底核与苍白球内侧部电刺激术治疗帕金森病疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价脑深部电刺激术（DBS）作用丘脑底核（STN）与苍白球内侧部（GPi）治疗帕金森病（PD）的疗效。方法 计算机检索2015年6月之前在PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、CNKI及VIP等数据库中DBS作用STN或GPi治疗PD的随机临床对照研究,按纳入排除标准进行资料的筛选和提取,利用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 纳入7个研究共613例患者,其中STN组331例,GPi组282例。Meta分析显示,STN-DBS与GPi-DBS治疗后,患者运动症状改善效果（SMD=0.36;95% CI为-0.07~0.78;P=0.10）及生活质量改善（SMD=-0.20,95%CI为-0.78~0.39;P=0.51）相似,且术后3年均效果稳定。STN组较GPi组能明显减少术后药物用量（SMD=0.37;95% CI为0.19~0.55;P<0.0001）;gpi组抑郁发生率较stn组明显减少（rr ci为="" 1.28~2.27;p="0.0003）。结论 STN-DBS与GPi-DBS治疗PD后,患者运动症状改善效果与生活质量改善效果相似,STN -DBS能有效减少术后用药量,GPi-DBS术后抑郁发生率更低。     

CT引导毁损苍白球内侧部治疗帕金森病17例分析

目的 探讨在CT导向下脑立体定向计算机辅助规划射频毁损苍白球内侧部(GPi)对帕金森病(PD)的治疗效果.方法 使用南京麦迪柯科技公司98-Ⅲ型脑立体定向计算机辅助规划手术系统,对17例PD患者的头颅CTGPi的直接定位,用N-30型射频仪(西安黄河),制造一个约8毫米直径的毁损灶.结果 按帕金森评定量表(Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale,UPDRS)运动评分,术后1周,在关状态下,术后症状改善率47.1%,在开状态下改善率41.1%,开-关症状和异动症均消失.经随访3年,显效64.7%,改善23.5%,无效11.8%.并发症:术后8小时内出现对侧肢体部分发作肌痉挛者2例(11.8%),均在3天后消失.对侧肢体轻偏瘫者1例(5.9%),2周内恢复正常,无其他并发症及死亡.结论 PD患者行GPi毁损术后僵直、震颤多可消失,运动不能等症状有所改善.     

丘脑底核高频电刺激对偏侧帕金森猴苍白球内侧部中氨基酸神经递质含量的影响

目的通过微透析-高效液相神经递质分析技术观察丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN)脑深部电刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)对偏侧帕金森(parkinson’s disease,PD)模型猴苍白球内侧部(globus pallidusinternus,GPi)氨基酸类神经递质水平的影响。探讨PD的发病机制及DBS治疗PD的可能作用机制。方法成功制备的偏侧PD模型猴4只,微透析方法收集未注药侧GPi的细胞外液以及注药侧STN高频电刺激(highfrequncy stimulation,HFS)过程中以及刺激前后同侧GPi的细胞外液,应用高效液相-荧光法分析谷氨酸(gluta-mate,Glu)和γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的水平变化。结果 MPTP注药侧GPi细胞外液中Glu含量较未注药侧升高,而GABA含量却下降。高频电刺激偏侧PD猴模型的STN后,同侧的GPi细胞外液中Glu的含量明显上升,而GABA的含量无明显变化。结论无法用单一的神经元抑制机制解释STN-HFS的作用机制,STN-HFS的作用不只是局限于STN核团本身,对整个基底节环路都有影响。     

Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in tardive dystonia

Tardive dystonia is a disabling movement disorder as a consequence of exposure to neuroleptic drugs. We followed 6 patients with medically refractory tardive dystonia treated by bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for 21 ± 18 months. At last follow‐up, the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) motor score improved by 86% ± 14%, and the BFMDRS disability score improved by 80% ± 12%. Bilateral GPi‐DBS is a beneficial therapeutic option for the long‐term relief of tardive dystonia. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society     

Electrophysiological signatures predict clinical outcomes after deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in Meige syndrome

ObjectiveDeep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) has been shown to be a safe and effective alternative therapy for ameliorating medically refractory primary Meige syndrome. However, the associations between DBS target position and surrounding electrophysiological properties as well as patients’ clinical outcomes remains largely unknown. In a large number of patients, we investigated electrophysiological features around stimulation targets and explored their roles in predicting clinical outcomes following bilateral GPi-DBS.MethodsThe locations of DBS active contacts along the long axis of the GPi in a standard space were calculated and compared among three groups with different clinical outcomes. The firing rates of individual neurons within the GPi were calculated for each patient and compared across the three groups.ResultsCompared with the bad group (poor clinical outcome), active contacts in the good group (good clinical outcome) and the best group (best clinical outcome) were located in the more posterior GPi. The average firing rates in the good and best groups were significantly higher than in the bad group, and this difference was pronounced within the ventral GPi. For the bad group, the average firing rates were significantly lower in the ventral than in the dorsal GPi.ConclusionsThis study suggests that DBS of the posterior GPi may produce better clinical outcomes during primary Meige syndrome treatment and that higher GPi neuronal activity, particularly within the ventral part, can be used as a biomarker to guide DBS electrode implantation during surgery.     

Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus for refractory tardive dystonia

We report a rapid, dramatic and sustained improvement following bilateral pallidal stimulation in two patients affected by intractable generalized tardive dystonia. Both patients had a chronic psychiatric disorder and developed chronic disabling generalized dystonic symptoms persisting despite prolonged withdrawal of neuroleptics and all available symptomatic treatment. The clinical benefit in both patients persisted throughout all the follow up period of 13 and 7 months. The favorable and prolonged response in our two patients suggests that deep brain stimulation may be an effective treatment for medically refractory tardive dystonia.     

Complete suppression of paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia by globus pallidus internus pallidal stimulation.

Stereotactic functional surgery is being explored as potential therapies for medically intractable paroxysmal dyskinesias (PxD). We report on a 59-year-old man in whom stimulation of globus pallidus internus produced immediate and sustained relief of paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia secondary to a rotator cuff tears on the left shoulder. Our finding strongly suggests that altered function of neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia underlies the manifestation of PxD.     

Characteristics of globus pallidus internus local field potentials in generalized dystonia patients with TWNK mutation

ObjectiveWe focused on a rare gene mutation causing dystonia in two siblings who received globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (GPi-DBS). The aim was to characterize the relationship between neuronal activity patterns and clinical syndromes.MethodsWhole exome sequencing was applied to identify the TWNK (previous symbol C10orf2) mutation; Two siblings with TWNK mutation presented as generalized dystonia with rigidity and bradykinesia; four other sporadic generalized dystonia patients underwent GPi-DBS and local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded. Oscillatory activities were illustrated with power spectra and temporal dynamics measured by the Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC).ResultsNormalized power spectra of GPi LFPs differed between patients with TWNK mutation and dystonia over the low beta bands. Patients with TWNK mutation had higher low beta power (15–27 Hz, unpaired t-test, corrected P < 0.0022) and lower LZC (15–27 Hz, unpaired t-test, P < 0.01) than other patients with generalized dystonia. On the other hand, the TWNK mutation patients showed decreased low frequency and beta oscillation in the GPi after DBS, as well as improved movement performance.ConclusionThe LFPs were different in TWNK mutation dystonia siblings than other patients with generalized dystonia, which indicate the abnormal LFPs were related to symptoms rather than specific disease. In addition, the inhibited effect on oscillations also provided a potential evidence for DBS treatment on rare movement disorders.SignificanceThis study could potentially aid in the future development of adaptive DBS via rare disease LFPs comparison.     

Deep brain stimulation in dystonia: Sonographic monitoring of electrode placement into the globus pallidus internus

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is an effective treatment in primary dystonia. Its success depends on the implantation accuracy of the DBS electrode into the targeted GPi. Discrepancies of up to 4 mm between the initial target, selected on preoperative MRI, and the final DBS lead location are caused mainly by caudal brain shift that occurs once the cranium is open. Nowadays, transcranial sonography (TCS) can display echogenic deep brain structures with higher image resolution compared to MRI under clinical conditions. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the use of a contemporary clinical high‐end TCS system for intraoperative monitoring of DBS electrode position. Herewith, a high‐resolution real‐time imaging of closely located microelectrodes and of the DBS lead through the intact skull is feasible. Simultaneous color‐coded sonographic imaging of arteries near the anatomical target allows further intraoperative refinement of DBS lead positioning, simultaneously preventing hemorrhages. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society     

壳与苍白球的空间位置关系

目的调查61只成人整脑122个壳和苍白球的形态与位置,明确两者在脑内空间的位置关系,为脑立体定向手术提供形态学资料.方法在三维切面上作2mm厚的连续切片,获得原始资料,通过统计,并经还原、重建和叠加.结果获得二核团的空间投影轮廓叠加图.结论揭示了壳和苍白球在三维切面上的空间投影轮廓的重叠关系.     

Single-unit activity of the anterior Globus pallidus internus in Tourette patients and posterior Globus pallidus internus in dystonic patients

Objectives

Our goal was to provide a detailed analysis of neurons’ electrophysiological activity recorded in sub-territories of Globus pallidus internus (GPi) used as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) targets for these clinical conditions to potentially assist electrode targeting.

Stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for childhood-onset dystonia.

We report the results of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in 12 patients with childhood-onset generalized dystonia refractory to medication, including 3 patients with status dystonicus. There were 8 patients who had DYT1-negative primary dystonia, 1 had DYT1-positive dystonia, and 3 had symptomatic dystonia. Stimulation was effective in all but 1 patient. Dystonic postures and movements of the axis and limbs responded to DBS to a greater extent than oromandibular dystonia and fixed dystonic postures. These findings provide further evidence that pallidal stimulation is an effective treatment for intractable childhood-onset dystonia, including status dystonicus, and together with previous findings, suggest that it should be considered the treatment of choice for these conditions.     

Deep brain stimulation for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A case series targeting subregions of the globus pallidus internus

Deep brain stimulation remains an experimental treatment for patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Currently, a major controversial issue is the choice of brain target that leads to optimal patient outcomes within a presumed network of basal ganglia and cortical pathways involved in tic pathogenesis. This report describes our experience with patients with severe refractory Gilles de la Tourette syndrome treated with globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation. Five patients were selected for surgery, 2 targeting the posteroventral globus pallidus internus and 2 targeting the anteromedial region. The remaining patient was first targeted on the posterolateral region, but after 18 months the electrodes were relocated in the anteromedial area. Tics were clinically assessed in all patients pre‐ and postoperatively using the Modified Rush Video protocol and the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Obsessive‐compulsive behaviors were quantified with the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome–Quality of Life Scale was also completed. All patients experienced improvements in tic severity but to variable extents. More convincing improvements were seen in patients with electrodes sited in the anteromedial region of the globus pallidus internus than in those with posterolateral implants. Mean reduction in the Modified Rush Video Rating scale for each group was 54% and 37%, respectively. Our open‐label limited experience supports the use of the anteromedial globus pallidus internus as a promising target for future planned randomized double‐blind trials of deep brain stimulation for patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society